Uzbek language

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UzbekTemplate:Efn is a Karluk Turkic language spoken by Uzbeks. It is the official and national language of Uzbekistan and formally succeeded Chagatai, an earlier Karluk language endonymically called Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang"., as the literary language of Uzbekistan in the 1920s.[2]

According to the Ethnologue, Southern Uzbek and Standard Uzbek are spoken as a native language by more than 36 million people around the world, making Uzbek the second-most widely spoken Turkic language after Turkish.[3] In addition to these native speakers, there are members of many other ethnic groups such as Tajiks, Kazakhs, and Russians who live in Uzbekistan and speak Uzbek as their second language.

There are two major variants of the Uzbek language: Northern Uzbek, or simply "Uzbek", spoken in Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and China; and Southern Uzbek, spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan.[4][5] Both Northern and Southern Uzbek are divided into many dialects. Uzbek and Uyghur are sister languages and they constitute the Karluk or "Southeastern" branch of Turkic.

External influences on Uzbek include Persian, Russian, and Arabic.[6] One of the most noticeable distinctions of Uzbek from other Turkic languages is the rounding of the vowel Template:IPAslink to Template:IPAslink under the influence of Persian. Unlike other Turkic languages, vowel harmony is almost completely lost in modern Standard Uzbek due to extensive linguistic contact with Persian, though it is still observed to some small degree in its dialects, as well as in its sister Karluk language Uyghur.

Different dialects of Uzbek show varying degrees of influence from other languages such as Kipchak and Oghuz Turkic (for example, in grammar) as well as Persian (in phonology), which gives literary Uzbek the impression of being a mixed language.[7]

In February 2021, the Uzbek government announced that Uzbekistan plans to fully transition the Uzbek language from the Cyrillic script to a Latin-based alphabet by 1 January 2023.[8][9] Similar deadlines had been extended several times.[10] As of 2024,Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". most institutions still use both alphabets.[11]

Classification

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Uzbek is the western member of the Karluk branch of the Turkic language family, the eastern member of which is Uyghur. Karluk is classified as a dialect continuum. Northern Uzbek has been determined to be the variety most readily understood by the greatest number of speakers of Turkic languages as a whole – excluding the Siberian Turkic languages – despite its heavy Persianised character.[12][13] The high degree of mutual intelligibility that exists among certain Turkic languages enables Uzbek speakers to comprehend various other, more distantly related Turkic languages with relative ease.

Number of speakers

Uzbek, being the most widely spoken indigenous language in Central Asia, is as well spoken by smaller ethnic groups in Uzbekistan and in neighbouring countries.

The language is spoken by other ethnic groups outside Uzbekistan. The popularity of Uzbek media, including Uzbekfilm and RizanovaUz, has spread among the post-Soviet states, particularly in Central Asia in recent years. Since Uzbek is the dominant language in the Osh Region of KyrgyzstanScript error: No such module "Unsubst". (and mothertongue of the city Osh), like the rest of Eastern, Southern and South-Eastern Kyrgyzstan (Jalal-Abad Region), the ethnic Kyrgyz are, too, exposed to Uzbek, and some speak it fluently. This is a common situation in the rest of Central Asian republics, including: the Turkistan region of Kazakhstan, northern Daşoguz Welaýat of Turkmenistan,[14] Sughd region and other regions of Tajikistan.[15]

The Uzbek language has a special status in countries that are common destination for immigration for Uzbekistani citizens. Other than Uzbekistan and other Central Asian Republics, the ethnic Uzbeks most commonly choose the Russian Federation[16] in search of work. Most of them however, are seasonal workers, whose numbers vary greatly among residency within the Russian Federation. According to Russian government statistics, 4.5 million workers from Uzbekistan, 2.4 million from Tajikistan, and 920,000 from Kyrgyzstan were working in Russia in 2021, with around 5 million being ethnic Uzbeks.[16]

Estimates of the number of native speakers of Uzbek vary widely, from 35 up to 40 million. Ethnologue estimates put the number of native speakers at 33 million across all the recognized dialects. The Swedish national encyclopedia, Script error: No such module "Lang"., estimates the number of native speakers to be 38 million,[17] and the CIA World Factbook estimates 30 million. Other sources estimate the number of speakers of Uzbek to be 34 million in Uzbekistan,[18] 4.5 million in Afghanistan,[19] 1,630,000 in Pakistan,[4] 1,500,000 in Tajikistan,[20] about 1 million in Kyrgyzstan,[21] 600,000 in Kazakhstan,[22] 600,000 in Turkmenistan,[23] and 300,000 in Russia.[24]

The Uzbek language is taught in more than fifty higher education institutions around the world.[25]

Etymology

Historically, the language under the name Uzbek referred to a totally different language of Kipchak origin. The language was generally similar to the neighbouring Kazakh, more or less identical lexically, phonetically and grammatically. It was dissimilar to the area's indigenous and native language, known as Turki, until it was changed to Chagatai by western scholars due to its origins from the Chagatai Khanate.[26] The ethnonym of the language itself now means "a language spoken by the Uzbeks."

History

Turkic speakers probably settled the Amu Darya, Syr Darya, and Zarafshon river basins from at least 600–650 AD, gradually ousting or assimilating the speakers of the Eastern Iranian languages who had previously inhabited Sogdia, Bactria, and Khwarazm. The first Turkic dynasty in the region was the Kara-Khanid Khanate from the 9th to the 12th centuries,[27] a confederation of Karluks, Chigils, Yagma, and other tribes.[28]

Uzbek (along with Uyghur) can be considered the direct descendant of Chagatai, the language of great Turkic Central Asian literary development in the realm of Chagatai Khan, Timur (Tamerlane), and the Timurid dynasty[29] (including the early Mughal rulers of the Mughal Empire). Chagatai contained a large number of Persian and Arabic loanwords. By the 19th century, it was rarely used for literary composition and had disappeared by the early 20th century.

Muhammad Shaybani (c. 1451Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – 2 December 1510), the first Khan of Bukhara, wrote poetry under the pseudonym 'Shibani'. A collection of Chagatai poems by Muhammad Shaybani is currently held in the Topkapı Palace Museum manuscript collection in Istanbul. The manuscript of his philosophical and religious work, Bahr al-Khudā, written in 1508, is located in London.[30]

Shaybani's nephew Ubaydullah Khan (1486–1540) recited the Quran skilfully and provided it with commentaries in Chagatai. Ubaydullah himself wrote poetry in Chagatai, Classical Persian, and Arabic under the literary pseudonym Ubaydiy.[31]

For the Uzbek political elite of the 16th century, Chagatai was their native language. For example, the leader of the semi‑nomadic Uzbeks, Sheibani Khan (1451–1510), wrote poems in Chagatai.[32]

The poet Turdiy (17th century) in his poems called for the unification of the divided Uzbek tribes: "Although our people are divided, these are all Uzbeks of ninety‑two tribes. We have different names – we all have the same blood. We are one people, and we should have one law. Sleeves, collars, and floors – it is all one robe. So the Uzbek people are united, may they be at peace."[33]

Sufi Allayar (1633–1721) was an outstanding theologian and one of the Sufi leaders of the Khanate of Bukhara. He demonstrated his level of knowledge by writing a book entitled Sebâtü'l-Âcizîn. Sufi Allayar was widely read and highly appreciated in Central Asia.[34]

The term Uzbek as applied to language has meant different things at different times:

During the 18th and 19th centuries, Chagatai remained the main literary language in most of Central Asia, but it underwent a period of decline.[35] Eventually, Chagatai was mostly referred to as the language of the Sarts, the settled Turkic‑speaking populations of the Fergana Valley, although the definition of this term shifted over the decades. According to the Kazakh scholar Serali Lapin, who lived at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, "there is no special Sart language different from Uzbek".[36] Russian researchers of the second half of the 19th century, such as L. N. Sobolev, believed that "Sart is not a special tribe, as many have tried to prove. Sart is indifferently applied to both Uzbeks and Tajiks who live in the city and are engaged in trade".[37]

As part of the preparations for the 1924 establishment of the Soviet Republic of Uzbekistan, Chagatai was officially renamed 'Old Uzbek',[38][39][40][41][42] which Edward A. Allworth argued "badly distorted the literary history of the region" and was used to give authors such as Ali-Shir Nava'i an Uzbek identity.[43][44]

After Uzbekistan's independence, the Uzbek government opted to reform Northern Uzbek by changing its alphabet from Cyrillic to Latin in an attempt to stimulate the growth of Uzbek in the new independent state. However, the reform was never fully implemented, and as of 2025Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., both alphabets are widely used, from daily life to government publications and television news. Uzbek has not eclipsed Russian in the governmental sector, as Russian remains widely used in science, politics, and by the upper class of the country. However, the Uzbek internet, including the Uzbek Wikipedia, is growing rapidly.[45]

Writing systems

File:Adib-i sani.jpg
A 1911 text in the Arabic alphabet
File:Fiction book in uzbek2.jpg
Covers of translated books in Uzbek. As can be seen, both Latin and Cyrillic scripts are widely used in the country. Most names are also transliterated, for example Template:Random item.

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Uzbek has been written in a variety of scripts throughout history:

  • 1000–1920s: The traditional Arabic script, first in the Qarakhanid standard and next in the Chagatai standard. This is seen as the golden age of the Uzbek language and literary history.
  • 1920–1928: the Arabic-based Yaña imlâ alphabet.[46]
  • 1928–1940: the Latin-based Yañalif was imposed officially.
  • 1940–1992: the Cyrillic script was used officially.[47]
  • Since 1992: Switch back to Latin script, with heavy holdover usage of Cyrillic.

Despite the official status of the Latin script in Uzbekistan, the use of Cyrillic is still widespread, especially in advertisements and signs. In newspapers, scripts may be mixed, with headlines in Latin and articles in Cyrillic. The Arabic script is no longer used in Uzbekistan except symbolically in limited texts[48] or for the academic studies of Chagatai (Old Uzbek).[46]

In 2019, an updated version of the Uzbek Latin alphabet was revealed by the Uzbek government, with five letters being updated; it was proposed to represent the sounds "ts", "sh", "ch", "oʻ" and "gʻ" by the letters "c", "ş", "ç", "ó" and "ǵ", respectively.[49] This would have reversed a 1995 reform, and brought the orthography closer to that of Turkish and also of Turkmen, Karakalpak, Kazakh (2018 version) and Azerbaijani.[50] In 2021, it was proposed to change "sh", "ch", "oʻ" and "gʻ" to "ş", "ç", "ō" and "ḡ".[51][49] These proposals were not implemented.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

In the western Chinese region of Xinjiang, in northern Afghanistan and in Pakistan,[52] where there is an Uzbek minority, the Arabic-based script is still used. In the early 21st century, in Afghanistan, standardization, publication of dictionaries, and an increase in usage (for example in news agencies' websites, such as that of the BBC) has been taking place.

Modern Latin alphabet
А а B b D d Е е F f G g
H h I i J j K k L l М m
N n О о P p Q q R r S s
Т t U u V v X x Y y Z z
Oʻ oʻ Gʻ gʻ Sh sh Ch ch Ng ng
Cyrillic alphabet
А а Б б В в Г г Д д Е е Ё ё
Ж ж З з И и Й й К к Л л М м
Н н О о П п Р р С с Т т У у
Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Ш ш Ъ ъ Ь ь
Э э Ю ю Я я Ў ў Қ қ Ғ ғ Ҳ ҳ
Modern Arabic alphabet
ا ب پ ت ث ج چ ح
خ د ذ ر ز ژ س ش
ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق
ک گ ل م ن و ه ی

Phonology

Words are usually stressed on the last syllable with the exception of some suffixal particles, which are not stressed.Script error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler".[<span title="Script error: No such module "string".">which?]Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Consonants in brackets are only attested in loanwords.

Vowels

Standard Uzbek has six vowel phonemes.[53] Uzbek language has many dialects: contrary to many Turkic languages, Standard Uzbek has completely lost vowel harmony due to Persian influence, but other dialects (Kipchak Uzbek and Oghuz Uzbek) retain it.

Front Central Back
Close Template:IPA link ~ Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Mid Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Open Template:IPA link ~ Template:IPA link Template:IPA link ~ Template:IPA link

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link) Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link)
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Fricative voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voiced Template:IPA link~Template:IPA link Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link) Template:IPA link
Approximant Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Tap / Flap Template:IPA link
  1. In word-final position and preconsonantally, Script error: No such module "IPA". is an affricate Script error: No such module "IPA".; elsewhere, it is a pre-uvular plosive Script error: No such module "IPA"..[54]

Grammar

As a Turkic language, Uzbek is null subject, agglutinative and has no noun classes (gender or otherwise). Although Uzbek has no definite articles, it has indefinite articles bir بِیر and bitta بِیتَّه. Like other Turkic languages, nouns only conjugate as "definite" in the accusative case. An indefinite direct object is conjugated in the nominative case. The word order is subject–object–verb (SOV).

In Uzbek, there are two main categories of words: nominals (equivalent to nouns, pronouns, adjectives and some adverbs) and verbals (equivalent to verbs and some adverbs).

Nouns

Plurals are formed by suffix -lar ـلر. Nouns take the -ni ـنی suffix as a definite article when they are direct objects; unsuffixed nouns are understood as indefinite. The dative case ending -ga ـگه changes to -ka ـکه when the noun ends in -k ـک, -g ـگ, or -qa ـقه when the noun ends in -q ـق, -gʻ ـغ (notice *togʻqa → toqqa تاغقَّه). The possessive suffixes change the final consonants -k ـک and -q ـق to voiced -g ـگ and -gʻ ـغ, respectively (yurak → yuragim یورک - یورگیم).[55] Unlike neighbouring Turkmen and Kazakh languages, due to the loss of "pronominal -n-" there is no irregularity in forming cases after possessive cases (uyida اویی‌ده "in his/her/its house", as opposed to Turkmen öýünde اویونده, though saying uyinda اویینده is also correct but such style is mainly used in literary contexts).[56]

Cases
Case Suffix Example
nominative -∅ Template:Interlinear اوی
house
∅ـ
genitive -ning Template:Interlinear اوی‌نینگ
house-GEN
of (the) house
ـنینگ
dative -ga Template:Interlinear اوی‌گه
house-DAT
to the house
ـگه
definite accusative -ni Template:Interlinear اوی‌نی
house-DEF.ACC
the house
ـنی
locative -da Template:Interlinear اوی‌ده
house-LOC
in the house
ـده
ablative -dan Template:Interlinear اوی‌دن
house-ABL
from the house
ـدن
instrumental (literary) -la Template:Interlinear اوی‌له
house-INS
with the house
ـله
similative -day, -dek, -daqa Template:Interlinear اوی‌دی، اوی‌دیک، اوی‌دقه
house-SIM
like (a) house (in appearance)
ـدی، ـدیک، ـدقه
equative/similative/approximative -cha (-çä)Template:Refn

Template:Interlinear
uy-EQ/SIM
similar to OR equal (in amount or height) to (a) house

Possessive cases
Possessor
number 		Singular Plural
1st -(i)m -(i)miz
ـم، ـیم ـمیز، ـیمیز
2nd -(i)ng -(i)ngiz
ـنگ، ـینگ ـنگیز، ـینگیز
3rd -(s)i
ـی، ـسی

Verbs

Uzbek verbs are also inflected for number and person of the subject, and it has more periphrases. Uzbek uses some of the inflectional (simple) verbal tenses:[57]

Non-finite tense suffixes
Function Suffix Example
Infinitive -moq Template:Interlinear کورْماق
to see
ـماق
Finite tense suffixes
Function Suffix Example
Present-future -a/-y Template:Interlinear کورَه
see/will see
ـَه، ـَه‌ی
Focal present -yap Template:Interlinear کورْیَپ
(currently) seeing
ـیَپ
Momentary present -yotirTemplate:Refn Template:Interlinear کورْیاتِیر
seeing (at the moment)
ـیاتِیرTemplate:Refn
Progressive present -moqda Template:Interlinear کورْماقْدَه
am seeing
ـماقْدَه
Present perfect -gan Template:Interlinear کورْگَن
have seen
ـگَن
Simple past -di Template:Interlinear کورْدِی
saw
ـدِی
Indirective past -ib Template:Interlinear کورِیب کیلْدِی
came (to see)
ـِیب
Definite future -(y)ajakTemplate:Refn Template:Interlinear کورَه‌جَک
will see (at a defined point in the future)
ـَه‌جَک، ـیَه‌جَکTemplate:Refn
Obligatory future -adigan/ydigan Template:Interlinear کورَه‌دِیگَن
(shall) see
ـَه‌دِیگَن، ـیْدِیگَن
Conditional -sa ـسَه Template:Interlinear کورْسَه
if (it) sees
Intentional -moqchi Template:Interlinear کورْماقْچِی
(want to) see
ـماقْچِی
Imperative -(a)y (men)

-(a)ylik (biz) -∅ (sen)

-(i)ng (siz) -(i)nglar (sizlar) -sin (u) -sinlar (ular)

Template:Interlinear کورَه‌ی
(1st person singular)


Template:Interlinear کورَه‌یْلِیک
(1st person plural)
Template:Interlinear کور
(2nd person informal singular)
Template:Interlinear کورِینْگ
(2nd person formal singular/plural)
Template:Interlinear کورِینْگْلَر
(2nd person formal plural)
Template:Interlinear کورْسِین
(3rd person singular)
Template:Interlinear کورْسِینْلَر
(3rd person plural)

ـَه‌ی (مین)

ـَه‌یْلِیک (بِیز) ـ (سین) ـِینْگ (سِیز) ـِینْگْلَر (سِیزْلَر) ـسِین (اُو) ـسِینْلَر (اُولَر)

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Notes

Vowels marked with parentheses in suffixes are dropped if the verb root already ends in a vowel (e.g. Qara قَرَه‌ + (i)ng ـِینْگ = Qarang! قَرَه‌نْگ; "Look!").

The third‑person plural is commonly replaced by the third‑person singular.

In the simple past and conditional tenses, possessive suffixes are used at the end of the verb. Otherwise, the full pronoun suffix is used, except in the imperative. The third person is usually not marked.

Copula verb

Conjugations of the verb ermoq ('to be'), with the exception of the future tense, serve as copula verbs. The future conjugation of ermoq (Old Turkic ergäy) is not present in Uzbek.

Negation

Negative is expressed by adding -ma after the verb root, or with auxiliary verb emas. Examples:

Koʻrmay(man) کورمه‌ی(من) "(I) don't see"

Koʻrmoqchi emas(man) کورماقچی ایمس(من) "(I) don't want to see"

The particle yoʻq ـیوق is used to mark the absence or prohibition of a noun or action.

Gerund

The gerund is formed with the verb root + ish ـیش.

Chekish mumkin emas چیکیش ممکن ایمس "Smoking is not allowed"

Pronouns

Pronoun Suffix Translation
men -man I
مين ـمن
biz -miz we
بيز ـميز
sen -san you
(formal singular and informal singular without respect)
سين ـسن
senlar -sanlar you
(informal plural without respect)
سينلر ـسنلر
siz -siz you
(formal plural and informal singular with respect)
سيز ـسيز
sizlar -sizlar you
(informal plural with respect)
سیزلر ـسیزلر
u -∅ he/she/it
او ∅ـ
ular -lar they
اولر ـلر

Word order

The word order in the Uzbek language is subject–object–verb (SOV), like all other Turkic languages. Unlike in English, the object comes before the verb and the verb is the last element of the sentence.

Template:Interlinear

Influences

The influence of Islam, and by extension Arabic, is evident in Uzbek loanwords. There is also a residual influence of Russian, dating from the period when Uzbeks were under the rule of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. A large number of Russian loanwords exist in Uzbek, particularly in relation to technical and modern terms, as well as everyday and sociopolitical vocabulary. Most importantly, Uzbek vocabulary, phraseology, and pronunciation have been heavily influenced by Persian through its historic roots. It is estimated that Uzbek contains about 60 Mongolian loanwords,[58] scattered among the names of birds and other animals, household items, chemical elements, and especially military terms.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Dialects

File:WIKITONGUES- Nataev speaking Uzbek.webm
A man speaking Uzbek

Uzbek can be roughly divided into three dialect groups. The Karluk dialects, centred on Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara, and the Ferghana Valley, form the basis of the standard Uzbek language. This dialect group shows the greatest influence of Persian vocabulary, particularly in the Tajik‑dominated cities of Bukhara and Samarkand. The Kipchak dialect, spoken from the Surxondaryo region through north‑central Uzbekistan into Karakalpakstan, shows significant influence from the Kipchak Turkic languages, particularly in the mutation of [j] to [ʑ] as in Kazakh and Kyrgyz. The Oghuz dialect, spoken mainly in Khorezm along the Turkmenistan border, is notable for the mutation of word‑initial [k] to [g].

By country

Turkmenistan

In Turkmenistan, since the 2000s, the government has conducted a forced 'Turkmenisation' of ethnic Uzbeks living in the country.[59][60][61] During the Soviet era and in the 1990s, the Uzbek language was used freely in Turkmenistan. There were several hundred Uzbek‑language schools, and many newspapers were published in the language. Currently, however, there are only a few Uzbek schools in the country, as well as a small number of Uzbek‑language newspapers. Despite this, Uzbek is still considered one of the recognised languages of national minorities in Turkmenistan. Approximately 300,000–600,000 Uzbeks live in Turkmenistan. Most Uzbek speakers reside in Dashoghuz Velayat, as well as in Lebap Velayat, and partly in Ashghabad.[62]

Russia

Uzbek is one of the many recognised languages of national minorities in Russia. More than 400,000 Uzbeks are citizens of the Russian Federation and reside in the country. In addition, there are between 2 and 6 million Uzbeks from the Central Asian republics (mainly Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan) who live in Russia as immigrants or migrants. Large Uzbek diasporas are found in major Russian cities such as Saint Petersburg, where signs in Uzbek are often visible, particularly at restaurants, eateries, barbershops, and shops selling fruit, vegetables, and textiles. There is also a small clinic with signage and labels in Uzbek.

Uzbeks in Russia tend to use the Cyrillic Uzbek alphabet, although in recent years Uzbek youth in Russia have also been actively using the Latin Uzbek alphabet. Small newspapers in Uzbek are published in large Russian cities.[63][64][65] Some instructions for immigrants are also provided in Uzbek.

Uzbek is studied by Russian students in faculties of Turkology throughout Russia.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The largest centres for Uzbek language learning in Russia are located at universities in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. There are also many Russians who have a personal interest in and love for the Uzbek language and culture, and who study the language for their own enrichment. Uzbek is one of the most studied languages among the many post‑Soviet languages in Russia.[66]

Uzbek language researchers

Scientific interest in the history of the Uzbek language arose in the 19th century among European and Russian orientalists. Á. Vámbéry, V. Bartold, Sh. Lapin, and others wrote on the history of the Uzbek language. Considerable attention was devoted to the study of the language's history during the Soviet period. Prominent linguists who wrote on the subject include E. Polivanov, N. Baskakov,[67] A. Kononov,[68] U. Tursunov, A. Mukhtarov, and Sh. Rakhmatullaev.

Sample text

The following is a sample text in Uzbek Arabic script of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (with English version in the bottom), contrasted with a version of the text in Uzbek written in Latin script.

Uzbek Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang".
Uzbek Latin Script error: No such module "Lang"..
Uzbek Cyrillic Script error: No such module "Lang"..
IPA [bæ̞ɾˈt͡ʃʰæ̞ ɒd̪æ̞mˈlæ̞ɾ eɾˈkʰɪ̞n qäˈd̪ɨ̞ɾ qɨ̞mˈmät̪ ʋæ̞ hŭquqläɾˈd̪æ̞ t̪ʰeŋ bɵˈlɪ̞p t̪ʰuʁɨ̞läd̪ɪ̞ˈlæ̞ɾ ‖ uˈlæ̞ɾ äˈqɨ̞l ʋæ̞ ʋɪ̞d͡ʒˈd̪ɒn sɒhɪ̞bɪ̞dɪ̞ɾˈlæ̞ɾ ʋæ̞ bɪ̞ɾ bɪ̞ɾlæ̞ˈɾɪ̞ iˈlæ̞ bɪ̞ɾɒdæ̞ɾlæ̞ɾˈt͡ʃʰæ̞ muɒmæ̞ˈlæ̞ qɨ̞lɨ̞ʃlæ̞ˈɾɪ̞ zæ̞ˈɾuɾ ‖]
English original All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

See also

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

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  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ "Världens 100 största språk 2007" ("The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007"), Nationalencyklopedin
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Vladimir Babak; Demian Vaisman; Aryeh Wasserman (23 November 2004). Political Organization in Central Asia and Azerbaijan: Sources and Documents. Routledge. pp. 343–. ISBN 978-1-135-77681-7.
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ A.J.E.Bodrogligeti, «Muhammad Shaybanî’s Bahru’l-huda : An Early Sixteenth Century Didactic Qasida in Chagatay», Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, vol.54 (1982), p. 1 and n.4
  31. ↑ B. V. Norik, Rol shibanidskikh praviteley v literaturnoy zhizni Maverannakhra XVI v. // Rakhmat-name. Sankt Petersburg, 2008, p.230
  32. ↑ A.J.E.Bodrogligeti, «MuÌammad Shaybænî’s Bahru’l-huda : An Early Sixteenth Century Didactic Qasida in Chagatay», Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, vol.54 (1982), p. 1 and n.4
  33. ↑ Turdy. Izbrannyye proizvedeniya. Tashkent, 1951, p.33
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Clark, Larry, Michael Thurman, and David Tyson. "Turkmenistan." Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan: Country Studies. p. 318. Comp. Glenn E. Curtis. Washington, D.C.: Division, 1997
  36. ↑ Bronnikova O. M., Sarty v etnicheskoy istorii Sredney Azii (k postanovke problemy) Etnosy i etnicheskiye protsessy. Moskva: Vostochnaya literatura, 1993, s. 153.
  37. ↑ Sobolev L. N. Geograficheskiye i statisticheskiye svedeniya o Zeravshanskom okruge (s prilozheniyem spiska naselonnykh mest okruga), Zapiski IRGO po otdeleniyu statistiki. SPb., 1874. T.4. S. 299. Prim. 1.
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ Baskakov N. A. Istoriko-tipologicheskaya fonologiya tyurkskikh yazykov M.: Nauka, 1988.
  68. ↑ Kononov A. N. Grammatika sovremennogo uzbekskogo literaturnogo yazyka. M., L.: Izdatel'stvo AN SSSR, 1960

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Sources

<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Republic of Uzbekistan, Ministry of Higher and Middle Eductation. Lotin yozuviga asoslangan oʻzbek alifbosi va imlosi (Latin writing based Uzbek alphabet and orthography), Tashkent Finance Institute: Tashkent, 2004.
  • A. Shermatov. "A New Stage in the Development of Uzbek Dialectology" in Essays on Uzbek History, Culture and Language. Ed. Bakhtiyar A. Nazarov & Denis Sinor. Bloomington, Indiana, 1993, pp. 101–9.

External links

Script error: No such module "Side box". Script error: No such module "Side box". Template:Wikivoyage

Converters
Dictionaries
Grammar and orthography
Learning/teaching materials

Template:Languages of Uzbekistan Template:Languages of Afghanistan Script error: No such module "navbox". Template:Languages of China Script error: No such module "Navbox".

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