Udmurt language
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Udmurt (Template:IPAc-en; Cyrillic: Удмурт) is a Permic language spoken by the Udmurt people who are native to Udmurtia. As a Uralic language, it is distantly related to languages such as Finnish, Estonian, Mansi, Khanty, and Hungarian. The Udmurt language is co-official with Russian within Udmurtia.
It is written using the Cyrillic alphabet with the addition of five characters not used in the Russian alphabet: Ӝ/ӝ, Ӟ/ӟ, Ӥ/ӥ, Ӧ/ӧ, and Ӵ/ӵ. Together with the Komi and Permyak languages, it constitutes the Permic grouping of the Uralic family. The Udmurt language shares similar agglutinative structures with its closest relative, the Komi language.[2] Among outsiders, it has traditionally been referred to by its Russian exonym, Votyak. Udmurt has borrowed vocabulary from neighboring languages, mainly from Tatar and Russian.
In 2010, per the Russian census, there were around 324,000 speakers of the language in the country, out of the ethnic population of roughly 554,000.[3] Ethnologue estimated that there were 550,000 native speakers (77%) out of an ethnic population of 750,000 in the former Russian SFSR (1989 census),[4] a decline of roughly 41% in 21 years.
Dialects
Udmurt varieties can be grouped into three broad dialect groups:
- Northern Udmurt, spoken along the Cheptsa River
- Southern Udmurt
- Besermyan, spoken by the strongly Turkified Besermyans
A continuum of intermediate dialects between Northern and Southern Udmurt is found, and literary Udmurt includes features from both areas. Besermyan is more sharply distinguished.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
The differences between the dialects are not major and mainly involve differences in vocabulary, largely attributable to the stronger influence of Tatar in the southern end of the Udmurt-speaking area. A few differences in morphology and phonology still exist as well; for example:
- Southern Udmurt has an accusative ending -ыз Script error: No such module "IPA"., contrasting with northern -ты Script error: No such module "IPA"..
- Southwestern Udmurt distinguishes an eighth vowel phoneme Script error: No such module "IPA"..
- Besermyan has Script error: No such module "IPA". in place of standard Udmurt Script error: No such module "IPA". (thus distinguishing only six vowel phonemes), and Script error: No such module "IPA". in place of standard Udmurt Script error: No such module "IPA"..
Phonology
Unlike other Uralic languages such as Finnish and Hungarian, Udmurt does not distinguish between long and short vowels and does not have vowel harmony.
Consonants
The consonants Script error: No such module "IPA". are restricted to loanwords, and are traditionally replaced by Script error: No such module "IPA". respectively. As in Hungarian, Udmurt exhibits regressive voicing and devoicing assimilations (the last element determines the assimilation), but with some exceptions (mostly to distinguish minimal pairs by voicing).[5]
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Round | |||
| Close | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| Mid | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| Open | Template:IPA link | |||
Orthography
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Udmurt is written using a modified version of the Russian Cyrillic alphabet:
| Cyrillic | Latin | IPA | Letter name | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| А а | A a | Template:IPAblink | а | |
| Б б | B b | Template:IPAblink | бэ | |
| В в | V v | Template:IPAblink | вэ | |
| Г г | G g | Template:IPAblink | гэ | |
| Д д | D d Ď ď |
Template:IPAblink Template:IPA link~ɟ] before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь |
дэ | |
| Е е | JE je E e |
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:IPAblink after coronals д, т, з, с, л, н |
е | |
| Ё ё | JO jo O o |
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:IPAblink after д, т, з, с, л, н |
ё | |
| Ж ж | Ž ž | Template:IPAblink | жэ | |
| Ӝ ӝ | DŽ dž | Template:IPAblink | ӝэ | Д + Ж |
| З з | Z z Ź ź |
Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь |
зэ | |
| Ӟ ӟ | DŹ dź | Template:IPAblink | ӟе | Дь + Зь |
| И и | I i | Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink after д, т, з, с, л, н |
и | |
| Ӥ ӥ | I i | Template:IPAblink when preceded by д, т, з, с, л, н | точкаен и, точкаосын и ("dotted i") | Like Komi і. Non-palatalizing form of и. |
| Й й | J j | Template:IPAblink | вакчи и ("short i") | |
| К к | K k | Template:IPAblink | ка | |
| Л л | Ł ł L l |
Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь |
эл | |
| М м | M m | Template:IPAblink | эм | |
| Н н | N n Ň ň |
Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь |
эн | |
| О о | O o | Template:IPAblink | о | |
| Ӧ ӧ | Õ õ | Template:IPAblink~Template:IPAblink | ӧ | |
| П п | P p | Template:IPAblink | пэ | |
| Р р | R r | Template:IPAblink | эр | |
| С с | S s Ś ś |
Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь |
эс | |
| Т т | T t Ť ť |
Template:IPAblink Template:IPA link~c] before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь |
тэ | |
| У у | U u | Template:IPAblink | у | |
| Ф ф | F f | Template:IPAblink | эф | In loanwords. |
| Х х | H h | Template:IPAblink | ха | In loanwords. |
| Ц ц | C c | Template:IPAblink | цэ | In loanwords. |
| Ч ч | Ć ć | Template:IPAblink | чэ | Ть + Сь |
| Ӵ ӵ | Č č | Template:IPAblink | ӵэ | Т + Ш |
| Ш ш | Š š | Template:IPAblink | ша | |
| Щ щ | ŠČ šč | Template:IPAblink | ща | In loanwords. |
| Ъ ъ | – | – | чурыт пус ("hard sign") | Distinguishes palatalized consonants (Template:IPAslink Template:IPAslink Template:IPAslink Template:IPAslink Template:IPAslink Template:IPAslink) from unpalatalized consonants followed by /j/ if followed by vowel; for example, Template:IPAslink and Script error: No such module "IPA". are written зё (źo) and зъё (zjo), respectively. |
| Ы ы | Y y | Template:IPAblink~Template:IPAblink | ы | |
| Ь ь | – | Template:IPAblink | небыт пус ("soft sign") | |
| Э э | E e | Template:IPAblink | э | |
| Ю ю | JU ju | Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:IPAblink after д, т, з, с, л, н |
ю | |
| Я я | JA ja | Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:IPAblink after д, т, з, с, л, н |
я |
Grammar
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Udmurt is an agglutinating language. It uses affixes to express possession, to specify mode, time, and so on.
No gender distinction is made in nouns or personal pronouns.
Cases
Udmurt has fifteen cases: eight grammatical cases and seven locative cases.
There is no congruency between adjectives and nouns in neutral Udmurt noun phrases; in other words, there is no adjective declension as in the inessive noun phrase Script error: No such module "Lang". ("in a big village"; cf. Finnish inessive phrase Script error: No such module "Lang"., in which Script error: No such module "Lang". "large" is inflected according to the head noun).
| Case | Suffix | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grammatical | |||
| nominative | – | Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
village |
| genitive | -Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
of a village / village's |
| accusative | -Script error: No such module "Lang"./-Script error: No such module "Lang"./-Script error: No such module "Lang"./-Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
village (as an object) |
| ablative | -Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
from a village |
| dative | -Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
to a village |
| instrumental | -Script error: No such module "Lang"./-Script error: No such module "Lang"./-Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
by means of a village |
| abessive | -Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
without a village |
| adverbial | -Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
in a village way |
| Locative cases* | |||
| inessive | -Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
in a village |
| illative | -Script error: No such module "Lang"./-Script error: No such module "Lang"./-Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
into a village (or house) |
| elative | -Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
from a village |
| egressive | -Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
starting from a village |
| terminative | -Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
end up at a village |
| prolative | -Script error: No such module "Lang"./-Script error: No such module "Lang"./-Script error: No such module "Lang"./-Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
along a village |
| allative | -Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
towards a village |
*Of all the locative cases, personal pronouns can only inflect in the allative (also called approximative).
Plural
There are two types of nominal plurals in Udmurt. One is the plural for nouns -Script error: No such module "Lang"./-Script error: No such module "Lang". and the other is the plural for adjectives -Script error: No such module "Lang"./-Script error: No such module "Lang"..
Nominal plural
The noun is always in plural. In attributive plural phrases, the adjective is not required to be in the plural:
| Udmurt | Transliteration | English |
|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | ćeber(eś) nyljos | (the) beautiful girls |
The plural marker always comes before other endings (i.e. cases and possessive suffixes) in the morphological structure of plural nominal.
| Udmurt | Transliteration | English |
|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | nyljosly | to the girls |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | gurtjosazy | to/in their villages |
Predicative plural
As in Hungarian and Mordvinic languages, if the subject is plural, the adjective is always plural when it functions as the sentence's predicative:
| Udmurt | Transliteration | English |
|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | nyljos ćebereś | the girls are beautiful |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | toljos kuźeś | the winters are long |
Udmurt pronouns are inflected much in the same way that their referent nouns are. However, personal pronouns are only inflected in the grammatical cases and cannot be inflected in the locative cases.
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Udmurt personal pronouns are used to refer to human beings only. However, the third person singular can be referred to as it. The nominative case of personal pronouns are listed in the following table:
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| 2nd person | Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| 3rd person | Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". |
More details:
- There are self-intensifier forms: ачим '[I] myself', ачид '[you] yourself', ачиз '[he/she/it] himself', асьмеос '[we] ourselves', асьтэос '[you] yourself', асьсэос '[they] yourself'.[6]
- The 1st person plural has two forms according to clusivity: асьмеос is "inclusive we" and "ми" is "exclusive we". The younger speakers seem to favor always using "ми" (probably under the influence of Russian 'my' for "we"), so that for older generation the verse from a popular song "Ойдо, нылаш ми тонэн пумиськом!" sounds strange: its intended meaning is "Hey girl, let us meet!", while in the traditional thinking it reads "Hey girl, let we all meet with you!" The expected proper phrase would be: "Ойдо, нылаш асьмеос пумиськом!" and 'ми тонэн' is a calque from the Russian phrase 'my s toboi' meaning "me and you", but the word-by-word translation is "we with you".[6]
Interrogative pronouns
Udmurt interrogative pronouns inflect in all cases. However, the inanimate interrogative pronouns 'what' in the locative cases have the base form Script error: No such module "Lang".-. The nominative case of interrogative pronouns are listed in the following table:
| Udmurt | English |
|---|---|
| Singular | |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". | what |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". | who |
| Plural | |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". | what |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". | who |
Verbs
Udmurt verbs are divided into two conjugation groups, both having the infinitive marker Script error: No such module "Lang"..
There are three verbal moods in Udmurt: indicative, conditional and imperative. There is also an optative mood used in certain dialects. The indicative mood has four tenses: present, future, and two past tenses. In addition there are four past tense structures which include auxiliary verbs. Verbs are negated by use of an auxiliary negative verb that conjugates with personal endings.
The basic verbal personal markers in Udmurt are (with some exceptions):
| Person | Ending |
|---|---|
| Singular | |
| 1st | -Ø |
| 2nd | -Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| 3rd | -Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| Plural | |
| 1st | -Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| 2nd | -Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| 3rd | -Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| Person | Udmurt | Transliteration | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | |||
| 1st | Script error: No such module "Lang".* | todiśko* | I know |
| 2nd | Script error: No such module "Lang".* | todiśkod* | you know |
| 3rd | Script error: No such module "Lang". | tode | he/she knows |
| Plural | |||
| 1st | Script error: No such module "Lang". | todiśkomy | we know |
| 2nd | Script error: No such module "Lang". | todiśkody | you know |
| 3rd | Script error: No such module "Lang". | todo | they know |
*The present tense in Udmurt in all but the third person, is marked with Script error: No such module "Lang"..
Syntax
Udmurt is an SOV language.
Lexicon
Depending on the style, about 10 to 30 percent of the Udmurt lexicon consists of loanwords. Many loanwords are from the Tatar language, which has also strongly influenced Udmurt phonology and syntax.
The Udmurt language, along with the Tatar language, influenced the language of the Udmurt Jews, in the dialects of which the words of Finno-Ugric and Turkic origin there were recorded.[7][8][9][10]
Media
Eurovision runners-up Buranovskiye Babushki, a pop group composed of Udmurt grandmothers, sing mostly in Udmurt.[11]
The romantic comedy film Berry-Strawberry, a joint Polish-Udmurt production, is in the Udmurt language.
In 2013, the film company "Inwis kinopottonni" produced a film in the Udmurt language called Puzkar ("nest").[12]
The Bible was first completely translated into Udmurt in 2013.[13]
Bibliography
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References
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Ethnologue code=UDM Template:Webarchive
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Altyntsev A.V., "The Concept of Love in Ashkenazim of Udmurtia and Tatarstan", Nauka Udmurtii. 2013. № 4 (66), pp. 131–132. (Алтынцев А.В., "Чувство любви в понимании евреев-ашкенази Удмуртии и Татарстана". Наука Удмуртии. 2013. №4. С. 131–132: Комментарии.) Template:In lang
- ↑ Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V., "A short ethnographic overview of the Ashkenazic Jews' group in Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic". Template:Webarchive Die Sammlung der wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten der jungen jüdischen Wissenschaftler. Herausgegeben von Artur Katz, Yumi Matsuda und Alexander Grinberg. München, Dachau, 2015. S. 51. Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
- ↑ Гольдберг-Алтынцев А.В., "Краткий этнографический обзор группы ашкеназских евреев в Алнашском районе Удмуртской Республики / пер. с англ. яз. А.Й. Каца." Template:Webarchive Jewish studies in the Udmurt Republic: Online. Part 1. Edited by A. Greenberg. February 27, 2015 published. P. 3. Template:In lang
- ↑ Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V., "Some characteristics of the Jews in Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic." The youth. The creativity. The science. Edited by V. Cox, A. Katz and A. Greenberg. Trenton, 2014, p. 28. (גאלדבערג-אלטינצעוו א.ו., ". איניגע באזונדערהייטן פון די יידן אין אלנאשסקער רייאן פון ודמורטישע רעפובליק" The youth. The creativity. The science. = Die Jugend. Die Kreativität. Die Wissenschaft. = נוער. יצירתיות. מדע Edited by V. Cox, A. Katz and A. Greenberg. Trenton, 2014. P. 28.) Template:In lang
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "Пузкар (удмурт кино)".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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External links
Template:Sister project Template:Sister project Template:Wikivoyage
- Udmurtology: Udmurt Language, History and Culture Template:In lang
- Literature
- The First Udmurt Forum Template:WebarchiveTemplate:In lang
- Udmurt State University (has Udmurt Language Program for English speakers)
- Udmurt language, alphabet and pronunciation
- Vladimir Napolskikh. Review of Eberhard Winkler, Udmurt, München 2001 (Languages of the World. Materials 212)
- Udmurt – Finnish/Komi Zyrian dictionary Template:Webarchive (robust finite-state, open-source)
- Learning Udmurt words
- BGN/PCGN romanization tool for Udmurt
Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Languages of Russia
- Pages with script errors
- Languages with ISO 639-2 code
- ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue
- Pages with broken file links
- Udmurt language
- Permic languages
- Indigenous languages of European Russia
- Agglutinative languages
- Subject–object–verb languages
- Endangered Uralic languages
- Udmurt culture
- Definitely endangered languages