Kipchak languages
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The Kipchak languages (also known as the Kypchak, Qypchaq, Qypshaq or the Northwestern Turkic languages) are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family spoken by approximately 30 million people in much of Central Asia and Eastern Europe, spanning from Romania to China. Some of the most widely spoken languages in this group are Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Tatar.
Linguistic features
The Kipchak languages share a number of features that have led linguists to classify them together. Some of these features are shared with other Common Turkic languages; others are unique to the Kipchak family.
- Change of Proto-Turkic *d to Template:IPAslink (e.g. *hadaq > ajaq "foot")
- Loss of initial *h, see above example
Unique features
Family-specific
- Extensive labial vowel harmony (e.g. olor vs. olar "them") Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
- Frequent fortition (in the form of assibilation) of initial Script error: No such module "IPA". (e.g. *Template:IPA linketti > Template:IPA linketti "seven")
- Diphthongs from syllable-final Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". (e.g. *taɡ > taw "mountain", *sub > suw "water")
Language-specific
- In both Tatar and Bashkir, the original mid and high vowels are swapped in position by vowel raising and lowering:
| Old Turkic | Tatar (for example) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mid → high | |||
| *e | Script error: No such module "IPA". | i | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| *o | Script error: No such module "IPA". | u | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| *ö | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ü | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| High → Mid | |||
| *i | Script error: No such module "IPA". | e | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| *ı | Script error: No such module "IPA". | î | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| *u | Script error: No such module "IPA". | o | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| *ü | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ö | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Classification
The Kipchak languages may be broken down into four groups based on geography and shared features (languages in bold are still spoken today):
| Proto-Turkic | Common Turkic | Kipchak | Kipchak–Bulgar (Uralian, Uralo-Caspian) |
| |
| Kipchak–Cuman (Ponto-Caspian) | |||||
| Kipchak–Nogai (Aralo-Caspian) |
| ||||
| Kipchak–Kyrgyz (Kyrgyz) | |||||
See also
Notes
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References
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Bibliography
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