Tindi language
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Tindi is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken in the Russian republic of Dagestan. Tindis have no individual designation for their language, but those living in the village of Template:Ill call their language Script error: No such module "Lang". meaning 'the language of the Idar village'. It is only an oral language; Avar or Russian are used in written communication instead.[2] Tindi vocabulary contains many loanwords from Avar, Turkish, Arabic, and Russian.[3] It has approximately 4,500 speakers.[1]
Phonology
Vowels
There are 20 phonemic vowels in Tindi.[4][5]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | u uː | |
| Mid | e eː | o oː | |
| Open | a aː |
Nasalized vowels may also exist as Script error: No such module "IPA". and as long-nasalized Script error: No such module "IPA"..
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyn- geal |
Glottal | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | lateral | central | palatalized | ||||||||||||||
| lenis | fortis | lenis | fortis | lenis | fortis | lenis | fortis | lenis | fortis | lenis | fortis | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | |||||||||||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | kː | kʲ | kʲː | ||||||||||
| ejective | tʼ | kʼ | kʲʼ | ʔ | |||||||||||||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | ɡʲ | |||||||||||||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | t͡sː | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃː | t͡ɬː | q͡χː | ||||||||||
| ejective | t͡sʼ | t͡sʼː | t͡ʃʼ | t͡ʃʼː | t͡ɬʼː | q͡χʼː | |||||||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | sː | ʃ | ʃː | ɬ | ɬː | ç | χ | χː | ħ | h | |||||
| voiced | z | ʒ | ʁ | ʕ | |||||||||||||
| Trill | r | ||||||||||||||||
| Approximant | w | l | j | ||||||||||||||
Orthography
Tindi is typically unwritten. A 2003 dictionary uses the following orthography:[6]
| А а | А̄ а̄ | Аᵸ аᵸ | А̄ᵸ а̄ᵸ | Б б | В в | Г г | Г' г' | Гъ гъ |
| Гь гь | ГӀ гӀ | Д д | Е е | Еᵸ еᵸ | Е̄ е̄ | Ж ж | Дж дж | З з |
| И и | Ӣ ӣ | Иᵸ иᵸ | Ӣᵸ ӣᵸ | Й й | К к | Кк кк | К' к' | Кк' кк' |
| КӀ кӀ | КӀ' кӀ' | Л л | Лъ лъ | Лъ' лъ' | Ллъ ллъ | ЛӀ лӀ | М м | Н н |
| О о | О̄ о̄ | Оᵸ оᵸ | П п | С с | C̄ c̄ | Т т | ТӀ тӀ | У у |
| Ӯ ӯ | Уᵸ уᵸ | Ӯᵸ ӯᵸ | Х х | Хх хх | Хъ хъ | Хь хь | Хь' хь' | ХӀ хӀ |
| Ц ц | Цц цц | ЦӀ цӀ | Ч ч | Чч чч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Э э |
References
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
- ↑ a b Том 5. «Национальный состав и владение языками». Таблица 7. Население наиболее многочисленных национальностей по родному языку
- ↑ Template:Ethnologue18
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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External links
Template:Northeast Caucasian languages Template:Languages of the Caucasus