Front vowel

Template:Short description Template:More citations needed Template:IPA vowels Template:IPA notice A front vowel is a class of vowel sounds used in some spoken languages, its defining characteristic being that the highest point of the tongue is positioned approximately as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would otherwise make it a consonant. Front vowels are sometimes also called bright vowels because they are perceived as sounding brighter than the back vowels.

Near-front vowels are essentially a type of front vowel; no language is known to contrast front and near-front vowels based on backness alone.

Rounded front vowels are typically centralized, that is, near-front in their articulation. This is one reason they are written to the right of unrounded front vowels in the IPA vowel chart.

Partial list

The front vowels that have dedicated symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet are:

• close front unrounded vowel
• close front compressed vowel
• near-close front unrounded vowel
• near-close front compressed vowel
• close-mid front unrounded vowel
• close-mid front compressed vowel
• open-mid front unrounded vowel
• open-mid front compressed vowel
• near-open front unrounded vowel
• open front unrounded vowel
• open front rounded vowel

There also are front vowels without dedicated symbols in the IPA:

• close front protruded vowel
• near-close front protruded vowel
• close-mid front protruded vowel
• mid front unrounded vowel or
• mid front compressed vowel or
• mid front protruded vowel or
• open-mid front protruded vowel

As above, other front vowels can be indicated with diacritics of relative articulation applied to letters for neighboring vowels, such as Template:Angbr IPA, Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA for a near-close front unrounded vowel.

Articulatorily fronted vowels

File:Esling vowel chart.png

Fronted vowels are one of three articulatory dimensions of vowel space. The prototypical fronted vowel is [i]. Below it in the chart are fronted vowels with jaw opening.

In articulation, fronted vowels, where the tongue moves forward from its resting position, contrast with raised vowels and retracted vowels. In this conception, fronted vowels are a broader category than those listed in the IPA chart, including , , and, marginally, mid-central vowels. Within the fronted vowels, vowel height (open or close) is determined by the position of the jaw, not by the tongue directly. Phonemic raised and retracted vowels may be phonetically fronted by certain consonants, such as palatals and in some languages pharyngeals. For example, may be fronted to next to Template:IPAslink or Template:IPAslink.

Effect on preceding consonant

In the history of many languages, for example French and Japanese, front vowels have altered preceding velar or alveolar consonants, bringing their place of articulation towards palatal or postalveolar. This change can be allophonic variation, or it can have become phonemic.

This historical palatalization is reflected in the orthographies of several European languages, including the Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr of almost all Romance languages, the Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr in Norwegian, Swedish, Faroese and Icelandic, and the Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr in Greek. English follows the French pattern, but without as much regularity. However, for native or early borrowed words affected by palatalization, English has generally altered the spelling after the pronunciation (Examples include cheap, church, cheese, churn from , and yell, yarn, yearn, yeast from .)

	Before back vowel: hard	Before front vowel: soft
English Template:Angbr	call Template:IPAc-en	cell Template:IPAc-en
English Template:Angbr	gall Template:IPAc-en	gel Template:IPAc-en
French Template:Angbr
French Template:Angbr
Greek Template:Angbr
Greek Template:Angbr
Italian Template:Angbr
Italian Template:Angbr
Italian Template:Angbr
Japanese Template:Angbr	Template:Transliteration	Template:Transliteration Template:Efn
Japanese Template:Angbr	Template:Transliteration	Template:Transliteration Template:Efn
Swedish Template:Angbr
Swedish Template:Angbr
Swedish Template:Angbr

Occurrences

According to PHOIBLE, /Template:IPA link/ is the most common phonemic front vowel, occurring in around 92% of inventories, while /Template:IPA link/ is the least common, occurring in only one inventory on the database.

Frequency of front vowels

Vowel	%
/Template:IPA link/	92
/Template:IPA link/	88
/Template:IPA link/	61
/Template:IPA link/	37
/Template:IPA link/	15
/Template:IPA link/	7
/Template:IPA link/	6
/Template:IPA link/	3
/Template:IPA link/	3
/Template:IPA link/	1
/Template:IPA link/	0Template:Efn

See also

• Central vowel
• Back vowel
• List of phonetics topics
• Relative articulation