Voiceless retroflex fricative
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Template:Short description Template:Infobox IPA/core1Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
A voiceless retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA which is a Latin letter s combined with a retroflex hook. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA letter is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook to the bottom of Template:Angbr (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant). A distinction can be made between laminal, apical, and sub-apical articulations. Only one language, Toda, appears to have more than one voiceless retroflex sibilant, and it distinguishes subapical palatal from apical postalveolar retroflex sibilants; that is, both the tongue articulation and the place of contact on the roof of the mouth are different.
Features
Features of a voiceless retroflex fricative:
Template:Sibilant Template:Retroflex Template:Voiceless Template:Oral Template:Median articulation Template:Pulmonic
Occurrence
In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical Script error: No such module "IPA". and laminal Script error: No such module "IPA"..
The commonality of Script error: No such module "IPA". cross-linguistically is 6% in a phonological analysis of 2155 languages.[1]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'day' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "lang". | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | 'girl' | Laminal. | |
| Chinese | Mandarin | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'stone' | Apical. See Mandarin phonology |
| Emilian-Romagnol | Romagnol | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'yes' | Apical; may be Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink instead. |
| English | General American | worship | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'worship' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". after Script error: No such module "IPA".. |
| Faroese | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'eighty' | ||
| Hindustani | Hindi | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'trouble' | See Hindi phonology |
| Hmong | Template:Script/Pahawh Hmong / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'to write' | ||
| Kannada | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'difficult' | Only in loanwords. See Kannada phonology. | |
| Kazakh | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'small, compact' | See Kazakh phonology | |
| Khanty | Most northern dialects | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'knee' | Corresponds to a voiceless retroflex affricate Script error: No such module "IPA". in the southern and eastern dialects. |
| Lower Sorbian[2]Template:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'glass' | ||
| Malayalam | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'difficult' | Only occurs in loanwords. See Malayalam phonology | |
| MapudungunTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'fog' | Possible allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". in post-nuclear position.Template:Sfnp | |
| Marathi | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'sage' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Nepali | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'Shashthi (day)' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". in neighbourhood of retroflex consonants. See Nepali phonology | |
| Norwegian | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'Norwegian' | Allophone of the sequence Script error: No such module "IPA". in many dialects, including Urban East Norwegian. See Norwegian phonology | |
| OʼodhamTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'Tucson' | Apical. | |
| Pashto | Southern dialect | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'to show' | |
| Polish | Standard[3] | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | 'rustle' | After voiceless consonants it is also represented by Template:Angbr. When written so, it can be instead pronounced as the voiceless raised alveolar non-sonorant trill by few speakers.[4] Transcribed Script error: No such module "IPA". by most Polish scholars. See Polish phonology |
| Southeastern Cuyavian dialects[5] | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'they hid' | Some speakers. It's a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". into Template:IPAblink (see szadzenie). | |
| Suwałki dialect[6] | |||||
| Romanian | Moldavian dialectsTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'barn' | Apical.Template:Sfnp See Romanian phonology |
| Transylvanian dialectsTemplate:Sfnp | |||||
| Russian[3] | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'jester' | See Russian phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'scarf' | Typically transcribed as Script error: No such module "IPA".. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| SlovakTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'kerchief' | ||
| Swedish | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | 'rapids' | Allophone of the sequence Script error: No such module "IPA". in many dialects, including Central Standard Swedish. See Swedish phonology | |
| Tamil | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'difficult' | Only occurs in loanwords, often replaced with Script error: No such module "IPA".. See Tamil phonology | |
| Telugu | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Only occurs in loanwords. See Telugu phonology | |||
| TodaTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "IPA". | '(clan name)' | Subapical, contrasts Script error: No such module "IPA"..Template:Sfnp | ||
| TorwaliTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'thin rope' | ||
| Ubykh | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'head' | See Ubykh phonology | ||
| Ukrainian | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'chess' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Upper Sorbian | Some dialectsTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Unsubst". | — | — | Used in dialects spoken in villages north of Hoyerswerda; corresponds to Template:IPAblink in standard language.[2] |
| Vietnamese | Southern dialectsTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'milk' | See Vietnamese phonology |
| Yi | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'gold' | ||
| Yurok[7] | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'coyote' | ||
| Zapotec | TilquiapanTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Unsubst". | — | — | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA".. |
Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative
Template:Infobox IPA/core1Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Features
Features of a voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative:
Template:Fricative Template:Retroflex Template:Voiceless Template:Oral Template:Median articulation Template:Pulmonic
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ormuri[8][9] | Kaniguram dialect | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Template:Gloss | Usually corresponds to Template:IPAslink in the Logar dialect. |
Voiceless retroflex approximant
Template:Infobox IPA/core1Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Some scholars also posit the voiceless retroflex approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as Template:Angbr IPA.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angami[10] | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Gloss | Contrasts with Template:IPAslink | |
| Chokri[11] | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Gloss | In free variation with Template:IPAslink; contrasts with Template:IPAslink | ||
| Faroese | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'only' | Devoiced approximant allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA"..Template:Sfnp See Faroese phonology | |
See also
Notes
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- ↑ Phoible.org. (2018). PHOIBLE Online - Segments. [online] Available at: https://phoible.org/parameters.
- ↑ a b Template:Harvp
- ↑ a b Template:Harvp
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References
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