Classical Nahuatl

Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:More footnotes Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other Classical Nahuatl, also known simply as Aztec or Codical Nahuatl (if it refers to the variants employed in the Mesoamerican Codices through the medium of Aztec Hieroglyphs) and Colonial Nahuatl (if written in Post-conquest documents in the Latin Alphabet), is a set of variants of Nahuatl spoken in the Valley of Mexico and central Mexico as a lingua franca at the time of the 16th-century Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. During the subsequent centuries, it was largely displaced by Spanish and evolved into some of the modern Nahuan languages in use (other modern dialects descend more directly from other 16th-century variants). Although classified as an extinct language, Classical Nahuatl has survived through a multitude of written sources transcribed by Nahua peoples and Spaniards in the Latin script.

Classification

Classical Nahuatl is one of the Nahuan languages within the Uto-Aztecan family. It is classified as a central dialect and is most closely related to the modern dialects of Nahuatl spoken in the valley of Mexico in colonial and modern times. It is probable that the Classical Nahuatl documented by 16th- and 17th-century written sources represents a particularly prestigious sociolect. That is to say, the variety of Nahuatl recorded in these documents is most likely to be more particularly representative of the speech of Aztec nobles (), while the commoners () spoke a somewhat different variety.

Phonology

Vowels

	Front	Back
Close	Template:IPA link, Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link, Template:IPA link
Mid	Template:IPA link, Template:IPA link
Open	Template:IPA link, Template:IPA link

Consonants

	Bilabial	Alveolar		Palatal	Velar		Glottal
		central	lateral		plain	labial
Plosive	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link			Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Affricate		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Fricative		Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
Sonorant	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link

Accent

Stress generally falls on the penultimate syllable. The one exception is the vocative suffix (used by men) , which is added to the end of a word and is always stressed, e.g. (a name, meaning "Eagle Warrior"), but "O Cuauhtliquetzqui!"

When women use the vocative, the stress is shifted to the final syllable without adding any suffix. means "man", and means "O man!"

Phonotactics

Maximally complex Nahuatl syllables are of the form CVC; that is, there can be at most one consonant at the beginning and end of every syllable. In contrast, English, for example, allows up to three consonants syllable-initially and up to four consonants to occur at the end of syllables (e.g. strengths) (ngths = ). Consonant clusters are only allowed word-medially, Nahuatl uses processes of both epenthesis (usually of ) and deletion to deal with this constraint.

For such purposes, tl , like all other affricates, is treated as a single sound, and not all consonants can occur in both syllable-initial and syllable-final position.

The sonorants /n/, and are devoiced in syllable-final position. Likewise, is also devoiced and merged into in syllable-final position.Template:Sfn The sonorant /m/ is the only one that is not devoiced in final position because it never appears in that position to begin with.Template:Sfn

Writing system

At the time of the Spanish conquest, Aztec writing used mostly pictograms supplemented with a few ideograms. When needed, it also used syllabic equivalences; Diego Durán recorded how the could render a prayer in Latin using this system but it was difficult to use. The writing system was adequate for keeping such records as genealogies, astronomical information, and tribute lists, but it could not represent a full vocabulary of spoken language in the way that the writing systems of the Old World or the Maya civilization's script could.

The Spanish introduced the Latin script, which was then used to record a large body of Aztec prose and poetry, which somewhat diminished the devastating loss caused by the burning of thousands of Aztec codices by the Spanish authorities.

Classical Nahuatl Romanisation schemes

Phoneme	IPA	Romanisation scheme
		Michel Launey
a	Template:IPAblink	Template:Transliteration
e	Template:IPAblink	Template:Transliteration
i	Template:IPAblink	Template:Transliteration
o	Template:IPAblink	Template:Transliteration
u	Template:IPAblink	Template:Transliteration
a	Template:IPAblink	Template:Transliteration
e	Template:IPAblink	Template:Transliteration
i	Template:IPAblink	Template:Transliteration
o	Template:IPAblink	Template:Transliteration
u	Template:IPAblink	Template:Transliteration
p	Template:IPAblink	Template:Transliteration
t	Template:IPAblink	Template:Transliteration
k	Template:IPAblink	Template:Transliteration (before i and e) Template:Transliteration (in all other cases)
c	Template:IPAblink	Template:Transliteration
č	Template:IPAblink	Template:Transliteration
λ	Template:IPAblink	Template:Transliteration
kw	Template:IPAblink	Template:Transliteration (before vowels) Template:Transliteration (in all other cases)
m	Template:IPAblink	Template:Transliteration
n	Template:IPAblink	Template:Transliteration
s	Template:IPAblink	Template:Transliteration (before e and i) Template:Transliteration (in all other cases)
š	Template:IPAblink	Template:Transliteration
y	Template:IPAblink	Template:Transliteration
w	Template:IPAblink	Template:Transliteration (before vowels) Template:Transliteration (in all other cases)
l	Template:IPAblink	Template:Transliteration
ll	Template:IPAblink	Template:Transliteration
ʼ	Template:IPAblink	Template:Transliteration (on the preceding vowel within word) Template:Transliteration (on the preceding vowel at the end of a word)
ʼ	Template:IPAblink	Template:Transliteration (on the preceding vowel within word) Template:Transliteration (on the preceding vowel at the end of a word)

Literature

Nahuatl literature is extensive (probably the most extensive of all Indigenous languages of the Americas), including a relatively large corpus of poetry (see also Nezahualcoyotl). The is an early sample of literary Nahuatl.

A bilingual dictionary with Spanish, , was first published in 1611 and is "the most important and most frequently reprinted Spanish work on Nahuatl," according to the World Digital Library.Template:Dead link

See also

• Aztec codices
• List of extinct languages of North America
• Mesoamerican language area

Sources

• Template:Cite thesis
• Sahagún, Fray Bernardino de (1499–1590): Florentine Codex. General History of the Things of New Spain (Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva España). Eds Charles Dibble/Arthr Anderson, vol I-XII Santa Fe 1950–71
• The Nahua Newsletter: edited by the Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies of the Indiana University (Chief Editor Alan Sandstrom)
• Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl: special interest-yearbook of the Instituto de Investigaciones Historicas (IIH) of the Universidad Autonoma de México (UNAM), Ed.: Miguel Leon Portilla