List of Latin-script digraphs

This is a list of digraphs used in various Latin alphabets. In the list, letters with diacritics are arranged in alphabetical order according to their base, e.g. Template:Vr is alphabetised with Template:Vr, not at the end of the alphabet, as it would be in Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. Substantially-modified letters, such as Template:Vr (a variant of Template:Vr) and Template:Vr (based on Template:Vr), are placed at the end.

Capitalisation only involves the first letter (Template:Vr becomes Template:Vr) unless otherwise stated (Template:Vr becomes Template:Vr in Dutch, and digraphs marking eclipsis in Irish, are capitalised on the second letter, i.e. Template:Vr becomes Template:Vr).

Apostrophe

Source:

Template:Angbr (capital Template:Angbr) is used in Bari for .

Template:Angbr (capital Template:Angbr) is used in Bari for .

Template:Angbr is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark or yin tone . It is also often written as .

Template:Angbr is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark .

Template:Angbr is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark .

Template:Angbr is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark .

Template:Angbr (capital Template:Angbr) is used in Bari and Hausa (in Nigeria) for , but in Niger, Hausa Template:Angbr is replaced with Template:Angbr.

A

Template:Angbr is used in Taa for the glottalized or creaky-voiced vowel .

Template:Angbr is used in Dutch, Finnish and other languages with phonemic long vowels for . It was formerly used in Danish and Norwegian (and still is in some proper names) for or (in Danish), until it was replaced with Template:Vr. There is a ligature Template:Vr. In Cantonese romanisations such as Jyutping or Yale, it is used for , contrasting with Template:Vr .

Template:Angbr is used in Irish for between two "broad" (velarized) consonants, e.g. "a Gael".

In Latin, Template:Vr originally represented the diphthong , before it was monophthongized in the Vulgar Latin period to ; in medieval manuscripts, the digraph was frequently replaced by the ligature Template:Angbr.

In Modern English, Latin loanwords with Template:Vr are generally pronounced with (e.g. Caesar), prompting Noah Webster to shorten this to Template:Vr in his 1806 spelling reform for American English.

In German, Template:Vr is a variant of Template:Vr found in some proper names or in contexts where Template:Vr is unavailable.

In Dutch, Template:Vr is an old spelling variant of Template:Vr but now only occurs in names of people or (less often) places and in a few loanwords from Greek and Latin.

In Zhuang, Template:Vr represents (Template:Vr represents ).

In Revised Romanization of Korean, Template:Vr represents .

Template:Angbr is used in Portuguese for stressed when in the final syllable, e.g. and .

Template:Angbr is used in Taa for breathy or murmured . In German and English it typically represents a long vowel .

Template:Angbr is used in many languages, typically representing the diphthong . In English, due to the Great Vowel Shift, it represents as in pain and rain, while in unstressed syllables it may represent , e.g. bargain and certain(ly). In French, it represents . In Irish and it represents between a broad and a slender consonant. In Scottish Gaelic, it represents or between a broad and a slender consonant, except when preceding word-final or pre-consonant Template:Vr (e.g. , or pre-consonant Template:Vr (e.g. . In the Kernowek Standard orthography of Cornish, it represents , mostly in loanwords from English such as paint.

Template:Angbr is used in Irish for between a broad and a slender consonant.

Template:Angbr is used in French for , as in or .

Template:Angbr is used in Irish for between a broad and a slender consonant.

Template:Angbr is used in Scottish Gaelic for or sometimes , between a broad and a slender consonant.

Template:Angbr is used in modern Portuguese for stressed before consonants, although it is very rare since this diphthong is usually found stressed only at the end of words and therefore spelt as Template:Vr. Alas, it is currently found in some words such as . In 1931, in European Portuguese's orthography, it replaced Template:Vr in all its occurrences due to a small orthographic reform, but this change was soon reverted in 1945 as part of an orthographic agreement with Brazil to match Brazilian Portuguese's orthography, which still kept Template:Vr.

Template:Angbr is used in Portuguese for in past verb conjugations word finally, before a consonant, and before a vowel. In French, it represents in lieu of Template:Vr before Template:Vr.

Template:Angbr is used in Portuguese for a stressed before a consonant.

Template:Angbr is used in many languages to write a nasal vowel. In Portuguese it is used for before a consonant. In French it represents ( before a vowel). In Breton it represents .

Template:Angbr is used in Hokkien Pe̍h-ōe-jī for .

Template:Angbr is used in Portuguese for a stressed before a consonant.

Template:Angbr is used in Tibetan Pinyin for . It is alternately written Template:Vr.

Template:Angbr is used in Walloon, for the nasal vowel .

Template:Angbr is used in Lakhota for the nasal vowel

Template:Angbr is used in many languages, such as Piedmontese and Mandarin Pinyin, to represent . In Irish, it represents ( in Munster) between broad consonants. In Scottish Gaelic, it represents between broad consonants. In French, it is found in a few words such as representing and as representing . In Malagasy, it represents . In Wymysorys, it represents .

Template:Angbr is used in Portuguese for , but only when it appears stressed, since unstressed is spelt Template:Angbr word finally, this distinction usually happens in verb conjugations. E.g. eles fizeram "they made", and eles farão "they will make".

Template:Angbr is used in Taa, for the pharyngealized vowel .

Template:Angbr is used in English for . It occasionally represents , as in flautist. Other pronunciations are or (depending on dialect) in aunt and laugh, in gauge, in gauche and chauffeur, and as in meerschaum and restaurant.

In German and Dutch, it represents and , respectively ( in some northern and in some southern Dutch and some Flemish dialects).

In French, it represents or sometimes .

In Icelandic and Norwegian it represents and , respectively.

In several Romanizations of Wu Chinese, it represents .

In the Cornish Kernowek Standard, it is used for , as in "cabbage" or "to dance".

Template:Angbr is used in German for the diphthong in declension of native words with Template:Vr; elsewhere, is written as Template:Vr. In words, mostly of Latin origin, where Template:Vr and Template:Vr are separated by a syllable boundary, it represents , e.g. (a German form for Matthew).

Template:Angbr is used in English in ways that parallel English Template:Vr, though it appears more often at the end of a word. In Cornish, it represents or . In Welsh, it represents .

Template:Angbr is used in English in ways that parallel Template:Angbr, though it appears more often at the end of a word. In French, it represents before a vowel (as in ) and before a consonant (as in ). In Cornish, it represents , , , or .

Template:Angbr (a split digraph) is used in English for .

B

Template:Angbr is used in Pinyin for in languages such as Yi, where Template:Vr stands for . It was used in Portuguese until 1911 in European orthography and 1943 in Brazillian orthography. It had the same sound as Template:Vr. Was used only for etymological purposes. In Hungarian, it represents geminated . In English, doubling a letter indicates that the previous vowel is short (so Template:Vr represents ). In ISO romanized Korean, it is used for the fortis sound , otherwise spelled Template:Vr; e.g. hobbang. In Hadza it represents the ejective . In several African languages it is implosive . In Cypriot Arabic it is .

Template:Angbr is used in English for in a few words of Greek origin, such as bdellatomy. When not initial, it represents , as in abdicate.

Template:Angbr is used in Bavarian and several African languages for the .

Template:Angbr is used in transcriptions of Indo-Aryan languages for a murmured voiced bilabial plosive (), and for equivalent sounds in other languages. In Juǀʼhoan, it's used for the similar prevoiced aspirated plosive . It is used in Irish to represent (beside Template:Vr) and (beside Template:Vr), word-initially it marks the lenition of Template:Vr, e.g. "my boat", "would be". In Scottish Gaelic, it represents , or in a few contexts as between a broad vowel and a broad consonant or between two broad vowels, as in . In the orthography used in Guinea before 1985, Template:Vr was used in Pular (a Fula language) for the voiced bilabial implosive , whereas in Xhosa, Zulu, and Shona, Template:Vr represents the implosive and Template:Vr represents the plosive . In some orthographies of Dan, Template:Vr is and Template:Vr is .

Template:Angbr is used in Cornish for an optionally pre-occluded ; that is, it represents either or (in any position); (before a consonant or finally); or (before a vowel); examples are ('mother') or ('this').

Template:Angbr is used in Sandawe and romanized Thai for . Template:Vr (capital Template:Vr) is used in Irish, as the eclipsis of Template:Vr, to represent (beside Template:Vr) and (beside Template:Vr).

Template:Angbr is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the voiced labiodental affricate .

Template:Angbr is used in Shona for a whistled sibilant cluster .

C

Template:Angbr was formerly used in Spanish-based spelling systems for Quechua and Aymara for the sound , as in Ccozcco (modern Qusqu) ('Cuzco'). In Italian, Template:Vr before a front vowel represents a geminated , as in . In Piedmontese and Lombard, Template:Vr represents the sound at the end of a word. In Hadza it is the glottalized click . In English crip slang, Template:Vr can sometimes replace the letters Template:Vr or Template:Vr at the ends of words, such as with thicc, protecc, succ and fucc.

Template:Angbr was used for or in Old English ( in Old English sounded like 'edge' in Modern English, while sounded like 'froga'), where both are long consonants. It is used for the click in Naro, and in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the voiceless dental click .

Template:Angbr is used in several languages. In English, it can represent , , , or . See article.

Template:Angbr is used in Manx for , such as in the word , meaning speech, as a distinction from Template:Vr which is used for .

Template:Angbr is used in Romani and the Chechen Latin alphabet for . In the Ossete Latin alphabet, it was used for .

Template:Angbr is used in the Italian for before the non-front vowel letters Template:Vr. In English, it usually represents whenever it precedes any vowel other than Template:Vr. In Polish, it represents whenever it precedes a vowel, and whenever it precedes a consonant (or in the end of the word), and is considered a graphic variant of Template:Vr appearing in other situations. In Romanian, it represents . The digraph is found at the end of a word (deci, atunci, copaci) or before the letters a, o, or u (ciorba, ciuleandra); the sound made by the letter c in front of the letters e or i becomes in front of the three aforementioned vowels, making the addition of the letter i necessary.

Template:Angbr is used in Friulian for such as in words . It's also used in local orthographies of Lombard to represent derived from Latin Template:Vr.

Template:Angbr is used in many Germanic languages in lieu of Template:Vr or Template:Vr to indicate either a geminated , or a with a preceding (historically) short vowel. The latter is the case with English tack, deck, pick, lock, and buck (compare backer with baker). In German, Template:Vr indicates that the preceding vowel is short. Prior to the German spelling reform of 1996, it was replaced by Template:Vr for syllabification. The new spelling rules allow only syllabification of the Template:Vr as a whole:

• Old spelling: : ('sacks')
• New spelling: :

Among the modern Germanic languages, Template:Vr is used mainly in Alsatian, English, German, Luxembourgish, Scots, Swedish, and other West Germanic languages in Austria, Germany and Switzerland. Similarly, Template:Vr is used for the same purpose in Afrikaans, Danish, Dutch, Icelandic, Norwegian, and other West Germanic languages in the Netherlands and Belgium. Compare the word nickel, which is the same in many of these languages except for the customary Template:Vr or Template:Vr spelling. The word is nickel in English and Swedish, Nickel in German, and nikkel in Afrikaans, Danish, Dutch, Icelandic and Norwegian.

It was also used in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the voiceless dental click (equivalent to Template:Vr).

It is also used in Cornish for at the end of a syllable after a short vowel; only in loanwords (mostly from English) in the Standard Written Form (SWF), more widely in Kernowek Standard.

Template:Angbr is used in English for in a few words of Greek origin, such as cnidarian. When not initial, it represents , as in acne. It is used in Scottish Gaelic for , and nasalises the following vowel, as in .

Template:Angbr is used in Seri for a labialized velar plosive, . It is placed between Template:Vr and Template:Vr in alphabetical order.

Template:Angbr is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for .

Template:Angbr is used in the Hungarian for a voiceless postalveolar affricate, . It is considered a distinct letter, named , and is placed between Template:Vr and Template:Vr in alphabetical order. Examples of words with Template:Vr include ('only'), ('cup'), ('pipe'), ('peppery').

Template:Angbr is used in English for in a few words of Greek origin, such as ctenoid. When not initial, it represents , as in act. Is used in Portuguese for in some words, e.g. but not in .

Template:Angbr is used in languages such as Nahuatl (that is, based on Spanish or Portuguese orthography) for . In Nahuatl, Template:Vr is used before a vowel, whereas Template:Vr is used after a vowel.

Template:Angbr is used in modern scholarly editions of Old English for the sound , which was spelled Template:Vr, Template:Vr or Template:Vr in manuscripts. In Middle English these were all replaced by Latin Template:Vr.

Template:Angbr is used in Esperanto as an unofficial surrogate of Template:Vr, which represents .

Template:Angbr is used in Polish for as in Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler ('hello'). In Kashubian, Template:Vr represents . In French and Catalan, historical Template:Vr contracted to the ligature Template:Vr, which represents when followed by Template:Vr. In Hungarian, it was formerly used for the sound , which is now written Template:Vr. In English, Template:Vr is used to represent Template:IPAc-en in the loanwords Czech, and Czechia.

D

Template:Angbr is used in Naro for the click , and in Juǀʼhoan for the prevoiced ejective .

Template:Angbr is used in English to indicate a with a preceding (historically) short vowel (e.g. jaded has a "long a" while ladder has a "short a"). In Welsh, Template:Angbr represents a voiced dental fricative . It is treated as a distinct letter, named , and placed between Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr in alphabetical order. In the ISO romanization of Korean, it is used for the fortis sound , otherwise spelled Template:Angbr; examples are and . In Basque, it represents a voiced palatal plosive , as in "mushroom". In several African languages it is implosive . Latin delta (ẟ, lowercase only) is represented by "dd" in Modern Welsh.

Template:Angbr is used in English for in certain contexts, such as with judgement and hedge

Template:Angbr is used in the Albanian, Swahili, and revived Cornish for the voiced dental fricative . The first examples of this digraph are from the Oaths of Strasbourg, the earliest French text, where it denotes the same sound developed mainly from intervocalic Latin -t-. In early traditional Cornish Template:Angbr (yogh), and later Template:Angbr, were used for this purpose. Edward Lhuyd is credited for introducing the grapheme to Cornish orthography in 1707 in his Archaeologia Britannica. In Irish it represents Template:IPAslink (beside Template:Vr) or Template:IPAslink (beside Template:Vr); at the beginning of a word it shows the lenition of Template:Angbr, e.g. "my door" (cf. "door"). In Scottish Gaelic it represents Template:IPAslink (beside Template:Vr) or Template:IPAslink or Template:IPAslink (beside Template:Vr).

In the pre-1985 orthography of Guinea, Template:Angbr was used for the voiced alveolar implosive in Pular. It is currently written Template:Angbr. In the orthography of Shona it is the opposite: Template:Angbr represents , and Template:Angbr . In the transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages, Template:Angbr represents a dental stop, .

In addition, Template:Angbr is used in various romanization systems. In transcriptions of Indo-Aryan languages, for example, it represents the murmured voiced dental plosive , and for equivalent sounds in other languages. In Juǀʼhoan, it's used for the similar prevoiced aspirated plosive . In the romanization of Arabic, it denotes Template:Angbr, which represents in Modern Standard Arabic.

Represents in Javanese and Somali.

Template:Angbr is used in Faroese, Portuguese, French and many French-based orthographies for . In Jarai, it’s used for . In the transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages such as Warlpiri, In Arrernte, and Pitjantjatjara, it represents a postalveolar stop such as or ; this sound is also written Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, or Template:Angbr. It is also formerly used in Indonesian as .

Template:Angbr is used in Hmong’s Romanized Popular Alphabet for . In Navajo, it represents , and in Xhosa it represents . In Hadza it is ejective .

Template:Angbr is used in Tlingit for (in Alaska, Template:Angbr is used instead).

Template:Angbr is used in Yélî Dnye for doubly articulated and nasally released .

Template:Angbr is used in Yélî Dnye for nasally released . In Cornish, it is used for an optionally pre-occluded ; that is, it is pronounced either or (in any position); (before a consonant or finally); or (before a vowel); examples are ('head') or ('heads').

Template:Angbr is used in Yélî Dnye for doubly articulated .

Template:Angbr is used for the click in Naro.

Template:Angbr is used in Malagasy for . See Template:Angbr. It is used in Fijian for 'ndr' nasalized (). In some Amerindian languages it represents as in Gwichʼin and sporatically everywhere as in Paiwan and Maba

Template:Angbr is used in Juǀʼhoan for the prevoiced ejective .

Template:Angbr is used in German, Swedish, and Sandawe orthography as well as the romanization of Thai for . Template:Vr (capital Template:Vr) is used in Irish, as the eclipsis of Template:Vr, to represent (beside Template:Vr) and (beside Template:Vr).

Template:Angbr is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the voiced dental affricate .

Template:Angbr is used in some Zapotecan languages for a voiced postalveolar fricative . (It is placed between Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr in alphabetical order.) In Juǀʼhoan it is used for the prevoiced uvularized plosive .

Template:Angbr is used in Xhosa for . In Shona, it represents . In Tagalog it is used for . In the transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages such as Warlpiri, Arrernte, and Pitjantjatjara, it represents a postalveolar stop such as or . This sound is also written Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, or Template:Angbr.

Template:Angbr is used in several languages, often to represent . See article.

Template:Angbr is used in the Polish and Sorbian alphabets for , the voiced alveolo-palatal affricate, as in . Template:Angbr is never written before a vowel (Template:Angbr is used instead, as in 'child').

Template:Angbr is used in the Polish for a voiced retroflex affricate (e.g. Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler 'jam').

Template:Angbr is used in Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Lithuanian, and Latvian to represent . See article.

E

Template:Angbr is used in Taa, where it represents the glottalised or creaky vowel .

Template:Angbr is used in many languages. In English, Template:Angbr usually represents the monophthong as in meat; due to a sound change that happened in Middle English, it also often represents the vowel as in sweat. Rare pronunciations occur, like in break, great, steak, and yea, and in the archaic ealdorman. When followed by Template:Vr, it can represent the standard outcomes of the previously mentioned three vowels in this environment: as in beard, as in heard, and as in bear, respectively; as another exception, occurs in the words hearken, heart, and hearth. It often represents two independent vowels, like (seance), (reality), (create), and or (lineage). Unstressed, it may represent (ocean) and or (Eleanor). In Romanian, it represents the diphthong as in ('drunk female'). In Irish, Template:Angbr represents between a slender and a broad consonant. In Scottish Gaelic, Template:Angbr represents , or between a slender and a broad context, depending on context or dialect. In Old English, it represents the diphthong . Template:Angbr is also the transliteration of the Template:Angbr rune of the Anglo-Frisian Futhorc.

Template:Angbr is used in Irish for between a slender and a broad consonant.

Template:Angbr is used in Scottish Gaelic for between a slender and a broad consonant.

Template:Angbr is used in Irish for between a slender and a broad consonant.

Template:Angbr is used in Scottish Gaelic for between a slender and a broad consonant, unless the broad consonant is m, mh, or p, in which case it represents .

Template:Angbr represents a long mid vowel in a number of languages. In English, Template:Angbr represents as in teen. In Dutch and German, Template:Angbr represents (though it is pronounced in majority of northern Dutch dialects). In the Cantonese Romanisation, it represents as in English, or for characters which might be pronounced as in other dialects. In Bouyei, Template:Angbr is used for plain , as Template:Angbr stands for .

Template:Angbr is used in Taa for the murmured vowel . In the Wade-Giles transliteration of Mandarin Chinese, it is used for after a consonant, as in yeh . In German, Template:Angbr represents , as in .

Template:Angbr This digraph was taken over from Middle High German, where it represented . It usually represents a diphthong. In Modern German, Template:Angbr is predominant in representing , as in Einstein, while the equivalent digraph Template:Angbr appears in only a few words. In English, Template:Angbr can represent many sounds, including , as in vein, as in seize, as in heist, as in heifer, as in enceinte, and or as in forfeit. See also I before e except after c. In southern and western Faroese dialects, it represents the diphthong , while in northern and eastern dialects, it represents the diphthong . In Portuguese, Template:Angbr represents in Greater Lisbon, so do Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr, but or in Brazil, East Timor, Macau, rest of Portugal, and Portuguese-speaking African countries,

In Welsh, Template:Angbr represents . In Irish and Scottish Gaelic, it represents or , or when unstressed, before a slender consonant. In Dutch and Afrikaans, Template:Angbr represents . In French, Template:Angbr represents , as in .

In Hepburn romanization of the Japanese language it is used to transcribe the sound .

Template:Angbr is used in French for , as in .

Template:Angbr is used in Irish for between slender consonants.

Template:Angbr is used in Scottish Gaelic for or between slender consonants.

Template:Angbr is used in Swedish in some short words, such as or .

Template:Angbr is used in Portuguese for at the end of a word and before a consonant. In French orthography, it represents a when it is followed by Template:Vr or Template:Vr.

Template:Angbr is used in Portuguese for at the end of a word.

Template:Angbr is used in Portuguese for at the end of a word.

Template:Angbr is used in Portuguese for at the end of a word and before a consonant.

Template:Angbr is used in Portuguese for at the end of a word followed or not by an as in or ; and for before a consonant within a word. In French, it represents or .

Template:Angbr is used in Portuguese for before a consonant.

Template:Angbr is used in Portuguese for before a consonant.

Template:Angbr is used in Irish for ( in 4 words) between a slender and a broad consonant. In Scottish Gaelic it is used for between a slender and a broad consonant. In the Jyutping romanization of Cantonese, it represents , an allophone of , while in the Cantonese Romanisation, it represents . In the Revised Romanization of Korean, Template:Angbr represents the open-mid back unrounded vowel , and in Piedmontese it is . In English Template:Angbr is a rare digraph without a single pronunciation, representing in feoff, jeopardy, leopard and the given names Geoffrey and Leonard, in people, in yeoman and in the archaic feodary, while in the originally Gaelic name MacLeod it represents . However, usually it represents two vowels, like in leotard and galleon, in stereo and, in geodesy, and, uniquely, in geoduck.

Template:Angbr is used in Scottish Gaelic for word-initially, and elsewhere.

Template:Angbr is used in Taa for the pharyngealized vowel .

Template:Angbr is found in many languages, most commonly for the diphthong . Additionally, in English, Template:Angbr represents as in neuter ( in yod-dropping accents); however, the Template:Vr in "maneuver/manoeuvre" always represents even in most non yod-dropping accents. In German, it represents as in ; and in French, Dutch, Breton, and Piedmontese, it represents . In Cornish, it represents either long and short or long and short . In Scottish Gaelic it normally represents , as in , except when preceding Template:Vr (e.g. ) and usually Template:Vr, or in certain high-register words such as where it represents , and in southern dialects it is in most contexts. In Yale romanization of Cantonese it represents , while in the Cantonese Romanisation, it represents . In romanization of Wu Chinese, it represents Template:IPAslink, depending on the lect. In Sundanese and Acehnese, it represents as in ('red'). In the Revised Romanization of Korean, it represents .

Template:Angbr is used in French for , as in .

Template:Angbr is used in English for as in few and flew. An exception is the pronunciation in sew, leading to the heteronym sewer,(, 'drain') vs sewer (, 'one who sews'). In Cornish, it stands for .

Template:Angbr is used in the Kernowek Standard orthography of Cornish to refer to a sound that can be either or . This distribution can also be written Template:Angbr.

Template:Angbr is used in English for a variety of sounds, including in they, in key, and in geyser. In Faroese, it represents the diphthong . In Cornish, it represents the diphthong or .

Template:Angbr (a split digraph) indicates an English 'long e', historically but now most commonly realised as .

Template:Angbr is used for in Hokkien Pe̍h-ōe-jī.

F

Template:Angbr, which may be written as the typographic ligature Template:Angbr, is used in English and Cornish for the same sound as single Template:Angbr, . The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is (historically) short, or for etymological reasons, in latinisms. Very rarely, [[word-initial ff|Template:Angbr may be found word-initially]] in English, such as in proper names (e.g., Rose ffrench, Jasper Fforde). In Welsh, Template:Angbr represents , while Template:Angbr represents . In Welsh, Template:Angbr is considered a distinct letter, and placed between Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr in alphabetical order. In medieval Breton, vowel nasalisation was represented by a following Template:Angbr. This notation was reformed during the 18th century, though proper names retain the former convention, which leads to occasional mispronunciation.

Template:Angbr is used in Irish and Scottish Gaelic for the lenition of Template:Angbr. This happens to be silent, so that Template:Angbr in Gaelic corresponds to no sound at all, e.g. the Irish phrase "how long", where is the lenited form of "long". However, in three Scottish Gaelic words, , , and , it is pronounced as .

Template:Angbr is used in Nambikwara for a glottalized .

G

Template:Angbr is used in Uzbek to represent .

Template:Angbr is used in some African languages for a voiced labial-velar plosive, .

Template:Angbr is used in languages, such as Xhosa and Zulu, for the click . Template:Vr (capital Template:Vr) is used in Irish, as the eclipsis of Template:Vr, to represent (beside Template:Vr) and Template:IPAslink (beside Template:Vr).

Template:Angbr is used in French for before Template:Angbr as in .

Template:Angbr is used in English for before Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr (e.g. doggy). It is also used in Pinyin for in languages such as Yi. In Central Alaskan Yup'ik, it represents . In Greenlandic, it represents . In the ISO romanization of Korean, it is used for the fortis sound , otherwise spelled Template:Angbr (e.g. ggakdugi). In Hadza it is ejective . In Italian, Template:Angbr before a front vowel represents a geminated , as in . In Piedmontese and Lombard, Template:Angbr is an etymological spelling representing an at the end of a word which is the unvoicing of an ancient .

Template:Angbr is used in several languages. In English, it can be silent or represent or . See article.

Template:Angbr is used in Vietnamese for in northern dialects and in the southern ones. In Italian, it represents before the non-front vowel letters Template:Angbr. In Romansh it represents before Template:Angbr (written Template:Angbr before front vowels).

Template:Angbr is used in Albanian for the voiced palatal plosive , though for Gheg speakers it represents . In the Arbëresh dialect, it represents the voiced velar plosive . In Norwegian and Swedish Template:Angbr represents in words like ('did'). In Faroese, it represents . It is also used in the Romanization of Macedonian as a Latin equivalent of Cyrillic Template:Angbr. Also, it's used in Friulian to represent (whilst is one of the pronunciations of the letter ⟨z⟩). It can be found in some local orthographies of Lombard to represent derived from Latin ⟨gl⟩. Before the letter Đ was introduced into Gaj's Latin alphabet in 1878, the digraph ⟨gj⟩ had been used instead; and it remained in use till the beginning of the 20th century.

Template:Angbr is used in Sandawe and the romanization of Thai for ; in Limburgish it represents . Modern Greek uses the equivalent digraph γκ for , as γ is used for ~ .

Template:Angbr is used in Italian and some African languages for .

Template:Angbr is used in English for in a few words of Greek origin, such as phlegm and paradigm. Between vowels, it simply represents , as in paradigmatic.

Template:Angbr is used in Latin, where it represented in the classical period. Latin velar-coronal sequences like this (and also Template:Angbr) underwent a palatal mutation to varying degrees in most Italo-Western Romance languages. For most languages that preserve the Template:Angbr spelling (such as Italian and French), it represents a palatal nasal (or more precisely in Italian), and is similarly used in Romanization schemes such as Wugniu for . This was not the case in Dalmatian and the Eastern Romance languages where a different mutation changed the velar component to a labial consonant as well as the spelling to Template:Angbr. In Portuguese, Template:Vr represents , as if there was no Template:Vr, e.g. , , and . It is used in Scottish Gaelic for , and nasalises the following vowel, as in .

In English, Template:Angbr represents initially (see /gn/ reduction) and finally (i.e. gnome, gnu, benign, sign). When it appears between two syllables, it represents (e.g. signal). In Norwegian and Swedish, Template:Angbr represents in monosyllabic words like , and between two syllables, . Initially, it represents , e.g. Swedish .

Template:Angbr was used in several Spanish-derived orthographies of the Pacific for . It is one of several variants of the digraph Template:Angbr, and is preserved in the name of the town of Sagñay, Philippines.

Template:Angbr is used in Piedmontese for (like the “gu” in Guatemala).

Template:Angbr is used in languages, such as Xhosa and Zulu, for the click . In the Taa language, it represents .

Template:Angbr is used in Xhosa for .

Template:Angbr is used in English, Spanish, French, Portuguese and Catalan for before front vowels Template:Angbr (Template:Angbr in English and French) where a "soft g" pronunciation (English ; Spanish ; French, Portuguese and Catalan ) would otherwise occur. In English, it can also be used to represent . In the Ossete Latin alphabet, it is used for .

Template:Angbr is used in Spanish, Catalan and formely Portuguese for before front vowels Template:Angbr where the digraph Template:Angbr would otherwise represent .

Template:Angbr is used for in Standard Zhuang and in Bouyei. In the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages it is used for the labialized fricative .

Template:Angbr is used in various languages for , and in Dene Suline it represents .

Template:Angbr, capital Template:Angbr (or Template:Angbr), is used in Tlingit for (in Alaska); in Canada, this sound is represented by Template:Angbr.

Template:Angbr is used in languages, such as Xhosa and Zulu, for the click . In Esperanto, it is an unofficial surrogate of Template:Angbr, which represents .

Template:Angbr is used in Hungarian for a voiced palatal plosive . In Hungarian, the letter's name is . It is considered a single letter, and acronyms keep the digraph intact. The letter appears frequently in Hungarian words, such as the word for "Hungarian" itself: . In the old orthography of Bouyei, it was used for . It is also commonly used in Burmese romanization schemes to represent .

Template:Angbr is used in Juǀʼhoan for the voiced alveolar click .

Template:Angbr is used in Juǀʼhoan for the voiced dental click .

Template:Angbr is used in Juǀʼhoan for the voiced lateral click .

Template:Angbr is used in Juǀʼhoan for the voiced palatal click .

H

Template:Angbr is used in Xhosa to write the murmured glottal fricative , though this is often written Template:Vr. In the Iraqw language, Template:Vr is the voiceless epiglottal fricative , and in Chipewyan it is a velar/uvular . In Esperanto orthography, it is an official surrogate of Template:Angbr, which represents .

Template:Angbr is used in the Italian dialect of Albanian for . In Faroese, it represents either or , and in Swedish, Danish and Norwegian, it represents . In Icelandic it is used to denote .

Template:Angbr is used for or in various alphabets, such as the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong () and Icelandic (). See also reduction of Old English /hl/.

Template:Angbr is used in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, where it represents the sound .

Template:Angbr is used in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, where it represents the sound . It is also used in Icelandic to denote the same phoneme. See also reduction of Old English /hn/.

Template:Angbr is used for in Bouyei. In Icelandic it is used for . See also reduction of Old English /hr/.

Template:Angbr is used in the Wade-Giles transcription of Mandarin Chinese for the sound , equivalent to Pinyin Template:Vr.

Template:Angbr is used primarily in the Classical Nahuatl language, in which it represents the sound before a vowel; for example, Wikipedia in Nahuatl is written . After a vowel, Template:Angbr is used. In the Ossete Latin alphabet, Template:Vr was used for , similar to French . The sequence Template:Vr is also found in Spanish words such as or ; however, in Spanish this is not a digraph but a simple sequence of silent Template:Vr and the vowel Template:Vr.

Template:Angbr is used Faroese and Icelandic for (often ), generally in wh-words, but also in other words, such as Faroese . In the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages it is used for the supposed fricative .

Template:Angbr is used in modern editions of Old English for , originally spelled Template:Angbr or Template:Angbr (the latter with the wynn letter). In its descendants in modern English, it is now spelled Template:Angbr (see there for more details). It is used in some orthographies of Cornish for .

Template:Angbr is used in Pinyin for in languages such as Yi (Template:Angbr alone represents the fricative ), and in Nambikwara it is a glottalized . In Esperanto orthography, it is an unofficial surrogate of Template:Angbr, which represents .

Template:Angbr is used in Hepburn romanization of the Japanese language to transcribe the sound , which is the syllable hi before a y-vowel, such as hya, hyu, and hyo, which appear in Chinese loanwords. Was also used in Portuguese until 1947. It appeared in words like: Hydroginástica and Hypóthese.

I

Template:Angbr is used in Taa to represent the glottalized or creaky vowel .

Template:Angbr is used in Irish and Scottish Gaelic for the diphthong .

Template:Angbr is used in English, where it usually represents the sound as in pries and allied or the sound as in priest and rallied. Followed by an Template:Vr, these vowels follow the standard changes to and , as in brier and bier. Unique pronunciations are in sieve, in friend, and in lingerie. Unstressed it can represent , as in spaniel and conscience, or or as in mischief and hurriedly. It also can represent many vowel combinations, including in diet and client, in diester and quiescent, in alien and skier, in oriental and hygienic, and in British medieval.

In Dutch and Afrikaans, Template:Angbr represents the tense vowel . In German, it may represent the lengthened vowel as in (love) as well as the vowel combination as in (Belgium). In Latvian and Lithuanian, Template:Angbr is considered two letters for all purposes and represents , commonly (although less precisely) transcribed as . In Maltese, Template:Angbr is a distinct letter and represents a long close front unrounded vowel, or . In Pinyin it is used to write the vowel in languages such as Yi, where Template:Vr stands for . In Old English Template:Angbr was one of the common diphthongs, the umlauted version of Template:Vr and Template:Vr. Its value is not entirely clear, and in Middle English it had become .

Template:Angbr is used in Afrikaans for .

Template:Angbr is used in Catalan for (ch as in cheese) in the coda.

Template:Angbr, is used in Taa to represent the breathy or murmured vowel . It is also used in Tongyong Pinyin and Wade-Giles transcription for the fricative vowels of Mandarin Chinese, which are spelled Template:Vr in Hanyu Pinyin.

Template:Angbr is used in many languages such as Portuguese (e.g. Aniilar, Sacerdócii) and Finnish (e.g. Riikka, Niinistö, Siitala, Riikkeli), Italian (e.g. Riina), Estonian (e.g. Riik), Scots (e.g. Auld Nii, Iisay), with phonemic long vowels for .

Template:Angbr is used in Portuguese for . In Portuguese, when forming the superlative absolute synthetic form of adjectives that end in "-io," they often end up with "ii" in the spelling. This happens because the "-íssimo(a)" suffix is added directly to the adjective (e.g. feio(a) -> feiíssimo(a), sério(a) -> seriíssimo(a)).

Template:Angbr is used in Dutch for . See article.

Template:Angbr is used in French for , historically , as in (approximately in English) "garlic". Can also be written as Template:Angbr as in .

Template:Angbr is used in Portuguese for .

Template:Angbr is used in Portuguese for before a consonant.

Template:Angbr is used in Portuguese for the diphthong .

Template:Angbr is used in many languages to write a nasal vowel. In Portuguese before a consonant, and in many West African languages, it is , while in French it is .

Template:Angbr is used in Portuguese for before a consonant.

Template:Angbr is used in French to write a vowel sound that was once followed by a historical Template:Vr, as in "you came".

Template:Angbr is used in Lakota for the nasal vowel .

Template:Angbr is used in Irish for , , and between a slender and a broad consonant. In Scottish Gaelic it is used for and sometimes between a slender and a broad consonant.

Template:Angbr is used in Irish for between a slender and a broad consonant.

Template:Angbr is used in Scottish Gaelic for and between a slender and a broad consonant.

Template:Angbr is used in Taa to represent the pharyngealized vowel .

Template:Angbr is used in Irish for between a slender and a broad consonant. In Scottish Gaelic, it is used for between a slender and a broad consonant. In Mandarin pinyin, it is after a consonant. (In initial position, this is spelled Template:Vr).

Template:Angbr is used in Irish for between a slender and a broad consonant.

Template:Angbr is used in Scottish Gaelic for between a slender and a broad consonant.

Template:Angbr is used in Welsh and Cornish for the diphthong or .

Template:Angbr is used in Catalan for (Eastern Catalan) or (Western Catalan) after a vowel.

Template:Angbr (a split digraph) indicates an English 'long i', historically but now most commonly realised as .

J

Template:Angbr is used in Walloon to write a consonant that is variously , or , depending on the dialect. In Tongyong pinyin, it represents , written Template:Vr in standard pinyin. Template:Vr is also the standard transliteration for the Devanāgarī letter झ . In Esperanto, it is an official surrogate of Template:Angbr, which represents . In Latin American Spanish, it is sometimes used in first names (like Jhon and Jhordan) to represent Template:IPAslink and distinguish it from the typical sound of Template:Vr in Spanish, .

Template:Angbr is used in Pinyin for in languages such as Yi. In romanized Korean, it represents the fortis sound . In Hadza it is ejective .

Template:Angbr is used as a letter of the Seri alphabet, where it represents a labialized velar fricative, . It is placed between J and L in alphabetical order.

Template:Angbr is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for .

Template:Angbr is used in Esperanto as an unofficial surrogate of Template:Angbr, which represents .

K

Template:Angbr is used in Nuxalk for .

Template:Angbr is used for in southern African languages such as Setswana and Sotho. For instance, the Kalahari is spelled in Setswana.

Template:Angbr, in transcriptions of Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages, represents the aspirated voiceless velar plosive (). For most other languages, Template:Better source needed it represents the voiceless velar fricative , for example in transcriptions of the letter () in standard Arabic, standard Persian, and Urdu, Cyrillic Х, х (kha), Spanish Template:Vr, as well as the Hebrew letter kaf (כ‎) in instances when it is lenited. When used for transcription of the letter (ח‎) in Sephardic Hebrew, it represents the voiceless pharyngeal fricative . In Canadian Tlingit it represents , which in Alaska is written k. In the Ossete Latin alphabet, it was used for .

Template:Angbr is used Swedish and Norwegian for or . See also Template:Angbr. In Faroese, it represents . In the romanization of Macedonian, it represents .

Template:Angbr is used in romanized Korean for the fortis sound , in Haida (Bringhurst orthography) for ejective , and in Cypriot Arabic for .

Template:Angbr is used in Zulu to write a sound variously realized as or .

Template:Angbr is used in Yélî Dnye doubly articulated and nasally released .

Template:Angbr is used in English to write the word-initial sound (formerly pronounced /kn/) in some words of Germanic origin, such as knee and knife. It is used in Yélî Dnye for nasally released .

Template:Angbr is used as a letter in some African languages, where it represents a voiceless labial-velar plosive .

Template:Angbr is used in Xhosa for .

Template:Angbr is used in Cornish for either or .

Template:Angbr is used in Purépecha for . It also had that value in the Ossete Latin alphabet.

Template:Angbr is used for in some dialects of Zhuang.

Template:Angbr is used in various languages for the labialized velar consonant , and in Dene Suline (Chipewyan) for . Used informally in English for phonemic spelling of qu, as in kwik (from quick), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European .

Template:Angbr is used in Alaskan Tlingit for , which in Canada is written Template:Vr.

Template:Angbr in used in Nambikwara for a glottalized , and in Juǀʼhoan for the ejective .

Template:Angbr is used in Tibetan Pinyin for . It is commonly used in Burmese romanization schemes to represent (⟨ch⟩ is already used to represent aspirated ).

L

Template:Angbr, in Occitan, Gallo, and Portuguese, represents a palatal lateral approximant . In many Indigenous languages of the Americas it represents a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative . In the transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages it represents a dental lateral, . In the Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization of Mandarin Chinese, initial Template:Angbr indicates an even tone on a syllable beginning in , which is otherwise spelled Template:Angbr. In Middle Welsh it was sometimes used to represent the sound as well as Template:Angbr, in modern Welsh it has been replaced by Template:Angbr. In Tibetan, it represents the voiceless alveolar lateral approximant , as in Lhasa.

Template:Angbr is a letter in some Slavic languages, such as the Latin orthographies of Serbo-Croatian, where it represents a palatal lateral approximant . For example, the word is pronounced . Ljudevit Gaj first used the digraph Template:Angbr in 1830; he devised it by analogy with a Cyrillic digraph, which developed into the ligature Template:Angbr. In Swedish, it represents in initial position e.g. .

The sound is written Template:Angbr in Italian, in Castilian Spanish and Catalan as Template:Angbr, in Portuguese as Template:Angbr, in some Hungarian dialects as Template:Angbr, and in Latvian as Template:Angbr. In Czech and Slovak, it is often transcribed as Template:Angbr; it is used more frequently in the latter language. While there are dedicated Unicode codepoints, U+01C7 (LJ), U+01C8 (Lj) and U+01C9 (lj), these are included for backwards compatibility (with legacy encodings for Serbo-Croatian which kept a one-to-one correspondence with Cyrillic Љљ) and modern texts use a sequence of Basic Latin characters.

Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr are used in several languages. See article.

Template:Angbr is used in Asturian for a sound that was historically but which is now an affricate, .

Template:Angbr is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for .

Template:Angbr is used in Yélî Dnye for doubly articulated .

Template:Angbr is used for in Arrernte.

Template:Angbr in used in Nambikwara for a glottalized .

Template:Angbr is used in Hungarian. See article.

M

Template:Angbr, in many African languages, represents or . In English, it represents when final, as in lamb (see reduction of /mb/). In Standard Zhuang and in Bouyei, Template:Angbr is used for . Template:Vr (capital Template:Vr) is used word initially in Irish, as the eclipsis of Template:Angbr, to represent (beside Template:Vr) and (beside Template:Vr); e.g. "our boat" (cf. "boat"), "in Dublin".

Template:Angbr is used in Yélî Dnye for doubly articulated and prenasalized .

Template:Angbr, in many African languages, represents or .

Template:Angbr is used in Pinyin for in languages such as Yi, where the more common digraph Template:Angbr is restricted to . It is used in Yélî Dnye for doubly articulated and prenasalized .

Template:Angbr is used in Irish, as the lenition of Template:Angbr, to represent (beside Template:Vr) and (beside Template:Vr), e.g. "my mother" (cf. 'mother'). In Scottish Gaelic, it represents , or in a few contexts as between a broad vowel and a broad consonant or between two broad vowels, as in .. In Welsh it stands for the nasal mutation of Template:Angbr and represents the voiceless ; for example 'my head' (cf. 'head'). In both languages it is considered a sequence of the two letters Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr for purposes of alphabetization. In Shona, Juǀʼhoan and several other languages, it is used for a murmured . In the Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization of Mandarin Chinese, initial Template:Vr- indicates an even tone on a syllable beginning in , which is otherwise spelled Template:Vr-. In several languages, such as Gogo, it's a voiceless .

Template:Angbr is used in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, where it represents the sound .

Template:Angbr is used in Haida (Bringhurst orthography) for glottalized . It is used in Cornish for an optionally pre-occluded ; that is, it is pronounced either or (in any position); (before a consonant or finally); or (before a vowel); examples are ('mother') or ('this').

Template:Angbr is used in English to write the word-initial sound in a few words of Greek origin, such as mnemonic. When final, it represents , as in damn or as in hymn, and between vowels it represents as in damning, or as in damnation (see /mn/-reduction). In French it represents , as in and .

Template:Angbr, in many African languages, represents or . Modern Greek uses the equivalent digraph μπ for , as β is used for . In Mpumpong of Cameroon, Template:Angbr is a plain .

Template:Angbr is used in Juǀʼhoan for a pharyngealized or perhaps creaky .

Template:Angbr is used in Yélî Dnye for doubly articulated and prenasalized .

Template:Angbr, in many African languages, represents or .

Template:Angbr is used for in Arrernte.

Template:Angbr is used in Nambikwara for a glottalized .

N

Template:Angbr is used in Xhosa and Shona for . Since Template:Angbr is not a letter in either language, Template:Angbr is not technically a digraph.

Template:Angbr is used in Pinyin for in languages such as Yi. It is also used in Fula in Guinea for (written as Template:Vr in other countries).

Template:Angbr is used in various alphabets. In the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, it represents the sound . In Tharaka it is . In Xhosa and Zulu it represents the click .

Template:Angbr (capital Template:Vr) is used in many African languages to represent or . In Standard Zhuang and Bouyei, itrepresents . Template:Angbr (capital Template:Angbr) is used word initially in Irish, as the eclipsis of Template:Angbr, to represent (beside Template:Vr) and (beside Template:Vr), e.g. "our door" (cf. "door"), "in Derry".

Template:Angbr, equivalent to Template:Angbr for or . In Rangi Template:Vr is while Template:Vr is .

Template:Angbr, in Sino-Tibetan languages, as in English and several other European and derived orthographies (for example Vietnamese), generally represents the velar nasal . It is considered a single letter in many Austronesian languages (Māori, Tagalog, Tongan, Gilbertese, Tuvaluan, Indonesian, Chamorro), Welsh, and Rheinische Dokumenta, for velar nasal ; and in some African languages (Lingala, Bambara, Wolof) for prenasalized Template:IPAslink ().

For the development of the pronunciation of this digraph in English, see NG-coalescence and G-dropping.

Finnish uses Template:Vr to represent the phonemically long velar nasal in contrast to Template:Vr , which is its "strong" form under consonant gradation, a type of lenition. Weakening produces an archiphonemic "velar fricative", which, as a velar fricative does not exist in Standard Finnish, is assimilated to the preceding , producing . (No is involved at any point, despite the spelling Template:Vr). The digraph Template:Vr is not an independent letter, but it is an exception to the phonemic principle, one of the few in standard Finnish.

Template:Vr (capital Template:Vr) is used word-initially in Irish, as the eclipsis of Template:Angbr, to represent (beside Template:Vr) or (beside Template:Vr), e.g. "our illness" (cf. ), "in Galway".

In Tagalog and other Philippine languages, Template:Vr represented the prenasalized sequence during the Spanish era. The velar nasal, , was written in a variety of ways, namely "n͠g", "ñg", "gñ" (as in Sagñay), and—after a vowel—at times "g̃". During the standardization of Tagalog in the early part of the 20th century, Template:Vr became used for the velar nasal , while prenasalized came to be written Template:Vr. Furthermore, Template:Vr is also used for a common genitive particle pronounced , to differentiate it from an adverbial particle .

In Uzbek, it is considered as a separate letter, being the last (twenty-ninth) letter of the Uzbek alphabet. It is followed by the apostrophe (tutuq belgisi).

Template:Angbr is used in Central Alaskan Yup'ik to write the voiceless nasal sound .

Template:Angbr, or more precisely Template:Angbr, was a digraph in several Spanish-derived orthographies of the Pacific, such as Tagalog and Chamorro, where it represented the sound , as opposed to Template:Vr, which originally represented . An example is Chamorro (modern ) "to declare". Besides Template:Vr, variants of Template:Vr include Template:Vr (as in Sagñay), Template:Vr, and a Template:Vr, that is preceded by a vowel (but not a consonant). It has since been replaced by the trigraph Template:Angbr or Template:Angbr (see above).

Template:Angbr is used for in Swahili and languages with Swahili-based orthographies. Since Template:Angbr is not a letter in Swahili, Template:Angbr is technically a digraph, not a trigraph.

Template:Angbr is used in several languages. See article.

Template:Angbr in Polish, it usually represents whenever it precedes a vowel, and whenever it precedes a consonant (or in the end of the word), and is considered a graphic variant of ń appearing in other situations. (In some cases it may represent also before a vowel; for a better description, when, see the relevant section in the article on Polish orthography).

Template:Angbr is a letter in the Latin orthographies of Albanian, Slovenian and Serbo-Croatian. Ljudevit Gaj, a Croat, first used this digraph in 1830. In all of these languages, it represents the palatal nasal . For example, the Croatian and Serbian word "horse" is pronounced . The digraph was created in the 19th century by analogy with a digraph of Cyrillic, which developed into the ligature Template:Angbr. While there are dedicated Unicode codepoints, U+01CA (NJ), U+01CB (Nj) and U+01CC (nj), these are included for backwards compatibility (with legacy encodings for Serbo-Croatian which kept a one-to-one correspondence with Cyrillic Њњ) and modern texts use a sequence of Basic Latin characters.

In Faroese, it generally represents , although in some words it represent , like in banjo. It is also used in some languages of Africa and Oceania where it represents a prenazalized voiced postalveolar affricate or fricative, or . In Malagasy, it represents .

Other letters and digraphs of the Latin alphabet used for spelling this sound are Template:Angbr (in Polish), Template:Angbr (in Czech and Slovakian), Template:Angbr (in Spanish), Template:Angbr (in Portuguese and Occitan), Template:Angbr (in Italian and French), and Template:Angbr (in Hungarian, among others).

Template:Angbr is used in many Bantu languages like Lingala, Tshiluba, and Kikongo, for or . In the transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages such as Warlpiri, Arrernte, and Pitjantjatjara, it distinguishes a prenasalized velar stop, , from the nasal .

Template:Angbr is used in Yélî Dnye for doubly articulated .

Template:Angbr is used in Yélî Dnye for doubly articulated .

Template:Angbr is used in Irish to represent the fortis nasals (beside Template:Vr) and (beside Template:Vr). It is used in Scottish Gaelic to represent beside Template:Vr and beside Template:Vr. In Spanish historical Template:Angbr has contracted to the ligature Template:Angbr and represents the sound . In the Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization of Mandarin Chinese, final -nn indicates a falling tone on a syllable ending in , which is otherwise spelled -n. It is used in Haida (Bringhurst orthography) for glottalized . In Piedmontese, it is in the middle of a word, and at the end. In Cornish, it is used for an optionally pre-occluded ; that is, it is pronounced either or (in any position); (before a consonant or finally); or (before a vowel); examples are ('head') or ('heads').

Template:Angbr is used in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, where it represents the sound .

Template:Angbr is used in various alphabets. In the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, it represents the sound . In Xhosa and Zulu it represents the click . In the Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization of Mandarin Chinese, final -nq indicates a falling tone on a syllable ending in , which is otherwise spelled -ng.

Template:Angbr is used in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, where it represents the sound . In the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages it is .

Template:Angbr, in many African languages, represents or .

Template:Angbr is a letter present in many African languages where it represents or . Modern Greek uses the equivalent digraph ντ for , as δ is used for .

Template:Angbr, equivalent to Template:Angbr for or .

Template:Angbr is used in Igbo for , and in Arrernte for .

Template:Angbr is used for the click in Xhosa and Zulu, and in Nambikwara for a glottalized .

Template:Angbr is used in several languages for . See article.

Template:Angbr, in many African languages, represents ~ , ~ , ~ , or ~ .

Template:Angbr is used in Juǀʼhoan for the alveolar nasal click .

Template:Angbr is used in Juǀʼhoan for the dental nasal click .

Template:Angbr is used in Juǀʼhoan for the lateral nasal click .

Template:Angbr is used in Juǀʼhoan for the palatal nasal click .

Template:Angbr is used for medial in Piedmontese.

O

Template:Angbr is used for and in Uzbek, with the preferred typographical form being Template:Angbr (Cyrillic Template:Angbr). Technically it is not a digraph in Uzbek, since Template:Angbr is not a letter of the Uzbek alphabet, but rather a typographic convention for a diacritic. In handwriting the letter is written as Template:Angbr.

It is also used in Taa, for the glottalized or creaky vowel .

Template:Angbr is used in English, where it commonly represents the sound as in road, coal, boast, coaxing, etc. In Middle English, where the digraph originated, it represented , a pronunciation retained in the word broad and derivatives, and when the digraph is followed by an "r", as in soar and bezoar. The letters also represent two vowels, as in koala , boas , coaxial , oasis , and doable . In Malagasy, it is occasionally used for .

Template:Angbr is found in many languages. In English, it represents the sound as in hoe and sometimes the sound as in shoe. It may also represent the sound in AmE pronunciation of Oedipus, (o)esophagus (also in BrE), and (o)estrogen, in boehmite (AmE) and surnames like Boehner and Groening (as if spelled Bayner and Gray/Greyning respectively), and in foetus (BrE and CoE) and some speakers' pronunciation of Oedipus and oestrogen. Template:Vr represents in Afrikaans and Dutch, e.g. ; it also represented the same phoneme in the Indonesian language before the 1972 spelling reform. Ligatured to Template:Angbr in French, it stands for the vowels (as in ) and (as in ). It is an alternative way to write Template:Angbr or Template:Angbr in German or Scandinavian languages when this character is unavailable. In romanization of Wu Chinese and in Royal Thai General System of Transcription, it represents Template:IPAslink. In the ILE romanization of Cantonese it represents the vowel , while in the Jyutping romanisation of Cantonese it represents , and in Zhuang it is used for (Template:Angbr is used for ). In Piedmontese, it is . In the Kernewek Kemmyn orthography of Cornish, it is used for a phoneme which is long, mid-length, and short.

Template:Angbr is used in French to write the vowel sound in a few words before what had historically been an Template:Vr, mostly in words derived from "stove". The diacriticless variant, Template:Angbr, rarely represents this sound except in words related to (rarely spelt Template:Wikt-lang).

Template:Angle bracket is used in Afrikaans for the vowel .

Template:Angbr is used in Portuguese for . It is used in plural forms of some words ended in Template:Angbr, such as Template:Wikt-lang– and Template:Wikt-lang–.

Template:Angbr is used in Taa, for the breathy or murmured vowel .

Template:Angbr is used in various languages. In English, it represents the sound as in coin and join. In French, it represents , which was historically – and still is in some cases – written Template:Vr. In Irish it is used for between a broad and a slender consonant. In Scottish Gaelic it is used for , except before Template:Vr word-finally or pre-consonant, where it is . In Piedmontese, it is .

Template:Angbr is used in Irish for between a broad and a slender consonant.

Template:Angbr is used in French to write before what had historically been an Template:Vr, as in or .

Template:Angbr is used in Irish for between a broad and a slender consonant. It is also used in Portuguese.

Template:Angbr is used in Piedmontese for . It is used in Scottish Gaelic for or

Template:Angbr is used in Portuguese for , and in French to write .

Template:Angbr is used in Brazilian Portuguese for before a consonant.

Template:Angbr is used in Portuguese for before a consonant, and in French to write .

Template:Angbr is used in Portuguese for before a consonant.

Template:Angbr is used in Tibetan Pinyin for . It is alternately written oin.

Template:Angbr is used in many languages. In English, it generally represents sounds which historically descend from the Middle English pronunciation . After the Great Vowel Shift, this came to typically represent as in "moon" and "food". Subsequently, in a handful of common words like "good" and "flood" the vowel was shortened to Template:Vr, and after the [[Phonological history of English close back vowels#FOOT–STRUT split|Middle English Template:Sc2–Template:Sc2 split]], these became and respectively. Like in Middle English, the digraph's pronunciation is in most other languages. In German and Dutch, the digraph represents . In Cornish, it represents either or . In Tâi-lô orthography for Taiwanese Hokkien, it represents .

Template:Angbr Is used in Taa, for the pharyngealized vowel .

Template:Angbr, in Daighi tongiong pingim, represents mid central vowel or close-mid back rounded vowel in Taiwanese Hokkien.

Template:Angbr is used in English for the diphthong , as in out . This spelling is generally used before consonants, with Template:Angbr being used instead before vowels and at the ends of words. Occasionally Template:Vr may also represent other vowels – as in trouble, as in soul, as in would, as in group, or as in the alternate American pronunciation of coupon. The Template:Vr in out originally represented , as in French, and its pronunciation has mostly changed as part of the Great Vowel Shift. However, the sound was kept before Template:Vr.

In Dutch Template:Angbr represents in the Netherlands or in Flanders. In Cornish, it represents , , or . In French, it represents the vowel , as in "you", or the approximant consonant , as in "yes".

In Portuguese this digraph stands for the close-mid back rounded vowel or for the falling diphthong , according to dialect.

Template:Angbr is used In Hepburn romanization of the Japanese language to transcribe the sound .

Template:Angbr is used in French to write the vowel sound before what had historically been an Template:Vr, as in "drunk" (also spelt ).

Template:Angbr, in English, usually represents the sound as in coward, sundowner, and now or the sound, as in froward, landowner, and know. An exceptional pronunciation is in knowledge and rowlock. There are many English heteronyms distinguished only by the pronunciation of this digraph, like: bow (front of ship or weapon), bower (a dwelling or string player), lower (to frown or drop), mow (to grimace or cut), row (a dispute or line-up), shower (rain or presenter), sow (a pig or to seed), tower (a building or towboat). In Cornish, this represents the diphthong or ; before vowels, it can also represent .

Template:Angbr is used in the Kernowek Standard orthography of Cornish to refer to a sound that can be either or . This distribution can also be written Template:Angbr.

Template:Angbr is found in many languages. In English and Faroese, Template:Vr represents the diphthong . Examples in English include toy and annoy. In Cornish, it represents the diphthong ; in the words ('egg') and ('much'), it can also be pronounced .

Template:Angbr is an obsolete digraph once used in French.

Template:Angbr is used in Norwegian for .

Template:Angbr (a split digraph) indicates an English 'long o', historically but now most commonly realised as .

P

Template:Angbr is used in Nuxalk for .

Template:Angbr is used in German for , e.g. "horse", "apple", and "button". In English, usually in recent loan words from German, it generally represents , such as in Pfizer.

Template:Angbr in used in English and French for , mostly in words derived from Greek, but also some words derived from Vietnamese. In Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Welsh it represents the lenition/Aspirate mutation of Template:Vr. It represents in Vietnamese, where Template:Vr is not used.

Template:Angbr is used in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, for .

Template:Angbr is used for in Arrernte.

Template:Angbr is used in English for initially in words of Greek origin such as pneumatic.

Template:Angbr is used in romanized Korean for the fortis sound , and in Cypriot Arabic for . It was used in Portuguese until 1947, e.g. , and .

Template:Angbr is used in English and Portuguese for initially in words of Greek origin such as psyche (English) and (Portuguese). In Shona it represents a whistled sibilant cluster .

Template:Angbr is used in several languages for in words of Greek origin, where it was , e.g. in English pterosaur .

Template:Angbr is used in Arrernte for .

Template:Angbr is used in Cypriot Arabic for .

Q

Template:Angbr is used in Nuxalk for .

Template:Angbr is used in Naro for the click . It was used in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the voiceless alveolar click .

Template:Angbr is used in various alphabets. In Quechua and the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, it represents . In Xhosa, it represents the click .

Template:Angbr was used in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the voiceless alveolar click (equivalent to Template:Angbr).

Template:Angbr is used in Haida (Bringhurst orthography) for ejective . In Hadza it represents the glottalized click .

Template:Angbr is used in Aragonese, Asturian, Catalan, French, Galician, Mirandese, Occitan, Portuguese and Spanish for before Template:Vr, where Template:Vr represents (Castilian Spanish, Asturian, Aragonese and most of Galicia) or (Catalan, French, American Spanish, Occitan and Portuguese). In French, Template:Angbr is also usually before Template:Vr. This dates to Latin Template:Vr, and ultimately the Proto-Indo-European labialized velar consonant */kʷ/; in English this sound instead became written primarily as Template:Vr, due to Grimm's law changing kʷ > xʷ (written Template:Vr), and Middle English spelling change switching Template:Vr to Template:Vr. In English, it represents in words derived from those languages (e.g., quiche), and in other words, including borrowings from Latin (e.g., quantity). In German, it represents . In the Ossetian Latin alphabet, it was used for . In Vietnamese it is used to represent or . In Cornish, it represents .

Template:Angbr is used in French and formely Portuguese for before Template:Vr.

Template:Angbr is used in Bouyei for .

Template:Angbr is used in some languages for . In Mi'kmaq it represents . In the Kernowek Standard and Standard Written Form orthographies for Revived Cornish, it represents .

Template:Angbr is used in Bouyei for glottalized .

R

Template:Angbr is used in the transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages such as Warlpiri, Arrernte, and Pitjantjatjara for a retroflex stop, . In Norwegian and Swedish it represents voiced retroflex plosive, . In Scottish Gaelic it sometimes represents when broad, or when slender, though this epenthetic consonant is not found in all dialects.

Template:Angbr is used in English for Greek words transliterated through Latin. Examples include "rhapsody", "rhetoric" and "rhythm". These were pronounced in Ancient Greek with a voiceless "r" sound, , as in Old English Template:Angbr. The digraph may also be found within words, but always at the start of a word component, e.g., "polyrhythmic". German, French, and Interlingua use Template:Vr in the same way. Template:Angbr is also found in Welsh where it represents a voiceless alveolar trill (), that is a voiceless "r" sound. It can be found anywhere; the most common occurrence in English from Welsh is in the slightly respelled given name "Rhonda". In Wade-Giles transliteration, Template:Angbr is used for the syllable-final rhotic of Mandarin Chinese. In the Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization of Mandarin Chinese, initial Template:Vr- indicates an even tone on a syllable beginning in , which is otherwise spelled Template:Vr-. In Purépecha, it is a retroflex flap, .

Template:Angbr is used in the transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages such as Warlpiri, Arrernte, and Pitjantjatjara, as well in Norwegian and Swedish, for a retroflex lateral, written in the IPA. In Greenlandic, it represents as the result of an assimilation of a consonant cluster with a uvular consonant as the first component.

Template:Angbr is used in Inuktitut for .

Template:Angbr represents the retroflex nasal in Warlpiri, Arrernte, and Pitjantjatjara (see transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages), as well in Norwegian and Swedish. In Greenlandic, it represents . In Inuktitut, it represents .

Template:Angbr is used in Greenlandic for as the result of an assimilation of a consonant cluster with a uvular consonant as the first component.

Template:Angbr is used in English for Template:Angbr. It normally appears in words of Latin or Romance origin, and Template:Vr in words of ancient Greek origin. It is quite a common digraph. Some words with Template:Vr are relatively recent loanwords from other languages; examples include burro from Spanish. It is often used in impromptu pronunciation guides to denote either an alveolar tap or an alveolar trill. It is a letter in the Albanian alphabet.

In several European languages, such as Catalan, Spanish, Portuguese, Basque or Albanian, "rr" represents the alveolar trill (or the voiced uvular fricative in Portuguese) and contrasts with the single "r", which represents the alveolar tap (in Catalan and Spanish a single "r" also represents the alveolar trill at the beginning of words or syllables). In Italian and Finnish, "rr" is a geminated (long) consonant . In Central Alaskan Yup'ik it is used for . In Cornish, it can represent either , , or . In Scottish Gaelic, it represents .

Template:Angbr was equivalent to Template:Angbr and stood for (modern ř) in medieval Czech. In Greenlandic, it represents as the result of an assimilation of a consonant cluster with a uvular consonant as the first component. In Norwegian and Swedish, it represents the voiceless retroflex fricative, .

Template:Angbr is used in Australian Aboriginal languages such as Warlpiri, Arrernte, and Pitjantjatjara, as well in Norwegian and Swedish, for a retroflex stop . In Scottish Gaelic it often represents when broad, or when slender, though this epenthetic consonant is not found in all dialects.

Template:Angbr is used for in Arrernte.

Template:Angbr is used in Polish and Kashubian for a voiced retroflex fricative , similar to English Template:Vr as in Zhivago. Examples from Polish are "March" and "river". Template:Angbr represents the same sound as Template:Angbr, but they have a different origin. Template:Angbr used to be pronounced the same way as Czech Template:Angbr () in older Polish, but the sounds merged, and the orthography still follows etymology. When preceded by a voiceless consonant (Template:Vr) or end of a word, Template:Angbr devoices to Template:IPAblink, as in "before".

S

Template:Angbr is used in Italian for before the front vowel letters Template:Vr. It is used for in Catalan, Latin American Spanish, French, English, Occitan and Brazilian Portuguese (e.g. French/English reminiscence, Spanish , Brazilian Portuguese , Catalan , Occitan ); in European Portuguese this changed to in the early 20th century, although in careful speech it can be . However, it represents in modern pronunciations of crescent in British and non-Canadian Commonwealth English. In Old English it usually represented .

Template:Angbr is used in French for in a few verb forms such as simple past . It is also used in Portuguese as in the imperative/conjunctive form of verbs ending with Template:Vr: . Still pronounced in Brazilian Portuguese, in European Portuguese this changed to in the early 20th century, although in careful speech it can be .

Template:Angbr is used in Piedmontese and Corsican for .

Template:Angbr is used in several languages. In English, it represents . See separate article. See also Template:Vr below, which has the capitalized forms SH and ŞH.

Template:Angbr is used in English for in words such as fusion (see yod-coalescence). In Polish, it represents whenever it precedes a vowel, and whenever it precedes a consonant (or at the end of the word), and is considered a graphic variant of Template:Vr appearing in other situations. In Welsh Template:Angbr is used for the sound as in ('chocolate').

Template:Angbr is used Swedish to write the sje sound (see also Template:Angbr) and in Faroese, Danish, Norwegian and Dutch to write Voiceless postalveolar fricative .

Template:Angbr is used in Swedish to write the sje sound . It takes by rule this sound value before the front vowels (Template:Vr) word or root initially (as in (spoon)), while normally representing in other positions. In Norwegian and Faroese, it is used to write voiceless postalveolar fricative (only in front of Template:Vr).

Template:Angbr is used in Iraqw and Bouyei to write the lateral fricative . (Template:Vr is used in the French tradition to transcribe in other languages as well, as in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages.)

Template:Angbr is used in German for as in instead of using Template:Vr.

Template:Angbr is used in Kosraean for . In northern dialects of Scottish Gaelic it represents , as in .

Template:Angbr is used in Pinyin for in languages such as Yi. For its use in the Wade–Giles system of Romanization of Chinese, see Wade–Giles → Syllabic consonants. In English, Template:Angbr typically represents in the first Template:Vr of possess and its derivatives possessed, possesses, possession, possessive and possessor, brassiere, dessert, dissolution and its derivatives dissolved, dissolves and dissolving, Missoula (County), Missouri(an), scissors, and pronunciations of Aussie outside the United States; otherwise, it represents . In other languages, such as Catalan, Cornish, French, German, Italian, Occitan, Portuguese and Central Alaskan Yup'ik, where Template:Angbr transcribes between vowels (and elsewhere in the case of Yup'ik), Template:Angbr is used for in that position ( in Italian and also in some cases in Cornish); English sometimes also follows this convention. In romanized Korean, it represents the fortis sound . In Cypriot Arabic it is used for .

Also to note, there are spellings of words with Template:Angbr as opposed to them with just one Template:Angbr, varied in different types of English. For the word focus, in British English the 3rd person singular, the past participle and the present participle are spelled with Template:Angbr (i.e. focusses, focussed and focussing) whereas in American English and usually Canadian and Australian English they are spelled with one Template:Angbr (i.e. focuses, focused and focusing).

Template:Angbr is used in German for as in instead of using Template:Vr (or Template:Vr). In some parts of northern Germany, the pronunciation (as in English) is still quite common in the local dialect.

Template:Angbr is used in Shona to write the whistled sibilant . This was written Template:Vr from 1931 to 1955.

Template:Angbr is used in Nambikwara for a glottalized , and in Esperanto orthography it is an unofficial surrogate of Template:Angbr, that represents .

Template:Angbr represents in Malay and Tagalog.

Template:Angbr is used in several languages. See article.

T

Template:Angbr is used in Nuxalk for .

Template:Angbr is used for the palatal click in Naro, and to write the affricate in Sandawe, Hadza and Juǀʼhoan.

Template:Angbr is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the voiceless dental affricate

Template:Angbr is used for in Naro. In Catalan, it represents . In Romansh orthographies it represents the Alveolo-palatal consonant .

Template:Angbr is used in several languages. In English, it can represent , or . See article. See also: Pronunciation of English th.

Template:Angbr, before a vowel, is usually pronounced in French and in German and is commonly in English, especially in the suffix -tion.

Template:Angbr is used in Norwegian and Faroese words like / ('tar') for (Norwegian) and (Faroese). In the closely related Swedish alphabet, it represents , as in . It is also the standard written form of the sound in Dutch and was likewise used in Dutch-based orthographies that used to apply for languages in Indonesia and Surinam. In the transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages such as Warlpiri, Arrernte, and Pitjantjatjara, it represents a postalveolar stop, transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet as or depending on voicing. This sound is also written Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, or Template:Angbr. In Catalan it represents . In Juǀʼhoan it is used for the ejective affricate .

Template:Angbr is used in Juǀʼhoan for the uvularized ejective .

Template:Angbr is used in various orthographies for the voiceless alveolar lateral affricate . In Catalan it represents , although it may be simplify to in some dialects.

Template:Angbr is used in the transcription of Athabascan languages for a lateral affricate or .

Template:Angbr is used in Yélî Dnye for doubly articulated and nasally released . In Catalan, it is used to represent , that can result not geminated as well, , as in (pronounced in standard Catalan and in Valencian).

Template:Angbr is used for a prestopped nasal in Arrernte, and for the similar in Yélî Dnye. In Catalan it represents , although it may be simplify to in some dialects.

Template:Angbr is used in Yélî Dnye for doubly articulated .

Template:Angbr generally represents a sound like a retroflex version of English "ch" in areas of German influence, such as Truk lagoon, now spelled Template:Angbr. For instance, in Malagasy it represents . In southern dialects of Vietnamese, Template:Angbr represents a voiceless retroflex affricate . In the northern dialects, this sound is pronounced , just like what Template:Angbr represents. Template:Angbr was formerly considered a distinct letter of the Vietnamese alphabet, but today is not.

Template:Angbr is used in the Basque, where it represents an apical voiceless alveolar affricate . It contrasts with Template:Angbr, which is laminal . It is mainly used to Latinize the letter Tse (Cyrillic) (ц) In Hausa, Template:Angbr represents an alveolar ejective fricative or affricate ), depending on dialect. It is considered a distinct letter, and placed between Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr in alphabetical order. It is also used in Catalan for . It is also used in Hausa Boko. In central-western Asturian it's used for .

The Wade-Giles and Yale romanizations of Chinese use Template:Angbr for an unaspirated voiceless alveolar affricate . Wade–Giles also uses Template:Angbr for the aspirated equivalent . These are equivalent to Pinyin Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr, respectively. The Hepburn romanization of Japanese uses Template:Angbr for a voiceless alveolar affricate ). In native Japanese words, this sound only occurs before Template:Angbr, but it may occur before other vowels in loanwords. Other romanization systems write as Template:Angbr. Template:Angbr in Tagalog is used for . The sequence Template:Angbr occurs in English, but it has no special function and simply represents a sequence of Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr. It occurs word-initially only in some loanwords, such as tsunami and tsar. Most English-speakers do not pronounce a in such words and pronounce them as if they were spelled Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr or Template:Angbr, respectively.

Template:Angbr was used in medieval Basque and in Azkue's Basque dictionary for a voiceless postalveolar affricate ; this is now represented by Template:Angbr.

Template:Angbr is used in Basque for , and in romanized Kabyle for . In romanized Korean, it represents the fortis sound , in Haida (Bringhurst orthography) it is ejective , and in Cypriot Arabic, it represents .

Template:Angbr is used for in Arrernte.

Template:Angbr is used in Basque, Catalan and some indigenous languages of South America, for a voiceless postalveolar affricate . In Nambikwara it represents a glottalized . In Juǀʼhoan it is used for the uvularized-release .

Template:Angbr is used in the Hungarian alphabet for , a voiceless palatal affricate; in Hungarian, digraphs are considered single letters, and acronyms keep them intact. In Xhosa, Template:Angbr represents and the similar in the Algonquian Massachusett orthography. In Shona, it represents . In Tagalog it represents . In the transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages such as Warlpiri, and Arrernte, it represents a postalveolar stop, either voiceless or voiced . (This sound is also written Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, and Template:Angbr). In Cypriot Arabic, it represents .

Template:Angbr is used in Basque, German and Nahuatl for the voiceless alveolar affricate ). In Basque, this sound is laminal and contrasts with the apical affricate represented by Template:Angbr. It is also used in Catalan to represent the voiced alveolar affricate . In Juǀʼhoan it is used for the ejective affricate . For its use in the Wade–Giles system of Romanization of Chinese, see Wade–Giles → Syllabic consonants.

U

Template:Angbr is used in Taa for the glottalized or creaky vowel .

Template:Angbr is used in Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, to represent the diphthong .

Template:Angbr is used in Nahuatl for before a consonant. Before a vowel, Template:Angbr is used.

Template:Angbr is found in many languages. In English, it represents or as in cue or true, respectively. In German, it is or (equivalent to Template:Angbr), appearing mainly in proper nouns. In Cantonese Romanisation, it represents in a non-initial position.

Template:Angle bracket is used in Afrikaans to represent .

Template:Angbr is used in Central Alaskan Yup'ik for .

Template:Angbr is used in Taa for the breathy or murmured vowel . In Nahuatl, it is used for before a consonant. Before a vowel, Template:Angbr is used.

Template:Angbr is used in Dutch for the diphthong . In Irish, it is after a broad (velarized) consonant. In Scottish Gaelic it normally represents , however before Template:Vr or before Template:Vr preceding a vowel, it represents , and before Template:Vr or before Template:Vr word-finally or pre-consonant, it represents . In German, it represents the diphthong , which appears only in interjections such as ''. In Mandarin pinyin, it is used for after a consonant (spelt Template:Angbr in the initial position). In Cantonese Romanisation, it represents or . In Scots it represents , e.g. "blood", "done", "moon" and "spoon". In English, when used as a digraph, it represents in fruit, juice, suit and pursuit. However, after Template:Angbr, the Template:Angbr functions as a modifier (marking Template:Angbr as rather than ), e.g. guild, guilty, sanguine, Guinea, guide etc.), it is also used for other sounds, in cases of unusual etymological spelling, e.g. circuit, biscuit, build. In Portuguese, it represents the diphthong , as in "intention" or "to care", but in a very small selective group of words that come from Latin "much", it represents a nasalized , as in "very" or "much".

Template:Angbr was used in old Portuguese for , which in some dialects gets reduced to

Template:Angbr was used in old Portuguese for

Template:Angbr is used in Irish for between a broad and a slender consonant.

Template:Angbr is used in Irish for between a broad and a slender consonant.

Template:Angbr is used in Scottish Gaelic for between a broad and a slender consonant.

Template:Angbr is used in Portuguese for , and in French to write (only before a consonant and at the end of a word).

Template:Angbr is used in Portuguese for before a consonant.

Template:Angbr is used in many languages for a nasal vowel. In Portuguese before a consonant, and in many West African languages, it is , while in French it is , or among the younger generation . In pinyin, is spelled Template:Vr after a consonant, Template:Vr initially.

Template:Angbr is used in Portuguese for before a consonant.

Template:Angbr is used in Tibetan Pinyin for .

Template:Angbr is used in Lakhota for the nasal vowel .

Template:Angbr is used in Pinyin for in languages such as Yi, where Template:Angbr stands for .

Template:Angbr is used in Taa, for the pharyngealized vowel .

Template:Angbr is used in Central Alaskan Yup'ik for , and in Pinyin to write the trilled vowel in languages such as Yi.

Template:Angbr is used in many languages with phonemic long vowels, for . In Dutch, it is used for .

Template:Angbr is used in Dutch for , e.g. "yours", "to push". In Cornish it is used for or .

Template:Angle bracket is used in Afrikaans for .

Template:Angbr is unofficially used in Esperanto, instead of Template:Angbr, for .

Template:Angbr (a split digraph) is used in English for or .

V

Template:Angbr is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the labiodental flap .

Template:Angbr was used in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the voiceless palatal click .

Template:Angbr represents in Shona. It was also used in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the aspirated palatal click .

Template:Angbr was used in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the voiceless palatal click (equivalent to Template:Angbr).

Template:Angbr was used in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the palatal nasal click .

Template:Angbr is used in Central Alaskan Yup'ik for .

Template:Angbr is used in Quechua.

W

Template:Angbr is used in English to represent Proto-Germanic , the continuation of the PIE labiovelar */kʷ/ (which became Template:Angbr in Latin and the Romance languages). Most English question words begin with this digraph, hence the terms wh-word and wh-question. In Old English, was spelled Template:Angbr or Template:Angbr, and only the former was retained during the Middle English period, becoming Template:Angbr during the gradual development of the letter Template:Angbr during the 14th-17th centuries. In most dialects it is now pronounced , but a distinct pronunciation realized as a voiceless w sound, [ʍ], is retained in some areas: Scotland, central and southern Ireland, southeastern United States, and (mostly among older speakers) in New Zealand. In a few words (who, whose, etc.) the pronunciation used among almost all speakers regardless of geography is . For details, see Pronunciation of English ⟨wh⟩.
In Māori, Template:Angbr represents or more commonly , with some regional variations approaching or . In the Taranaki region, for some speakers, this represents a glottalized . In Xhosa, it represents , a murmured variant of found in loan words. In Cornish, it represents .

Template:Angbr is used in English for words which formerly began , now reduced to /r/ in virtually all dialects.

Template:Angbr is used in Mandarin pinyin to write the vowel in initial position, as in the name Wuhan. It is sometimes found with this value in Romanized Korean as well, as in hanwu. In Cantonese Romanisation, it is used to represent in an initial position or in a non-initial position.

Template:Angbr is used in Haida (Bringhurst orthography) for glottalized .

Template:Angbr is used in Nambikwara for a glottalized .

X

Template:Angbr is used etymologically in Portuguese for before the front vowel letters Template:Vr.

Template:Angbr is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the labialized fricative .

Template:Angbr is used to write the click in Naro. It was used in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the voiceless lateral click .

Template:Angbr is used in Albanian to write the voiced postalveolar affricate , as in the surname . In Zulu and Xhosa it represents the voiceless aspirated alveolar lateral click , e.g. . In Walloon it represents a consonant that is variously , , , depending on the dialect. In Canadian Tlingit it represents , which is represented by Template:Vr in Alaska.

Template:Angbr is used in English for in words such as flexion. (It is equivalent to Template:Vr plus the digraph Template:Vr, as in action.)

Template:Angbr was used in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the voiceless lateral click (equivalent to Template:Vr).

Template:Angbr is used as a letter of the Seri alphabet, where it represents a labialized uvular fricative, . It is placed between Template:Vr and Template:Vr in alphabetical order.

Template:Angbr is used etymologically in Portuguese. In the word in Brazilian Portuguese, it stands for . In European Portuguese this digraph changed to in the early 20th century and the word came to be pronounced as

Template:Angbr was used in the Ossete Latin alphabet for .

Template:Angbr is used in the Kurdish and the Tlingit language for .

Template:Angbr is used in Alaskan Tlingit for , which in Canada is written Template:Vr.

Template:Angbr is used in Hadza for the glottalized click , and in Cypriot Arabic for .

Template:Angbr is used in the Hmong Romanized Popular Alphabet to write .

Y

Template:Angbr used in various languages. In English it represents word finally, e.g. bye or dye.

Template:Angbr was used in the pre-1985 orthography of Guinea, for the "ejective y" or palatalized glottal stop () in Pular (a Fula language) and in Hausa to represent a creaky voiced palatal approximant . In the current orthography it is now written Template:Vr. In Xhosa it represents . In a handful of Australian languages, it represents a "dental semivowel".

Template:Angbr is used in Mandarin pinyin to write when it forms an entire syllable.

Template:Angbr is used in Yanyuwa for a pre-velar stop, .

Template:Angbr is used in French to write ( before another vowel), as in "thyme".

Template:Angbr is used in French to write in some words of Greek origin, such as "syncope".

Template:Angbr is used in Pinyin to write the trilled vowel in languages such as Yi.

Template:Angbr is used in romanized Chinese to write the vowel . In Mandarin pinyin it is used for in initial position, whereas in Cantonese Jyutping it is used for in non-initial position. In the Yale romanization of Cantonese and Cantonese Romanisation, it represents in an initial position and in a non-initial position.

Template:Angbr is used for in Arrernte and for doubly articulated in Yélî Dnye. It is used in Cornish for the diphthongs , , or .

Template:Angbr in used in Nambikwara for a glottalized .

Template:Angbr is used in some languages such as Finnish to write the long vowel . In Haida (Bringhurst orthography) it is represents glottalized . Used in some Asturian dialects to represent .

Template:Angbr (a split digraph) indicates an English 'long y' (equivalent to Template:Angbr).

Z

Template:Angbr represents the voiced postalveolar fricative (), like the Template:Vr in pleasure, in Albanian and in Native American orthographies such as Navajo. It is used for the same sound in some English-language dictionaries, as well as to transliterate the sound when represented by Cyrillic Template:Vr and Persian Template:Vr into English, but is rarely seen in English words, appearing primarily in foreign borrowings (e.g. muzhik) and slang (e.g. zhoosh). Template:Vr as a digraph is rare in European languages using the Latin alphabet; in addition to Albanian it is found in Breton in words that are pronounced with in some dialects and in others. In Hanyu Pinyin, Template:Vr represents the voiceless retroflex affricate . When Malayalam and Tamil are transliterated into the Latin script, Template:Vr represents a retroflex approximant (Malayalam ഴ and Tamil ழ Template:Vr ).

Template:Angbr in Polish represents whenever it precedes a vowel, and whenever it precedes a consonant (or in the end of the word), and is considered a graphic variant of Template:Vr appearing in other situations.

Template:Angbr is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the voiced lateral fricative

Template:Angbr is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for .

Template:Angbr is the last (forty-fourth) letter of the Hungarian alphabet. Its name is and represents , a voiced postalveolar fricative, similar to Template:Vr in Jacques and beside Template:Vr in vision. A few examples are "rose" and "fat".

Template:Angbr is used in Shona to write the whistled sibilant . This was written Template:Vr from 1931 to 1955.

Template:Angbr is used in Pinyin for in languages such as Yi. It is also used with that value in romanized Kabyle. In medieval Czech, it stood for . In Hadza it is ejective .

Other

Template:Angbr, capital Template:Angbr, is used in many West African languages for the nasal vowel . Template:Vr is an "open e".

Template:Angbr, capital Template:Angbr, is used in many West African languages for the nasal vowel . Template:Vr is an "open o".

Template:Angbr, capital Template:Vr, is used in French for the vowels and . The first element of the digraph, Template:Vr, is itself is a ligature of Template:Vr and Template:Vr, and Template:Vr may also be written as the trigraph Template:Vr.

Template:Angbr is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for .

Template:Angbr is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for .

Template:Angbr is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the labial-velar nasal .

Template:Angbr, capital Template:Vr, was used for in the old orthography of Zhuang and Bouyei; this is now spelled with the trigraph Template:Angbr.

Template:Angbr is used in Adzera for the prenasalized glottal stop .

Template:Angbr, capital Template:Vr or sometimes Template:Vr, was a digraph used in the Slovene Bohorič alphabet for . The first element, Template:Vr, the long s, is an archaic non-final form of the letter Template:Vr.

Template:Angbr Template:Angbr Template:Angbr Template:Angbr are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four glottalized nasal clicks, .

Template:Angbr Template:Angbr Template:Angbr Template:Angbr are used in Khoekhoe for its four tenuis clicks, .

Template:Angbr Template:Angbr Template:Angbr Template:Angbr are used in Khoekhoe for its four aspirated nasal clicks, , and in Juǀʼhoan for its plain aspirated clicks, .

Template:Angbr Template:Angbr Template:Angbr Template:Angbr are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four affricate ejective-contour clicks, .

Template:Angbr Template:Angbr Template:Angbr Template:Angbr are used in Khoekhoe for its four plain nasal clicks, .

Template:Angbr Template:Angbr Template:Angbr Template:Angbr are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four affricate pulmonic-contour clicks, .

Template:Angbr was used in Yañalif and some Turkic languages for the diphthong .

See also

• Trigraph
  • List of Latin-script trigraphs
• Tetragraph
  • List of Latin-script tetragraphs
• Pentagraph
  • List of Latin-script pentagraphs
• Hexagraph
• Heptagraph
• List of Latin letters
• List of Cyrillic digraphs