Dan language

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File:WIKITONGUES- Robertson speaking Dan.webm
A Dan speaker, recorded in Liberia.

Dan Template:IPAc-en[1] is a Southern Mande language spoken primarily in Ivory Coast (~800,000 speakers) and Liberia (150,000–200,000 speakers). There is also a population of about 800 speakers in Guinea. Dan is a tonal language, with 9 to 11 contour and register tones, depending on the dialect.

Alternative names for the language include Yacouba or Yakubasa, Gio, Gyo, Gio-Dan, and Da. Dialects are Gio (Liberian Dan), Gweetaawu (Eastern Dan), Blowo (Western Dan), and Kla. Kla is evidently a distinct language.

Phonology

A sillable is minimally /V/ or /ŋ/, and maximally /ClVV/ or /ClVŋ/.

Vowels

Vowels[2]Template:Rp
Front Central Back
Unrd. Rnd. Unrd. Rnd.
Close Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Near-close Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Close-mid Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Mid Template:IPA link
Open-mid Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Open Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Syllabic Template:IPA link

Color coding:

Only in Eastern Dan when in the position of extra-high tone

Only in Liberian Dan

Nasal sounds in Eastern Dan[2]Template:Rp
Front Back
Unrd. Rnd.
Close Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Open-mid Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Open Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link

Consonants

Consonants[2]Template:Rp
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Labial-
velar 		Glottal
plain lab.
Nasal Template:IPA linkTemplate:Efn Template:IPA linkTemplate:Efn Template:IPA linkTemplate:Efn Template:IPA link Template:IPA linkTemplate:Efn Script error: No such module "IPA".Template:Efn
Plosive voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Implosive Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Fricative voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Approximant Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Lateral Template:IPA link
Trill (Template:IPA link)

Template:Notelist

Only in Liberian Dan

Not in Western Dan

Not in Liberian Dan

  • all consonants are nasalized in nasal feet
  • Template:IPAslink occurs only as a syllable or a syllable coda and has been treated as a vowel. it carries tone.
  • Template:IPAslink is heard as Template:IPAblink when preceded by alveolar or palatal consonants.
  • Consonant combinations Script error: No such module "IPA". are heard as lateral fricative sounds Script error: No such module "IPA"..[2]

Tones

Dan has five level tones and three less-common contour tones on single morae - Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA".[2]Template:Rp

Writing system

The orthography of Liberia includes this alphabet:[3][4]

Dan alphabet (Liberia)
A B Ɓ D Ɗ E Ɛ F G GB H I K KP KW L M N NW NY Ŋ O Ɔ Ə Ɵ P R S T U Ɥ V W X Y Z
a b ɓ d ɗ e ɛ f g gb h i k kp kw l m n nw ny ŋ o ɔ ə ɵ p r s t u ɥ v w x y z
IPA value
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Dan West alphabet (Côte d'Ivoire)
A AƆ B BH D DH E Ɛ Ë ƐA F G GB GW I K KP KW L M N NG O Ɔ Ö P R S T U Ü V W Y Z
a aɔ b bh d dh e ɛ ë ɛa f g gb gw i k kp kw l m n ng o ɔ ö p r s t u ü v w y z
IPA value
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Dan East alphabet (Côte d'Ivoire), 1982
A AƆ B BH D DH E Ë Ɛ ƐA F G GB GW H I Ɩ K KP KW L M N O Ö Ɔ P R S T U Ü Ʋ Ʋ̈ V W Y Z
a aɔ b bh d dh e ë ɛ ɛa f g gb gw h i ɩ k kp kw l m n o ö ɔ p r s t u ü ʋ ʋ̈ v w y z
IPA value
Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Dan East alphabet (Côte d'Ivoire), 2014
A Œ B BH D DH E Ʌ Ɛ Æ F G GB GW H I Ɩ K KP KW L M N O Ɤ Ɔ P R S T U Ɯ Ʋ V W Y Z
a œ b bh d dh e ʌ ɛ æ f g gb gw h i ɩ k kp kw l m n o ɤ ɔ p r s t u ɯ ʋ v w y z
IPA value
Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link

Tones are marked as follows: extra high tone: a̋; high tone: á; medium tone: ā; low tone: à; extra low tone: ȁ; high drop tone: â; extra low hanging tone: aʼ.

The digraphs Template:Anglebracket keep the same values as in the spelling of 1982, and the nasal vowels are also indicated by appending the letter n after the letter of the vowel Template:Anglebracket.

References

Template:Reflist

Further reading

  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

External links

Template:Sister project

Template:Languages of Côte d'Ivoire Template:Languages of Guinea Template:Languages of Liberia Template:Mande languages

Template:Authority control

Template:Mande-lang-stub

  1. ↑ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, EdinburghTemplate:Relevance?
  2. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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