Voiced alveolar affricate

A voiced alveolar affricate is a type of affricate consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. There are several types with significant perceptual differences:

• The voiced alveolar sibilant affricate is the most common type, similar to the ds in English lads.
• The voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate , or using the alveolar diacritic from the Extended IPA, is found, for example, in some dialects of English and Italian.
• The voiced alveolar retracted sibilant affricate

Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate

A voiced alveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA (formerly Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA).

Features

Features of a voiced alveolar sibilant affricate:

• The stop component of this affricate is laminal alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge. For simplicity, this affricate is usually called after the sibilant fricative component.
• There are at least three specific variants of the fricative component:
  • Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of is very strong.
  • Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to Template:IPAblink or laminal Template:IPAblink.

Occurrence

The following sections are named after the fricative component.

Dentalized laminal alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Armenian	Eastern	/dzuk	Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'fish'
Belarusian		/		'paintbrush'	Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology
Czech				'an Afghan was'	Allophone of before voiced consonants. See Czech phonology
Hungarian				'elderberry'	See Hungarian phonology
Japanese		残念/zan'nen	[d͡zã̠nːẽ̞ɴ]	'regretful'	See Japanese phonology
Kashubian				'where'
Latvian				'fever'	See Latvian phonology
Macedonian		/		'star'	See Macedonian phonology
Montenegrin				'jujube'	See Montenegrin phonology
Pashto				'youth' 'young'	See Pashto phonology
Polish			Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'bell'	See Polish phonology
Russian		/		'bridgehead'	Allophone of before voiced consonants. See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian				'father would'	Allophone of before voiced consonants. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak		medzi	[med͡zi]	'between'	See Slovak phonology
Slovene				'barber shaves'	Allophone of before voiced consonants in native words. As a phoneme present only in loanwords. See Slovene phonology
Tyap				'buffalo'
Ukrainian				'bell'	Contrasts with palatalized form. See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian					Allophone of before voiced consonants.

Non-retracted alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Arabic	NajdiTemplate:Sfnp	قـليب/dzilīb		'well'	Corresponds to , , or in other dialects.
English	Broad CockneyTemplate:Sfnp	day		'day'	Possible word-initial, intervocalic and word-final allophone of .Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See English phonology
	Received PronunciationTemplate:Sfnp
	New YorkTemplate:Sfnp				Possible syllable-initial and sometimes also utterance-final allophone of .Template:Sfnp See English phonology
	ScouseTemplate:Sfnp				Possible syllable-initial and word-final allophone of .Template:Sfnp See English phonology
French	Quebec	du		'of the'	Allophone of before .
Georgian		/dzvali		'bone'
Hebrew	Some speakers	/mitzvah		'commandment'	Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonant. See Modern Hebrew phonology
LuxembourgishTemplate:Sfnp				'to go for a walk'	Marginal phoneme that occurs only in a few words.Template:Sfnp See Luxembourgish phonology
Marathi		जोर/dzor		'force'	Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated versions. The unaspirated is represented by ज, which also represents [d͡ʒ]. The aspirated sound is represented by झ, which also represents [d͡ʒʱ]. There is no marked difference for either one.
Ollari		jōnel		'maize'
Nepali		/ādza		'today'	Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated versions. The unaspirated is represented by /ज/. The aspirated sound is represented by /झ/. See Nepali phonology
Naiki		jūrol		'cricket'
Portuguese	European			'challenge'	Allophone of Template:IPAslink before , or assimilation due to the deletion of . Increasingly used in Brazil.
	Brazilian			'learning'
	Many speakers			'mezzo-soprano'	Marginal sound. Some might instead use spelling pronunciations. See Portuguese phonology
Romanian	Moldavian dialectsTemplate:Sfnp			'say'	Corresponds to Template:IPAblink in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Telugu		/dzata		'pair, set'
Teochew	Swatow	/jitpun		'Japan'
Toda				'five'

Retracted alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Catalan				'twelve'	Apical. See Catalan phonology
Occitan	Gascon			'message'	Laminal in other dialects. Varies with Template:IPAblink in some words.
	Languedocien
Piedmontese				'goodbye'
Sardinian	Central dialects			'lunch'

Variable

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
GreekTemplate:Sfnp				'fireplace'	Varies between retracted and non-retracted, depending on the environment. Phonemically, it is a stop–fricative sequence.Template:Sfnp See Modern Greek phonology
ItalianTemplate:Sfnp				'zero'	The fricative component varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. In the latter case, the stop component is laminal denti-alveolar.Template:Sfnp See Italian phonology
Montenegrin				'haystack'	Varies between dentalized laminal and sibilant affricate. See Montenegrin phonology
West FrisianTemplate:Sfnp				'shake'	Laminal; varies between retracted and non-retracted.Template:Sfnp Phonemically, it is a stop–fricative sequence. The example word also illustrates Template:IPAblink. See West Frisian phonology

Voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Dutch	Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialectTemplate:Sfnp	Template:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler			A possible realization of word-final, non-pre-pausal .Template:Sfnp
English	General AmericanTemplate:Sfnp	dream		'dream'	Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence ; more commonly postalveolar Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See English phonology
	Received PronunciationTemplate:Sfnp
Italian	SicilyTemplate:Sfnp			'the Adriatic Sea'	Apical. It is a regional realization of the sequence , and can be realized as the sequence instead.Template:Sfnp See Italian phonology

See also

• Voiced dental affricate
• List of phonetics topics

References

• Template:Accents of English

External links

• Template:Phoible