Languages of Europe

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color-coded map of most languages used throughout Europe
A color-coded map of most languages used throughout Europe

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There are over 250 languages indigenous to Europe, and most belong to the Indo-European language family.[1][2] Out of a total European population of 744 million as of 2018, some 94% are native speakers of an Indo-European language. The three largest phyla of the Indo-European language family in Europe are Romance, Germanic, and Slavic; they have more than 200 million speakers each, and together account for close to 90% of Europeans.

Smaller phyla of Indo-European found in Europe include Hellenic (Greek, Template:Circa 13 million), Baltic (Template:Circa 4.5 million), Albanian (Template:Circa 7.5 million), Celtic (Template:Circa 4 million), and Armenian (Template:Circa 4 million). Indo-Aryan, though a large subfamily of Indo-European, has a relatively small number of languages in Europe, and a small number of speakers (Romani, Template:Circa 1.5 million). However, a number of Indo-Aryan languages not native to Europe are spoken in Europe today.[2]

Of the approximately 45 million Europeans speaking non-Indo-European languages, most speak languages within either the Uralic or Turkic families. Still smaller groups — such as Basque (language isolate), Semitic languages (Maltese, Template:Circa 0.5 million), and various languages of the Caucasus — account for less than 1% of the European population among them. Immigration has added sizeable communities of speakers of African and Asian languages, amounting to about 4% of the population,[3] with Arabic being the most widely spoken of them.

Five languages have more than 50 million native speakers in Europe: Russian, German, French, Italian, and English. Russian is the most-spoken native language in Europe,[4] and English has the largest number of speakers in total, including some 200 million speakers of English as a second or foreign language. (See English language in Europe.)

Indo-European languages

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The Indo-European language family is descended from Proto-Indo-European, which is believed to have been spoken thousands of years ago. Early speakers of Indo-European daughter languages most likely expanded into Europe with the incipient Bronze Age, around 4,000 years ago (Bell-Beaker culture).

Germanic

File:Germanic languages in Europe.png
The present-day distribution of the Germanic languages in Europe:Template:Parabreak North Germanic languages <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />
  Icelandic
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  Faroese
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  Norwegian
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  Swedish
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  Danish
West Germanic Languages <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />
  English
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  Scots
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  Frisian
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  Dutch
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  Low German
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  High German
Dots indicate areas where multilingualism is common.

The Germanic languages make up the predominant language family in Western, Northern and Central Europe. It is estimated that over 500 million Europeans are speakers of Germanic languages,[5] the largest groups being German (Template:Circa 95 million), English (Template:Circa 400 million)Script error: No such module "Unsubst"., Dutch (Template:Circa 24 million), Swedish (Template:Circa 10 million), Danish (Template:Circa 6 million), Norwegian (Template:Circa 5 million)[6] and Limburgish (c. 1.3 million).Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

There are two extant major sub-divisions: West Germanic and North Germanic. A third group, East Germanic, is now extinct; the only known surviving East Germanic texts are written in the Gothic language. West Germanic is divided into Anglo-Frisian (including English), Low German, Low Franconian (including Dutch) and High German (including Standard German).[7]

Anglo-Frisian

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The Anglo-Frisian language family is now mostly represented by English (Anglic), descended from the Old English language spoken by the Anglo-Saxons:

The Frisian languages are spoken by about 400,000 (Template:As of) Frisians,[10][11] who live on the southern coast of the North Sea in the Netherlands and Germany. These languages include West Frisian, East Frisian (of which the only surviving dialect is Saterlandic) and North Frisian.[10]

Dutch

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Dutch is spoken throughout the Netherlands, the northern half of Belgium, as well as the Nord-Pas de Calais region of France. The traditional dialects of the Lower Rhine region of Germany are linguistically more closely related to Dutch than to modern German. In Belgian and French contexts, Dutch is sometimes referred to as Flemish. Dutch dialects are numerous and varied.[12]

German

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German is spoken throughout Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, much of Switzerland, northern Italy (South Tyrol), Luxembourg, the East Cantons of Belgium and the Alsace and Lorraine regions of France.[13]

There are several groups of German dialects:


Low German

Low German is spoken in various regions throughout Northern Germany and the northern and eastern parts of the Netherlands.[15] It may be separated into West Low German and East Low German.[16]

North Germanic (Scandinavian)

The North Germanic languages are spoken in Nordic countries and include Swedish (Sweden and parts of Finland), Danish (Denmark), Norwegian (Norway), Icelandic (Iceland), Faroese (Faroe Islands), and Elfdalian (in a small part of central Sweden).[17]

English has a long history of contact with Scandinavian languages, given the immigration of Scandinavians early in the history of Britain, and shares various features with the Scandinavian languages.[18] Even so, especially Dutch and Swedish, but also Danish and Norwegian, have strong vocabulary connections to the German language.[19][20][21]

Romance

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File:Romance 20c en.png
Distribution of the Romance languages, 20th century

Roughly 215 million Europeans (primarily in Southern and Western Europe) are native speakers of Romance languages, the largest groups including:Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

French (Template:Circa 72 million), Italian (Template:Circa 65 million), Spanish (Template:Circa 40 million), Romanian (Template:Circa 24 million), Portuguese (Template:Circa 10 million), Catalan (Template:Circa 7 million), Neapolitan (Template:Circa 6 million), Sicilian (Template:Circa 5 million), Venetian (Template:Circa 4 million), Galician (Template:Circa 2 million), Sardinian (Template:Circa 1 million),[22][23][24] Occitan (Template:Circa 500,000), besides numerous smaller communities.

The Romance languages evolved from varieties of Vulgar Latin spoken in the various parts of the Roman Empire in Late Antiquity. Latin was itself part of the (otherwise extinct) Italic branch of Indo-European.[25] Romance languages are divided phylogenetically into Italo-Western, Eastern Romance (including Romanian) and Sardinian. The Romance-speaking area of Europe is occasionally referred to as Latin Europe.[26]

Italo-Western can be further broken down into the Italo-Dalmatian languages (sometimes grouped with Eastern Romance), including the Tuscan-derived Italian and numerous local Romance languages in Italy as well as Dalmatian, and the Western Romance languages. The Western Romance languages in turn separate into the Gallo-Romance languages, including Langues d'oïl such as French, the Francoprovencalic languages Arpitan and Faetar, the Rhaeto-Romance languages, and the Gallo-Italic languages; the Occitano-Romance languages, grouped with either Gallo-Romance or East Iberian, including Occitanic languages such as Occitan and Gardiol, and Catalan; Aragonese, grouped in with either Occitano-Romance or West Iberian, and finally the West Iberian languages, including the Astur-Leonese languages, the Galician-Portuguese languages, and the Castilian languages.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Slavic

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File:Slavic europe (Kosovo unshaded).svg
Political map of Europe with countries where the national language is Slavic: <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />
  West Slavic languages
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  East Slavic languages
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  South Slavic languages

Slavic languages are spoken in large areas of Southern, Central and Eastern Europe. An estimated 315 million people speak a Slavic language,[27] the largest groups being Russian (Template:Circa 110 million in European Russia and adjacent parts of Eastern Europe, Russian forming the largest linguistic community in Europe), Polish (Template:Circa 40 million[28]), Ukrainian (Template:Circa 33 million[29]), Serbo-Croatian (Template:Circa 18 million[30]), Czech (Template:Circa 11 million[31]), Bulgarian (Template:Circa 8 million[32]), Slovak (Template:Circa 5 million[33]), Belarusian (c. 3.7 million[34]), Slovene (Template:Circa 2.3 million[35]) and Macedonian (Template:Circa 1.6 million[36]).

Phylogenetically, Slavic is divided into three subgroups:[37]

Others

File:Baltic languages.png
Historic distribution of the Baltic languages in the Baltic (simplified)
Continental Celtic languages had previously been spoken across Europe from Iberia and Gaul to Asia Minor, but became extinct in the first millennium CE.[57][58]

Uralic languages

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File:Uralic languages ( ALL LANGUAGES ).png
Distribution of Uralic languages in Eurasia

The Uralic language family is native to northern Eurasia. Finnic languages include Finnish (Template:Circa 5 million) and Estonian (Template:Circa 1 million), as well as smaller languages such as Kven (Template:Circa 8,000). Other languages of the Finno-Permic branch of the family include e.g. Mari (c. 400,000), and the Sami languages (Template:Circa 30,000).[61]

The Ugric branch of the language family is represented in Europe by the Hungarian language (Template:Circa 13 million), historically introduced with the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin of the 9th century.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The Samoyedic Nenets language is spoken in Nenets Autonomous Okrug of Russia, located in the far northeastern corner of Europe (as delimited by the Ural Mountains).Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Semitic languages

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File:Non-Indo European nations in Europe.svg
Map of countries where most people's native language is not Indo-European

Turkic languages

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File:Turkic Languages distribution map.png
Distribution of Turkic languages in Eurasia

Other languages

Sign languages

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Several dozen manual languages exist across Europe, with the most widespread sign language family being the Francosign languages, with its languages found in countries from Iberia to the Balkans and the Baltics. Accurate historical information of sign and tactile languages is difficult to come by, with folk histories noting the existence signing communities across Europe hundreds of years ago. British Sign Language (BSL) and French Sign Language (LSF) are probably the oldest confirmed, continuously used sign languages. Alongside German Sign Language (DGS) according to Ethnologue, these three have the most numbers of signers, though very few institutions take appropriate statistics on contemporary signing populations, making legitimate data hard to find.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Notably, few European sign languages have overt connections with the local majority/oral languages, aside from standard language contact and borrowing, meaning grammatically the sign languages and the oral languages of Europe are quite distinct from one another. Due to (visual/aural) modality differences, most sign languages are named for the larger ethnic nation in which they are spoken, plus the words "sign language", rendering what is spoken across much of France, Wallonia and Romandy as French Sign Language or LSF for: langue des signes française.[72]

Recognition of non-oral languages varies widely from region to region.[73] Some countries afford legal recognition, even to official on a state level, whereas others continue to be actively suppressed.[74]

Though "there is a widespread belief—among both Deaf people and sign language linguists—that there are sign language families,"[75] the actual relationship between sign languages is difficult to ascertain. Concepts and methods used in historical linguistics to describe language families for written and spoken languages are not easily mapped onto signed languages.[76] Some of the current understandings of sign language relationships, however, provide some reasonable estimates about potential sign language families:

History of standardization

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Language and identity, standardization processes

In the Middle Ages the two most important defining elements of Europe were Christianitas and Latinitas.[80]

The earliest dictionaries were glossaries: more or less structured lists of lexical pairs (in alphabetical order or according to conceptual fields). The Latin-German (Latin-Bavarian) Abrogans was among the first. A new wave of lexicography can be seen from the late 15th century onwards (after the introduction of the printing press, with the growing interest in standardization of languages).Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

The concept of the nation state began to emerge in the early modern period. Nations adopted particular dialects as their national language. This, together with improved communications, led to official efforts to standardize the national language, and a number of language academies were established: 1582 Accademia della Crusca in Florence, 1617 Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft in Weimar, 1635 Académie française in Paris, 1713 Real Academia Española in Madrid. Language became increasingly linked to nation as opposed to culture, and was also used to promote religious and ethnic identity: e.g. different Bible translations in the same language for Catholics and Protestants.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

The first languages whose standardisation was promoted included Italian (questione della lingua: Modern Tuscan/Florentine vs. Old Tuscan/Florentine vs. Venetian → Modern Florentine + archaic Tuscan + Upper Italian), French (the standard is based on Parisian), English (the standard is based on the London dialect) and (High) German (based on the dialects of the chancellery of Meissen in Saxony, Middle German, and the chancellery of Prague in Bohemia ("Common German")). But several other nations also began to develop a standard variety in the 16th century.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Lingua franca

Europe has had a number of languages that were considered linguae francae over some ranges for some periods according to some historians. Typically in the rise of a national language the new language becomes a lingua franca to peoples in the range of the future nation until the consolidation and unification phases. If the nation becomes internationally influential, its language may become a lingua franca among nations that speak their own national languages. Europe has had no lingua franca ranging over its entire territory spoken by all or most of its populations during any historical period. Some linguae francae of past and present over some of its regions for some of its populations are:

Linguistic minorities

Historical attitudes towards linguistic diversity are illustrated by two French laws: the Ordonnance de Villers-Cotterêts (1539), which said that every document in France should be written in French (neither in Latin nor in Occitan) and the Loi Toubon (1994), which aimed to eliminate anglicisms from official documents. States and populations within a state have often resorted to war to settle their differences. There have been attempts to prevent such hostilities: two such initiatives were promoted by the Council of Europe, founded in 1949, which affirms the right of minority language speakers to use their language fully and freely.[88] The Council of Europe is committed to protecting linguistic diversity. Currently all European countries except France, Andorra and Turkey have signed the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, while Greece, Iceland and Luxembourg have signed it, but have not ratified it; this framework entered into force in 1998. Another European treaty, the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, was adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the Council of Europe: it entered into force in 1998, and while it is legally binding for 24 countries, France, Iceland, Italy, North Macedonia, Moldova and Russia have chosen to sign without ratifying the convention.[89][90]

Scripts

File:Scripts of European national languages.png
Alphabets used in European national languages: <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />
  Greek
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  Greek & Latin
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  Latin
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  Latin & Cyrillic
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  Cyrillic
<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />
  Georgian
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  Armenian

The main scripts used in Europe today are the Latin and Cyrillic.[91]

The Greek alphabet was derived from the Phoenician alphabet, and Latin was derived from the Greek via the Old Italic alphabet. In the Early Middle Ages, Ogham was used in Ireland and runes (derived from Old Italic script) in Scandinavia. Both were replaced in general use by the Latin alphabet by the Late Middle Ages. The Cyrillic script was derived from the Greek with the first texts appearing around 940 AD.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Around 1900 there were mainly two typeface variants of the Latin alphabet used in Europe: Antiqua and Fraktur. Fraktur was used most for German, Estonian, Latvian, Norwegian and Danish whereas Antiqua was used for Italian, Spanish, French, Polish, Portuguese, English, Romanian, Swedish and Finnish. The Fraktur variant was banned by Hitler in 1941, having been described as "Schwabacher Jewish letters".[92] Other scripts have historically been in use in Europe, including Phoenician, from which modern Latin letters descend, Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs on Egyptian artefacts traded during Antiquity, various runic systems used in Northern Europe preceding Christianisation, and Arabic during the era of the Ottoman Empire.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Hungarian rovás was used by the Hungarian people in the early Middle Ages, but it was gradually replaced with the Latin-based Hungarian alphabet when Hungary became a kingdom, though it was revived in the 20th century and has certain marginal, but growing area of usage since then.[93]

European Union

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The European Union (as of 2021) had 27 member states accounting for a population of 447 million, or about 60% of the population of Europe.[94]

The European Union has designated by agreement with the member states 24 languages as "official and working": Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish and Swedish.[95] This designation provides member states with two "entitlements": the member state may communicate with the EU in any of the designated languages, and view "EU regulations and other legislative documents" in that language.[96]

The European Union and the Council of Europe have been collaborating in education of member populations in languages for "the promotion of plurilingualism" among EU member states.[97] The joint document, "Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment (CEFR)", is an educational standard defining "the competencies necessary for communication" and related knowledge for the benefit of educators in setting up educational programs. In a 2005 independent survey requested by the EU's Directorate-General for Education and Culture regarding the extent to which major European languages were spoken in member states. The results were published in a 2006 document, "Europeans and Their Languages", or "Eurobarometer 243". In this study, statistically relevantTemplate:ClarifyTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler[<span title="Script error: No such module "string".">Do you mean "significant"?]Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". samples of the population in each country were asked to fill out a survey form concerning the languages that they spoke with sufficient competency "to be able to have a conversation".[98]

List of languages

Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote". The following is a table of European languages. The number of speakers as a first or second language (L1 and L2 speakers) listed are speakers in Europe only;Template:Refn see list of languages by number of native speakers and list of languages by total number of speakers for global estimates on numbers of speakers.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

The list is intended to include any language variety with an ISO 639 code. However, it omits sign languages. Because the ISO-639-2 and ISO-639-3 codes have different definitions, this means that some communities of speakers may be listed more than once. For instance, speakers of Bavarian are listed both under "Bavarian" (ISO-639-3 code bar) as well as under "German" (ISO-639-2 code de).[99]

Name ISO-
639 		Classification Speakers in Europe Official status
Native Total NationalTemplate:Refn Regional
Abaza abq Northwest Caucasian, Abazgi 49,800[100] Karachay-Cherkessia (Russia)
Adyghe ady Northwest Caucasian, Circassian 117,500[101] Adygea (Russia)
Aghul agx Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic 29,300[102] Dagestan (Russia)
Akhvakh akv Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic 210[103]
Albanian (Shqip)
Arbëresh
Arvanitika
 sq Indo-European Template:Sort Albania, KosovoTemplate:Refn, North Macedonia Italy, Arbëresh dialect: Sicily, Calabria,[104] Apulia, Molise, Basilicata, Abruzzo, Campania
Montenegro (Ulcinj, Tuzi)
Andi ani Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic 5,800[105]
Aragonese an Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian 25,000[106] 55,000[107] Northern Aragon (Spain)Template:Refn
Archi acq Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic 970[108]
Aromanian rup Indo-European, Romance, Eastern 114,000[109] North Macedonia (Kruševo)
Asturian (Astur-Leonese) ast Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian 351,791[110] 641,502[110] AsturiasTemplate:Refn
Avar av Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic 760,000 Dagestan (Russia)
Azerbaijani az Turkic, Oghuz 500,000[111] Azerbaijan Dagestan (Russia)
Bagvalal kva Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic 1,500[112]
Bashkir ba Turkic, Kipchak 1,221,000[113] Bashkortostan (Russia)
Basque eu Basque 750,000[114] Basque Country: Basque Autonomous Community, Navarre (Spain), French Basque Country (France)Template:Refn
Bavarian bar Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Bavarian 14,000,000[115] Austria (as German) South Tyrol
Belarusian be Indo-European, Slavic, East 3,300,000[116] Belarus
Bezhta kap Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic 6,800[117]
Bosnian bs Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western, Serbo-Croatian 2,500,000[118] Bosnia and Herzegovina KosovoTemplate:Refn, Montenegro
Botlikh bph Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic 210[119]
Breton br Indo-European, Celtic, Brittonic 206,000[120] None, de facto status in Brittany (France)
Bulgarian bg Indo-European, Slavic, South, Eastern 7,800,000[121] Bulgaria Mount Athos (Greece)
Catalan ca Indo-European, Romance, Western, Occitano-Romance 4,000,000[122] 10,000,000[123] Andorra Balearic Islands (Spain), Catalonia (Spain), Valencian Community (Spain), easternmost Aragon (Spain)Template:Refn, Pyrénées-Orientales (France)Template:Refn, Alghero (Italy)
Chamalal cji Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic 500[124]
Chechen ce Northeast Caucasian, Nakh 1,400,000[125] Chechnya & Dagestan (Russia)
Chuvash cv Turkic, Oghur 1,100,000[126] Chuvashia (Russia)
Cimbrian cim Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Bavarian 400[127]
Cornish kw Indo-European, Celtic, Brittonic 563[128] Cornwall (United Kingdom)Template:Refn
Corsican co Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian 30,000[129] 125,000[129] Corsica (France), Sardinia (Italy)
Crimean Tatar crh Turkic, Kipchak 480,000[130] Crimea (Ukraine)
Croatian hr Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western, Serbo-Croatian 5,600,000[131] Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia Burgenland (Austria), Vojvodina (Serbia)
Czech cs Indo-European, Slavic, West, Czech–Slovak 10,600,000[132] Czech Republic
Danish da Indo-European, Germanic, North 5,500,000[133] Denmark Faroe Islands (Denmark), Schleswig-Holstein (Germany)[134]
Dargwa dar Northeast Caucasian, Dargin 490,000[135] Dagestan (Russia)
Dutch nl Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Franconian 22,000,000[136] 24,000,000[137] Belgium, Netherlands
Elfdalian ovd Indo-European, Germanic, North 2000
Emilian egl Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic
English en Indo-European, Germanic, West, Anglo-Frisian, Anglic 63,000,000[138] 260,000,000[139] Ireland, Malta, United Kingdom
Erzya myv Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Mordvinic 120,000[140] Mordovia (Russia)
Estonian et Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic 1,165,400[141] Estonia
Extremaduran ext Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian 200,000[142]
Fala fax Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian 11,000[143]
Faroese fo Indo-European, Germanic, North 66,150[144] Faroe Islands (Denmark)
Finnish fi Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic 5,400,000[145] Finland Sweden, Norway, Republic of Karelia (Russia)
Franco-Provençal (Arpitan) frp Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance 140,000[146] Aosta Valley (Italy)
French fr Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance, Oïl 81,000,000[147] 210,000,000[139] Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Monaco, Switzerland, Jersey Aosta Valley[148] (Italy)
Frisian fry
frr
stq		 Indo-European, Germanic, West, Anglo-Frisian 470,000[149] Friesland (Netherlands), Schleswig-Holstein (Germany)[150]
Friulan fur Indo-European, Romance, Western, Rhaeto-Romance 600,000[151] Friuli (Italy)
Gagauz gag Turkic, Oghuz 140,000[152] Gagauzia (Moldova)
Galician gl Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian 2,400,000[153] Galicia (Spain), Eo-Navia (Asturias)Template:Refn, Bierzo (Province of León)Template:Refn and Western Sanabria (Province of Zamora)Template:Refn
German de Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German 97,000,000[154] 170,000,000[139] Austria, Belgium, Germany, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Switzerland South Tyrol,[155] Friuli-Venezia Giulia[156] (Italy)
Godoberi gin Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic 130[157]
Greek el Indo-European, Hellenic 13,500,000[158] Cyprus, Greece Albania (Finiq, Dropull)
Hinuq gin Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic 350[159]
Hungarian hu Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Ugric 13,000,000[160] Hungary Burgenland (Austria), Vojvodina (Serbia), Romania, Slovakia, Subcarpathia (Ukraine), Prekmurje, (Slovenia)
Hunzib bph Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic 1,400[161]
Icelandic is Indo-European, Germanic, North 330,000[162] Iceland
Ingrian izh Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic 120[163]
Ingush inh Northeast Caucasian, Nakh 300,000[164] Ingushetia (Russia)
Irish ga Indo-European, Celtic, Goidelic 240,000[165] 2,000,000 Ireland Northern Ireland (United Kingdom)
Istriot ist Indo-European, Romance 900[166]
Istro-Romanian ruo Indo-European, Romance, Eastern 1,100[167]
Italian it Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian 65,000,000[168] 82,000,000[139] Italy, San Marino, Switzerland, Vatican City Istria County (Croatia), Slovenian Istria (Slovenia)
Judeo-Italian itk Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian 250[169]
Judaeo-Spanish (Ladino) lad Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian 320,000[170] few[171] Bosnia and HerzegovinaTemplate:Refn, FranceTemplate:Refn
Kabardian kbd Northwest Caucasian, Circassian 530,000[172] Kabardino-Balkaria & Karachay-Cherkessia (Russia)
Kaitag xdq Northeast Caucasian, Dargin 30,000[173]
Kalmyk xal Mongolic 80,500[174] Kalmykia (Russia)
Karata kpt Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic 260[175]
Karelian krl Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic 36,000[176] Republic of Karelia (Russia)
Karachay-Balkar krc Turkic, Kipchak 300,000[177] Kabardino-Balkaria & Karachay-Cherkessia (Russia)
Kashubian csb Indo-European, Slavic, West, Lechitic 50,000[178] Poland
Kazakh kk Turkic, Kipchak 1,000,000[179] Kazakhstan Astrakhan Oblast (Russia)
Khwarshi khv Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic 1,700[180]
Komi kv Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Permic 220,000[181] Komi Republic (Russia)
Kubachi ugh Northeast Caucasian, Dargin 7,000[182]
Kumyk kum Turkic, Kipchak 450,000[183] Dagestan (Russia)
Kven fkv Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic 2,000-10,000[184] Norway
Lak lbe Northeast Caucasian, Lak 152,050[185] Dagestan (Russia)
Latin la Indo-European, Italic, Latino-Faliscan extinct few[186] Vatican City
Latvian lv Indo-European, Baltic 1,750,000[187] Latvia
Lezgin lez Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic 397,000[188] Dagestan (Russia)
Ligurian lij Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic 500,000[189] Monaco (Monégasque dialect is the "national language") Liguria (Italy), Carloforte and Calasetta (Sardinia, Italy)[190][191]
Limburgish li
lim		 Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Franconian 1,300,000 (2001)[192] Limburg (Belgium), Limburg (Netherlands)
Lithuanian lt Indo-European, Baltic 3,000,000[193] Lithuania
Livonian liv Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic 1[194] 210[195] LatviaTemplate:Refn
Lombard lmo Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic 3,600,000[196] Lombardy (Italy)
Low German (Low Saxon) nds
wep		 Indo-European, Germanic, West 1,000,000[197] 2,600,000[197] Schleswig-Holstein (Germany)[198]
Ludic lud Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic 300[199]
Luxembourgish lb Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German 336,000[200] 386,000[200] Luxembourg Wallonia (Belgium)
Macedonian mk Indo-European, Slavic, South, Eastern 1,400,000[201] North Macedonia
Mainfränkisch vmf Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper 4,900,000[202]
Maltese mt Semitic, Arabic 520,000[203] Malta
Manx gv Indo-European, Celtic, Goidelic 230[204] 2,300[205] Isle of Man
Mari chm
mhr
mrj		 Uralic, Finno-Ugric 500,000[206] Mari El (Russia)
Meänkieli fit Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic 40,000[207] 55,000[207] Sweden
Megleno-Romanian ruq Indo-European, Romance, Eastern 3,000[208]
Minderico drc Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian 500[209]
Mirandese mwl Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian 15,000[210] Miranda do Douro (Portugal)
Moksha mdf Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Mordvinic 2,000[211] Mordovia (Russia)
Montenegrin cnr Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western, Serbo-Croatian 240,700[212] Montenegro
Neapolitan nap Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian 5,700,000[213] Campania (Italy)[214]
Nenets yrk Uralic, Samoyedic 4,000[215] Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Russia)
Nogai nog Turkic, Kipchak 87,000[216] Dagestan (Russia)
Norman nrf Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance, Oïl 50,000[217] Guernsey (United Kingdom), Jersey (United Kingdom)
Norwegian no Indo-European, Germanic, North 5,200,000[218] Norway
Occitan oc Indo-European, Romance, Western, Occitano-Romance 500,000[219] Catalonia (Spain)Template:Refn
Ossetian os Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern 450,000[220] North Ossetia-Alania (Russia), South Ossetia
Palatinate German pfl Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Central 1,000,000[221]
Picard pcd Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance, Oïl 200,000[222] Wallonia (Belgium)
Piedmontese pms Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic 1,600,000[223] Piedmont (Italy)[224]
Polish pl Indo-European, Slavic, West, Lechitic 38,500,000[225] Poland
Portuguese pt Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian 10,000,000[226] Portugal
Rhaeto-Romance fur
lld
roh		 Indo-European, Romance, Western 370,000[227] Switzerland Veneto Belluno, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, South Tyrol,[228] & Trentino (Italy)
Ripuarian (Platt) ksh Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Central 900,000[229]
Romagnol rgn Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic
Romani rom Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western 1,500,000[230] KosovoTemplate:Refn[231]
Romanian ro Indo-European, Romance, Eastern 24,000,000[232] 28,000,000[233] Moldova, Romania Mount Athos (Greece), Vojvodina (Serbia)
Russian ru Indo-European, Slavic, East 106,000,000[234] 160,000,000[234] Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia Mount Athos (Greece), Gagauzia (Moldova), Left Bank of the Dniester (Moldova), Ukraine
Rusyn rue Indo-European, Slavic, East 70,000[235]
Rutul rut Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic 36,400[236] Dagestan (Russia)
Sami se Uralic, Finno-Ugric 23,000[237] Norway Sweden, Finland
Sardinian sc Indo-European, Romance 1,350,000[238] Sardinia (Italy)
Scots sco Indo-European, Germanic, West, Anglo-Frisian, Anglic 110,000[239] Scotland (United Kingdom), County Donegal (Republic of Ireland), Northern Ireland (United Kingdom)
Scottish Gaelic gd Indo-European, Celtic, Goidelic 57,000[240] Scotland (United Kingdom)
Serbian sr Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western, Serbo-Croatian 9,000,000[241] Bosnia and Herzegovina, KosovoTemplate:Refn, Serbia Croatia, Mount Athos (Greece), North Macedonia, Montenegro
Sicilian scn Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian 4,700,000[242] Sicily (Italy)
Silesian szl Indo-European, Slavic, West, Lechitic 522,000[243]
Silesian German sli Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Central 11,000[244]
Slovak sk Indo-European, Slavic, West, Czech–Slovak 5,200,000[245] Slovakia Vojvodina (Serbia), Czech Republic
Slovene sl Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western 2,100,000[246] Slovenia Friuli-Venezia Giulia[156] (Italy), Austria (Carinthia, Styria)
Sorbian (Wendish) wen Indo-European, Slavic, West 20,000[247] Brandenburg & Sachsen (Germany)[248]
Spanish es Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian 47,000,000[249] 76,000,000[139] Spain Gibraltar (United Kingdom)
Swabian German swg Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Alemannic 820,000[250]
Swedish sv Indo-European, Germanic, North 11,100,000[251] 13,280,000[251] Sweden, Finland, Åland and Estonia
Swiss German gsw Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Alemannic 5,000,000[252] Switzerland (as German)
Tabasaran tab Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic 126,900[253] Dagestan (Russia)
Tat ttt Indo-European, Iranian, Western 30,000[254] Dagestan (Russia)
Tatar tt Turkic, Kipchak 4,300,000[255] Tatarstan (Russia)
Tindi tin Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic 2,200[256]
Tsez ddo Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic 13,000[257]
Turkish tr Turkic, Oghuz 15,752,673[258] Turkey, Cyprus Northern Cyprus
Udmurt udm Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Permic 340,000[259] Udmurtia (Russia)
Ukrainian uk Indo-European, Slavic, East 32,600,000[260] Ukraine Left Bank of the Dniester (Moldova)
Upper Saxon sxu Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Central 2,000,000[261]
Vepsian vep Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic 1,640[262] Republic of Karelia (Russia)
Venetian vec Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian 3,800,000[263] Veneto (Italy)[264]
Võro vro Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic 87,000[265] Võru County (Estonia)
Votic vot Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic 21[266]
Walloon wa Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance, Oïl 600,000[267] Wallonia (Belgium)
Walser German wae Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Alemannic 20,000[268]
Welsh cy Indo-European, Celtic, Brittonic 562,000[269] 750,000 Wales (United Kingdom)
Wymysorys wym Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German 70[270]
Yenish yec Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German 16,000[271] SwitzerlandTemplate:Refn
Yiddish yi Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German 600,000[272] Bosnia and HerzegovinaTemplate:Refn, NetherlandsTemplate:Refn, PolandTemplate:Refn, RomaniaTemplate:Refn, SwedenTemplate:Refn, UkraineTemplate:Refn
Zeelandic zea Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Franconian 220,000[273]

Languages spoken in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Georgia, and Turkey

There are various definitions of Europe, which may or may not include all or parts of Turkey, Cyprus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. For convenience, the languages and associated statistics for all five of these countries are grouped together on this page, as they are usually presented at a national, rather than subnational, level.

Name ISO-
639 		Classification Speakers in expanded geopolitical Europe Official status
L1 L1+L2 NationalTemplate:Refn Regional
Abkhaz ab Northwest Caucasian, Abazgi Abkhazia/Georgia:[274] 191,000[275]
Turkey: 44,000[276]		 Abkhazia Abkhazia
Adyghe (West Circassian) ady Northwest Caucasian, Circassian Turkey: 316,000[276]
Albanian sq Indo-European, Albanian Turkey: 66,000 (Tosk)[276]
Arabic ar Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, West Turkey: 2,437,000 Not counting post-2014 Syrian refugees[276]
Armenian hy Indo-European, Armenian Armenia: 3 million[277]
Azerbaijan: 145,000 Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Georgia: around 0.2 million ethnic Armenians (Abkhazia: 44,870[278])
Turkey: 61,000[276]
Cyprus: 668[279]Template:Rp		 Armenia
Azerbaijan		 Cyprus
Azerbaijani az Turkic, Oghuz Azerbaijan 9 millionScript error: No such module "Unsubst".[280]
Turkey: 540,000[276]
Georgia 0.2 million		 Azerbaijan
Batsbi bbl Northeast Caucasian, Nakh Georgia: 500[281]Template:Update inline
Bulgarian bg Indo-European, Slavic, South Turkey: 351,000[276]
Crimean Tatar crh Turkic, Kipchak Turkey: 100,000[276]
Georgian ka Kartvelian, Karto-Zan Georgia: 3,224,696[282]
Turkey: 151,000[276]
Azerbaijan: 9,192 ethnic Georgians[283]		 Georgia
Greek el Indo-European, Hellenic Cyprus: 679,883[284]Template:Rp
Turkey: 3,600[276]		 Cyprus
Juhuri jdt Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Southwest Azerbaijan: 24,000 (1989)[285]Template:Update inline
Kurdish kur Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Northwest Turkey: 15 million[286]
Azerbaijan: 9,000Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Kurmanji kmr Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Northwest Turkey: 8.13 million[287]
Armenia: 33,509[288]
Georgia: 14,000 Script error: No such module "Unsubst".		 Armenia
Laz lzz Kartvelian, Karto-Zan, Zan Turkey: 20,000[289]
Georgia: 2,000[289]
Megleno-Romanian ruq Indo-European, Italic, Romance, East Turkey: 4–5,000[290]
Mingrelian xmf Kartvelian, Karto-Zan, Zan Georgia (including Abkhazia): 344,000[291]
Pontic Greek pnt Indo-European, Hellenic Turkey: greater than 5,000[292]
Armenia: 900 ethnic Caucasus Greeks[293]
Georgia: 5,689 Caucasus Greeks[282]
Romani language and Domari language rom, dmt Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indic Turkey: 500,000[276]
Russian ru Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic Armenia: 15,000[294]
Azerbaijan: 250,000[294]
Georgia: 130,000[294]		 Armenia: about 0.9 million[295]
Azerbaijan: about 2.6 million[295]
Georgia: about 1 million[295]
Cyprus: 20,984[296]		 Abkhazia
South Ossetia		 Armenia
Azerbaijan
Svan sva Kartvelian, Svan Georgia (incl. Abkhazia): 30,000[297]
Tat ttt Indo-European, Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Southwest Azerbaijan: 10,000[298]Template:Update inline
Turkish tr Turkic, Oghuz Turkey: 66,850,000[276]
Cyprus: 1,405[299] + 265,100 in the North[300]		 Turkey
Cyprus
Northern Cyprus
Zazaki zza Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Northwest Turkey: 3–4 million (2009)[301][302]

Immigrant communities

Recent (post–1945) immigration to Europe introduced substantial communities of speakers of non-European languages.[3]

The largest such communities include Arabic speakers (see Arabs in Europe) and Turkish speakers (beyond European Turkey and the historical sphere of influence of the Ottoman Empire, see Turks in Europe).[303] Armenians, Berbers, and Kurds have diaspora communities of Template:Circa 1–2,000,000 each. The various languages of Africa and languages of India form numerous smaller diaspora communities.

List of the largest immigrant languages
Name ISO 639 Classification Native Ethnic diaspora
Arabic ar Afro-Asiatic, Semitic 5,000,000[304] Unknown
Turkish tr Turkic, Oghuz 3,000,000[305] 7,000,000[306]
Armenian hy Indo-European 1,000,000[307] 3,000,000[308]
Bengali bn Indo-European, Indo-Aryan 600,000[309] 1,000,000[310]
Kurdish ku Indo-European, Iranian, Western 600,000[311] 1,000,000[312]
Azerbaijani az Turkic, Oghuz 500,000[313] 700,000[314]
Kabyle kab Afro-Asiatic, Berber 500,000[315] 1,000,000[316]
Chinese zh Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic 300,000[317] 2,000,000[318]
Urdu ur Indo-European, Indo-Aryan 300,000[319] 1,800,000[320]
Uzbek uz Turkic, Karluk 300,000[321] 2,000,000[322]
Persian fa Indo-European, Iranian, Western 300,000[323] 400,000[324]
Punjabi pa Indo-European, Indo-Aryan 300,000[325] 700,000[326]
Gujarati gu Indo-European, Indo-Aryan 200,000[327] 600,000[328]
Tamil ta Dravidian 200,000[329] 500,000[330]
Somali so Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic 200,000[331] 400,000[332]

See also

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Notes

Template:Reflist

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Sister project

Template:Languages of Europe Template:Countries and languages lists Template:Eurasian languages

Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ This includes all of the varieties of Sardinian, written with any orthography (the LSC, used for all of Sardinian, or the Logudorese, Nugorese and Campidanese orthographies, only used for some dialects of it) but does not include Gallurese and Sassarese, that even though they have sometimes been included in a supposed Sardinian "macro-language" are actually considered by all Sardinian linguists two different transitional languages between Sardinian and Corsican (or, in the case of Gallurese, are sometimes classified as a variant of Corsican). For Gallurese: ATTI DEL II CONVEGNO INTERNAZIONALE DI STUDI Ciurrata di la Linga Gadduresa, 2014, for Sassarese: Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".). They are legally considered two different languages by the Sardinian Regional Government too (Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".).
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Template:E27
  29. ↑ Template:E27
  30. ↑ Template:E27
  31. ↑ Template:E27
  32. ↑ Template:E27
  33. ↑ Template:E27
  34. ↑ Template:E27
  35. ↑ Template:E27
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ F. Violi, Lessico Grecanico-Italiano-Grecanico, Apodiafàzzi, Reggio Calabria, 1997.
  39. ↑ Paolo Martino, L'isola grecanica dell'Aspromonte. Aspetti sociolinguistici, 1980. Risultati di un'inchiesta del 1977
  40. ↑ Filippo Violi, Storia degli studi e della letteratura popolare grecanica, C.S.E. Bova (RC), 1992
  41. ↑ Filippo Condemi, Grammatica Grecanica, Coop. Contezza, Reggio Calabria, 1987;
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  76. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  80. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  81. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  82. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  83. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  84. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  85. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  88. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  89. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  90. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  91. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  92. ↑ Facsimile of Bormann's Memorandum (in German)
    The memorandum itself is typed in Antiqua, but the NSDAP letterhead is printed in Fraktur.
    "For general attention, on behalf of the Führer, I make the following announcement:
    It is wrong to regard or to describe the so‑called Gothic script as a German script. In reality, the so‑called Gothic script consists of Schwabach Jew letters. Just as they later took control of the newspapers, upon the introduction of printing the Jews residing in Germany took control of the printing presses and thus in Germany the Schwabach Jew letters were forcefully introduced.
    Today the Führer, talking with Herr Reichsleiter Amann and Herr Book Publisher Adolf Müller, has decided that in the future the Antiqua script is to be described as normal script. All printed materials are to be gradually converted to this normal script. As soon as is feasible in terms of textbooks, only the normal script will be taught in village and state schools.
    The use of the Schwabach Jew letters by officials will in future cease; appointment certifications for functionaries, street signs, and so forth will in future be produced only in normal script.
    On behalf of the Führer, Herr Reichsleiter Amann will in future convert those newspapers and periodicals that already have foreign distribution, or whose foreign distribution is desired, to normal script".
  93. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  94. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  95. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  96. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  97. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  98. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  99. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  100. ↑ Template:E18
  101. ↑ Template:E18
  102. ↑ Template:E18
  103. ↑ Template:E18
  104. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  105. ↑ Template:E18
  106. ↑ https://zaguan.unizar.es/record/60448 Report about Census of population 2011 of Aragonese Sociolinguistics Seminar and University of Zaragoza
  107. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  108. ↑ Template:E18
  109. ↑ Template:E18
  110. ↑ a b III Sociolinguistic Study of Asturias (2017). Euskobarometro.
  111. ↑ c. 130,000 in Dagestan. In addition, there are about 0.5 million speakers in immigrant communities in Russia, see #Immigrant communities. Template:E18
  112. ↑ Template:E18
  113. ↑ Template:E18
  114. ↑ Template:In lang VI° Enquête Sociolinguistique en Euskal herria (Communauté Autonome d'Euskadi, Navarre et Pays Basque Nord) Template:Webarchive (2016).
  115. ↑ German dialect, Template:E18
  116. ↑ Template:E18
  117. ↑ Template:E18
  118. ↑ Template:E18
  119. ↑ Template:E18
  120. ↑ Template:E18
  121. ↑ Template:E18
  122. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  123. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  124. ↑ Template:E18
  125. ↑ Template:E18
  126. ↑ Template:E18
  127. ↑ German dialect, Template:E18
  128. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". (UK 2021 Census)
  129. ↑ a b Template:E18
  130. ↑ Template:E18
  131. ↑ Template:E18
  132. ↑ Template:E18
  133. ↑ Template:E18
  134. ↑ recognized as official language in Nordfriesland, Schleswig-Flensburg, Flensburg and Rendsburg-Eckernförde (§ 82b LVwG Template:Webarchive)
  135. ↑ Template:E18
  136. ↑ Template:E18
  137. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  138. ↑ Template:E18
  139. ↑ a b c d e Europeans and their Languages Template:Webarchive, Data for EU27 Template:Webarchive, published in 2012.
  140. ↑ Template:E18
  141. ↑ Template:E18
  142. ↑ Template:E18
  143. ↑ Template:E18
  144. ↑ Template:E18
  145. ↑ Template:E18
  146. ↑ Template:E18
  147. ↑ Template:E18
  148. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  149. ↑ Template:E18
  150. ↑ recognized as official language in the Nordfriesland district and in Helgoland (§ 82b LVwG Template:Webarchive).
  151. ↑ e18|fur|Friulan
  152. ↑ Template:E18
  153. ↑ Template:E18
  154. ↑ includes: bar Bavarian, cim Cimbrian, ksh Kölsch, sli Lower Silesian, vmf Mainfränkisch, pfl Palatinate German, swg Swabian German, gsw Swiss German, sxu Upper Saxon, wae Walser German, wep Westphalian, wym Wymysorys, yec Yenish, yid Yiddish; see German dialects.
  155. ↑ Statuto Speciale Per Il Trentino-Alto Adige Template:Webarchive (1972), Art. 99–101.
  156. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  157. ↑ Template:E18
  158. ↑ 11 million in Greece, out of 13.4 million in total. Template:E18
  159. ↑ Template:E18
  160. ↑ Template:E18
  161. ↑ Template:E18
  162. ↑ Template:E18
  163. ↑ Template:E18
  164. ↑ Template:E18
  165. ↑ Template:E18
  166. ↑ Template:E18
  167. ↑ Template:E18
  168. ↑ Template:E18
  169. ↑ Template:E18
  170. ↑ Template:E18
  171. ↑ SIL Ethnologue: "Not the dominant language for most. Formerly the main language of Sephardic Jewry. Used in literary and music contexts." ca. 100k speakers in total, most of them in Israel, small communities in the Balkans, Greece, Turkey and in Spain.
  172. ↑ Template:E18
  173. ↑ Template:E18
  174. ↑ Template:E18
  175. ↑ Template:E18
  176. ↑ Template:E18
  177. ↑ Template:E18
  178. ↑ Template:E18
  179. ↑ About 10 million in Kazakhstan. Template:E18. Technically, the westernmost portions of Kazakhstan (Atyrau Region, West Kazakhstan Region) are in Europe, with a total population of less than one million.
  180. ↑ Template:E18
  181. ↑ 220,000 native speakers out of an ethnic population of 550,000. Combines Komi-Permyak (koi) with 65,000 speakers and Komi-Zyrian (kpv) with 156,000 speakers. Template:E18
  182. ↑ Template:E18
  183. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  184. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  185. ↑ Template:E18
  186. ↑ Contemporary Latin: People fluent in Latin as a second language are probably in the dozens, not hundreds. Reginald Foster (as of 2013) estimated "no more than 100" according to Robin Banerji, Pope resignation: Who speaks Latin these days?, BBC News, 12 February 2013.
  187. ↑ Template:E18
  188. ↑ Template:E18
  189. ↑ Template:E18
  190. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  191. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  192. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  193. ↑ Template:E18
  194. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  195. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  196. ↑ Template:E18
  197. ↑ a b 2.6 million cited as estimate of all Germans who speak Platt "well or very well" (including L2; 4.3 million cited as the number of all speakers including those with "moderate" knowledge) in 2009. Heute in Bremen. „Ohne Zweifel gefährdet". Frerk Möller im Interview, taz, 21. Februar 2009. However, Wirrer (1998) described Low German as "moribund".Jan Wirrer: Zum Status des Niederdeutschen. In: Zeitschrift für Germanistische Linguistik. 26, 1998, S. 309. The number of native speakers is unknown, estimated at 1 million by SIL Ethnologue. Template:E18, Template:E18
  198. ↑ The question whether Low German should be considered as subsumed under "German" as the official language of Germany has a complicated legal history. In the wake of the ratification of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (1998), Schleswig-Holstein has explicitly recognized Low German as a regional language with official status (§ 82b LVwG Template:Webarchive).
  199. ↑ Template:E18
  200. ↑ a b Template:E18
  201. ↑ Template:E18
  202. ↑ German dialect, Template:E18
  203. ↑ Template:E18
  204. ↑ Template:E18
  205. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  206. ↑ Template:E18
  207. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  208. ↑ Template:E18
  209. ↑ Template:E18
  210. ↑ Template:E18
  211. ↑ Template:E18
  212. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  213. ↑ Template:E18
  214. ↑ In 2008, law was passed by the Region of Campania, stating that the Neapolitan language was to be legally protected. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  215. ↑ total 22,000 native speakers (2010 Russian census) out of an ethnic population of 44,000. Most of these are in Siberia, with about 8,000 ethnic Nenets in European Russia (2010 census, mostly in Nenets Autonomous Okrug)
  216. ↑ Template:E18
  217. ↑ Template:E18
  218. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  219. ↑ Template:E18. Includes Auvergnat, Gascon, Languedocien, Limousin, Provençal, Vivaro-Alpine. Most native speakers are in France; their number is unknown, as varieties of Occitan are treated as French dialects with no official status.
  220. ↑ Total 570,000, of which 450,000 in the Russian Federation. Template:E18
  221. ↑ German dialect, Template:E18
  222. ↑ Template:E18
  223. ↑ Template:E18
  224. ↑ Piedmontese was recognised as Piedmont's regional language by the regional parliament in 1999. Motion 1118 in the Piedmontese Regional Parliament, Approvazione da parte del Senato del Disegno di Legge che tutela le minoranze linguistiche sul territorio nazionale – Approfondimenti, approved unanimously on 15 December 1999, Text of motion 1118 in the Piedmontese Regional Parliament, Consiglio Regionale del Piemonte, Ordine del Giorno 1118.
  225. ↑ Template:E18
  226. ↑ Template:E18
  227. ↑ Includes Friulian, Romansh, Ladin. Template:E18 Template:E18 Template:E18
  228. ↑ Statuto Speciale Per Il Trentino-Alto Adige Template:Webarchive (1972), Art. 102.
  229. ↑ German dialect, Template:E18
  230. ↑ Template:E18 Template:E18 Template:E18 Template:E18 Template:E18 Template:E18 Template:E18
  231. ↑ Constitution of Kosovo, p. 8 Template:Webarchive
  232. ↑ Template:E18
  233. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  234. ↑ a b L1: 119 million in the Russian Federation (of which c. 83 million in European Russia), 14.3 million in Ukraine, 6.67 million in Belarus, 0.67 million in Latvia, 0.38 million in Estonia, 0.38 million in Moldova. L1+L2: c. 100 million in European Russia, 39 million in Ukraine, 7 million in Belarus, 7 million in Poland, 2 million in Latvia, c. 2 million in the European portion of Kazakhstan, 1.8 million in Moldova, 1.1 million in Estonia. Template:E18.
  235. ↑ Template:E18
  236. ↑ Template:E18
  237. ↑ mostly Northern Sami (sma), ca. 20,000 speakers; smaller communities of Lule Sami (smj, c. 2,000 speakers) and other variants. Template:E18, Template:E18 Template:E18, Template:E18, Template:E18, Template:E18.
  238. ↑ AA. VV. Calendario Atlante De Agostini 2017, Novara, Istituto Geografico De Agostini, 2016, p. 230
  239. ↑ Template:E18
  240. ↑ Template:E18
  241. ↑ Template:E18
  242. ↑ Template:E18
  243. ↑ Template:E19
  244. ↑ German dialect, Template:E18
  245. ↑ Template:E18
  246. ↑ Template:E18
  247. ↑ Template:E18
  248. ↑ GVG § 184 Satz 2; VwVfGBbg § 23 Abs. 5; SächsSorbG § 9, right to use Sorbian in communication with the authorities guaranteed for the "Sorbian settlement area" (Sorbisches Siedlungsgebiet, Lusatia).
  249. ↑ Template:E18
  250. ↑ German dialect, Template:E18
  251. ↑ a b Template:E18
  252. ↑ German dialect, Template:E18
  253. ↑ Template:E18
  254. ↑ Template:E18, Template:E18 2,000 speakers in the Russian Federation according to the 2010 census (including Judeo-Tat). About 28,000 speakers in Azerbaijan; most speakers live along or just north of the Caucasus ridge (and are thus technically in Europe), with some also settling just south of the Caucasus ridge, in the South Caucasus.
  255. ↑ Template:E18
  256. ↑ Template:E18
  257. ↑ Template:E18
  258. ↑ c. 12 million in European Turkey, 0.6 million in Bulgaria, 0.6 million in Cyprus and Northern Cyprus; and 2,679,765 L1 speakers in other countries in Europe according to a Eurobarometer survey in 2012: https://languageknowledge.eu/languages/turkish
  259. ↑ Template:E18
  260. ↑ Template:E18
  261. ↑ German dialect, Template:E18
  262. ↑ Russian Census 2010. Template:E18
  263. ↑ Template:E18
  264. ↑ A motion to recognise Venetian as an official regional language has been approved by the Regional Council of Veneto in 2007. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  265. ↑ Template:E18
  266. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  267. ↑ Template:E18
  268. ↑ Highest Alemannic dialects, Template:E18
  269. ↑ Template:E18
  270. ↑ Moribund German dialect spoken in Wilamowice, Poland. 70 speakers recorded in 2006. Template:E18
  271. ↑ Template:E18
  272. ↑ Total population estimated at 1.5 million as of 1991, of which c. 40% in Ukraine. Template:E18, Template:E18, Template:E18
  273. ↑ Template:E18
  274. ↑ Abkhazia is a de facto state recognized by Russia and a handful of other states, but considered by Georgia to be ruling over a Georgian region
  275. ↑ Template:E18
  276. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  277. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  278. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  279. ↑ Template:Cite report
  280. ↑ Azeri community in Dagestan excluded
  281. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  282. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  283. ↑ Censuses of Republic of Azerbaijan 1979, 1989, 1999, 2009Template:Webarchive
  284. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  285. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  286. ↑ SIL Ethnologue gives estimates, broken down by dialect group, totalling 31 million, but with the caveat of "Very provisional figures for Northern Kurdish speaker population". Ethnologue estimates for dialect groups: Northern: 20.2M (undated; 15M in Turkey for 2009), Central: 6.75M (2009), Southern: 3M (2000), Laki: 1M (2000). The Swedish Nationalencyklopedin listed Kurdish in its "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), citing an estimate of 20.6 million native speakers.
  287. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  288. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  289. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  290. ↑ Thede Kahl (2006): The islamisation of the Meglen Vlachs (Megleno-Romanians): The village of Nânti (Nótia) and the "Nântinets" in present-day Turkey, Nationalities Papers, 34:01, p80-81: "Assuming that nearly the total population of Nânti emigrated, then the number of emigrants must have been around 4,000. If the reported number of people living there today is added, the whole Meglen Vlachs population is c. 5,000. Although that number is only a rough estimate and may be exaggerated by the individual interviewees, it might correspond to reality."
  291. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  292. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  293. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  294. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  295. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  296. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  297. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  298. ↑ John M. Clifton, Gabriela Deckinga, Laura Lucht, Calvin Tiessen, "Sociolinguistic Situation of the Tat and Mountain Jews in Azerbaijan," In Clifton, ed., Studies in Languages of Azerbaijan, vol. 2 (Azerbaijan & St Petersburg, Russia: Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan & SIL International 2005). Page 3.
  299. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Dead link
  300. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  301. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  302. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  303. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  304. ↑ France: 4,000,000, Germany: 500k (2015), Spain: 200k UK: 159k (2011 census)
  305. ↑ Germany: 1,510k, France: 444k, Netherlands: 388k, Austria: 197k, Russia: 146k, UK: 99k, Switzerland: 44k, Sweden: 44.
  306. ↑ See Turks in Europe: only counting recent (post-Ottoman era) immigration: Germany: 4,000,000, France: 1,000,000, UK: 500,000, Netherlands: 500,000, Austria: 400,000, Switzerland, Sweden and Russia: 200,000 each.
  307. ↑ 830k in Russia (2010 census), 100k in Ukraine (SIL Ethnologue 2015).
  308. ↑ 2,000,000 Armenians in Russia. France 750k, Ukraine 100k, Germany 100k, Greece 60-80k, Spain 40k, Belgium 30k, Czechia 12k, Sweden 12k, Bulgaria 10-22k, Belarus 8k, Austria 6k, Poland 3-50k, Hungary 3-30k, Netherlands 3-9k, Switzerland 3-5k, Cyprus 3k, Moldova 1-3k, UK 1-2k.
  309. ↑ Sylheti: 300k in the UK, Bengali: 221k in the UK.
  310. ↑ see British Indian, Bangladeshi diaspora, Bengali diaspora.
  311. ↑ Germany: 541k
  312. ↑ Kurdish population: mostly Kurds in Germany, Kurds in France, Kurds in Sweden.
  313. ↑ 515k in Russia (2010 census)
  314. ↑ Azerbaijani diaspora: Russia 600k, Ukraine 45k, not counting 400,000 in Azerbaijan's Quba-Khachmaz Region (Shabran District, Khachmaz District, Quba District, Qusar District, Siyazan District) technically in Europe (being north of the Caucasus watershed).
  315. ↑ France: 500k
  316. ↑ Kabyle people in France: 1,000,000.
  317. ↑ Germany 120k, Russia: 70k, UK 66k, Spain 20k.
  318. ↑ Overseas Chinese: France 700,000, UK: 500,000, Russia: 300,000, Italy: 300,000, Germany: 200,000, Spain: 100,000.
  319. ↑ UK: 269k (2011 census).
  320. ↑ Pakistani diaspora, the majority Pakistanis in the UK.
  321. ↑ Russia: 274k (2010 census)
  322. ↑ see Uzbeks in Russia.
  323. ↑ UK: 76k, Sweden: 74k, Germany: 72k, France 40k.
  324. ↑ Iranian diaspora: Germany: 100k, Sweden: 100k, UK: 50k, Russia: 50k, Netherlands: 35k, Denmark: 20k.
  325. ↑ UK: 280k
  326. ↑ see British Punjabis
  327. ↑ UK: 213k
  328. ↑ see Gujarati diaspora
  329. ↑ UK: 101k, Germany: 35k, Switzerland: 22k.
  330. ↑ Tamil diaspora: UK 300k, France 100k, Germany 50k, Switzerland 40k, u Netherlands, 20k, Norway 10k.
  331. ↑ UK: 86k, Sweden: 53k, Italy: 50k
  332. ↑ Somali diaspora: UK: 114k, Sweden: 64k, Norway: 42k, Netherlands: 39k, Germany: 34k, Denmark: 21k, Finland: 19k.
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