Aghul language
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Aghul is a Lezgic language spoken by the Aghuls in southern Dagestan, Russia and in Azerbaijan. It is spoken by about 33,200[1] people (2020 census).
Classification
Aghul belongs to the Eastern Samur group of the Lezgic branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family.
Geographic distribution
In 2002, Aghul was spoken by 28,300 people in Russia, mainly in Southern Dagestan, as well as 32 people in Azerbaijan.[2]
Related languages
There are nine languages in the Lezgian language family, namely: Aghul, Tabasaran, Rutul, Lezgian, Tsakhur, Budukh, Kryts, Udi and Archi.
Phonology
Aghul has contrastive epiglottal consonants.[3] Aghul makes, like many Northeast Caucasian languages, a distinction between tense consonants with concomitant length and weak consonants. The tense consonants are characterized by the intensiveness (tension) of articulation, which naturally leads to a lengthening of the consonant, so they are traditionally transcribed with the length diacritic. The gemination of the consonant itself does not create its tension, but morphologically tense consonants often derive from adjoining two single weak consonants. SomeScript error: No such module "Unsubst". Aghul dialects have a large numberScript error: No such module "Unsubst". of permitted initial tense consonants.[3]
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| Mid | Template:IPA link | |||
| Open | Template:IPA link | |||
Consonants
- The glottal stop transcribed here is named rather ambiguously a "glottalic laryngeal" by the source.
Alphabet
The Aghul alphabet was devised in the 1990s. Ever since then, it has been used as a language of education, with primers, textbooks, and dictionaries published.[6]
| А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Гъ гъ | Гь гь | Гӏ гӏ | Д д |
| Дж дж | Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к |
| Кк кк | Къ къ | Кь кь | Кӏ кӏ | Л л | М м | Н н | О о |
| П п | Пп пп | Пӏ пӏ | Р р | С с | Т т | Тт тт | Тӏ тӏ |
| У у | Уь уь | Ф ф | Х х | Хъ хъ | Хь хь | Хӏ хӏ | Ц ц |
| Цӏ цӏ | Ч ч | Чч чч | Чӏ чӏ | Ш ш | Щ щ | ъ | ӏ |
| ы | ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я |
Grammar
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Case
There are four core cases: absolutive, ergative, genitive, and dative, as well as a large series of location cases. All cases other than the absolutive (which is unmarked) and ergative take the ergative suffix before their own suffix.
Adjectives
Independent and predicative adjectives take number marker and class marker; also, case if used as nominal. As attribute they are invariable. Thus idžed "good", ergative, idžedi, etc. -n, -s; pl. idžedar; but Idže insandi hhuč qini "The good man killed the wolf" (subject in ergative case).
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
| Aghul | Tokip | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| 1 | zun | čin (ex), xin (in) | či (ex), xi (in) | či, xi |
| 2 | wun | čun | čun | ču |
Vocabulary
Sample text
References
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- ↑ a b Том 5. «Национальный состав и владение языками». Таблица 7. Население наиболее многочисленных национальностей по родному языку
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Magometov, Aleksandr Amarovic. 1970. Agul'skij jazyk: (issledovanie i teksty). Tbilisi: Izdatel'stvo "Mecniereba".
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Bibliography
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- Template:SOWL
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External links
- Languages of the World report Template:Webarchive
- UCLA phonetics lab data for Aghul
- Aghul word lists from the UCLA phonetics lab archive
- Aghul basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
Template:Languages of Russia Template:Northeast Caucasian languages Template:Languages of the Caucasus