Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives

The voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral fricatives is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is K.

The symbol is called "belted l" and is distinct from "l with tilde", , which transcribes a different soundTemplate:Sndthe velarized (or pharynɡealized) alveolar lateral approximant, often called "dark L".

Some scholars also posit the voiceless alveolar lateral approximant distinct from the fricative.Template:Sfnp More recent research distinguishes between "turbulent" and "laminar" airflow in the vocal tract.Template:Sfnp Ball & Rahilly (1999) state that "the airflow for voiced approximants remains laminar (smooth), and does not become turbulent". The approximant may be represented in the IPA as Template:Angbr IPA.

In Sino-Tibetan language group, Template:Harvcoltxt argue that Burmese and Standard Tibetan have voiceless lateral approximants and Li Fang-Kuei & William Baxter contrast apophonically the voiceless alveolar lateral approximant from its voiced counterpart in the reconstruction of Old Chinese. Template:Harvcoltxt includes the voiceless velarized alveolar lateral approximant Template:IPAblink.

However, the voiceless dental & alveolar lateral approximant is constantly found as an allophone of its voiced counterpart in British English and Philadelphia EnglishTemplate:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp after voiceless coronal and labial stops, which is velarized before back vowels, the allophone of Template:IPAblink after voiceless dorsal and laryngeal stops is most realized as a voiceless velar lateral approximant.Template:Sfnp See English phonology.

Features

Features of the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative:

Occurrence

The sound is fairly common among indigenous languages of the Americas, such as Nahuatl, Tlingit and Navajo, and in North Caucasian languages, such as Avar. It is also found in African languages, such as Zulu, and Asian languages, such as Chukchi, some Yue dialects like Taishanese, the Hlai languages of Hainan, and several Formosan languages and dialects in Taiwan.

The sound is rare in European languages outside the Caucasus, but it is found notably in Welsh in which it is written Template:Angle bracket.Template:Sfnp Several Welsh names beginning with this sound (Llwyd , Llywelyn ) have been borrowed into English and then retain the Welsh Template:Angbr spelling but are pronounced with an Template:IPAslink (Lloyd, Llewellyn), or they are substituted with Template:Angbr (pronounced ) (Floyd, Fluellen). It was also found in certain dialects of Lithuanian Yiddish.

Modern South Arabian languages are known for their apparent archaic Semitic features, especially in their system of phonology. For example, they preserve the lateral fricatives Template:Nounderlines Template:IPAblink and Template:Nounderlines/Template:Nounderlines Template:IPAblink of Proto-Semitic. Except for the Modern South Arabian languages, every other extant Semitic language has merged Proto-Semitic *s2 Template:IPAblink into one of the two other plain sibilants.

The phoneme was also found in the most ancient Hebrew speech of the Ancient Israelites. The orthography of Biblical Hebrew, however, did not directly indicate the phoneme since it and several other phonemes of Ancient Hebrew did not have a grapheme of their own. The phoneme, however, is clearly attested by later developments: was written with Template:Angbr, but the letter was also used for the sound . Later, merged with , a sound that had been written only with Template:Angbr. As a result, three etymologically distinct modern Hebrew phonemes can be distinguished: written Template:Angbr, written Template:Angbr (with later niqqud pointing שׁ), and evolving from and written Template:Angbr (with later niqqud pointing שׂ). The specific pronunciation of Template:Angbr evolving to from is known based on comparative evidence since is the corresponding Proto-Semitic phoneme and is still attested in Modern South Arabian languages, and early borrowings indicate it from Ancient Hebrew (e.g. < Greek Template:Transliteration < Hebrew Template:Transliteration). The phoneme began to merge with in Late Biblical Hebrew, as is indicated by interchange of orthographic Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr, possibly under the influence of Aramaic, and became the rule in Mishnaic Hebrew. In all Jewish reading traditions, and have merged completely, but in Samaritan Hebrew has instead merged into .

The sound is also found in two of the constructed languages invented by J. R. R. Tolkien, Sindarin (inspired by Welsh, which has the sound) and Quenya (even though this language was mostly inspired by Finnish, Ancient Greek, and Latin, none of which have this sound). In Sindarin, it is written as Template:Angle bracket initially and Template:Angle bracket medially and finally, and in Quenya, it appears only initially and is written Template:Angle bracket.

Dental or denti-alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Amis	Kangko dialect			'bowl'	Allophonic variation of word-final and sometimes word-initial .Template:Sfnp
MapudungunTemplate:Sfnp				'phlegm that is spit'	Interdental; possible utterance-final allophone of .Template:Sfnp
Norwegian	Trondheim dialectTemplate:Sfnp			'sold'	Laminal denti-alveolar; allophone of . Also described as an approximant.Template:Sfnp See Norwegian phonology
Sahaptin				'moccasins'	Contrasts approximant .Template:Sfnp

Alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe		/ /		'red'
AhtnaTemplate:Sfnp				'mountain'
AvarTemplate:Sfnp		/ /		'three'Template:Sfnp
Basay				'water'
Berber	Ait Seghrouchen			'not yet'	Allophone of .Template:Sfnp
Brahui		/ teļ		'scorpion'	Contrasts .Template:Sfnp
Bunun	Isbukun dialect			'mountain'	Voiceless allophone of among some speakers.Template:Sfnp
BuraTemplate:Sfnp		batli		'early forenoon (7-9am)'	Contrasts with Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp
Central Alaskan Yup'ikTemplate:Sfnp				'arm'
Cherokee	Oklahoma Cherokee	,	,	'not', 'dog'	In free variation with affricate among some speakers.Template:Sfnp Also an alternative pronunciation of voiceless lateral approximant , a realization of cluster .Template:Sfnp
ChickasawTemplate:Sfnp				'it is dry'
Chinese	Taishanese	三		'three'	Corresponds to in Standard Cantonese
	Pinghua
	Pu-Xian Min			'sand'
ChipewyanTemplate:Sfnp				'fish'
ChukchiTemplate:Sfnp				'shoes'
DahaloTemplate:Sfnp				'stew'	Contrasts palatal and labialized .Template:Sfnp
Deg Xinag				'she is teaching them'
Dogrib				'smoke'	Contrasts voiced .Template:Sfnp
Eyak				'woman'	Contrasts approximant .Template:Sfnp
Fali				'shoulder'
Forest Nenets				'rain'	Contrasts palatalized .Template:Sfnp
Greenlandic				'house'	Realization of underlying geminate .Template:Sfnp See Greenlandic phonology
HadzaTemplate:Sfnp				'man'
HaidaTemplate:Sfnp				'six'
Halkomelem				'wet'	Attested in at least the Musqueam dialect.Template:Sfnp
Hla'aluaTemplate:Sfnp		Template:Sfnp		'vegetable'
Hlai		Template:Sfnp		'fish'	Contrasts voiced approximant .Template:Sfnp
Hmong			{{errorTemplate:Main other|Audio file "Lhi.ogg" not found}}Template:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'moon'
Inuktitut		Template:Transliteration		'grizzly bear'	See Inuit phonology
Kabardian		/ /	{{errorTemplate:Main other|Audio file "Circassian Лъ.ogg" not found}}Template:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'blood'	Contrasts voiced and glottalic .Template:Sfnp
Kaska		tsį̄ł		'axe'
Kham	Gamale Kham			'leaf'
Khroskyabs		?		'kill' (causative)
LillooetTemplate:Sfnp				'rash'Template:Sfnp
LushootseedTemplate:Sfnp				'sun'
MapudungunTemplate:Sfnp				'a different song'	Possible utterance-final allophone of .Template:Sfnp
Mehri				'milk'	Contrasts with , and .
Mochica				Phaseolus lunatus
Moloko				'cow'
Mongolian				'Wednesday'	Only in loanwords from Tibetan;Template:Sfnp here from ལྷག་པ (lhag-pa)
MuscogeeTemplate:Sfnp				'grape'
Nahuatl				'city'	Allophone of
Navajo				'some'	See Navajo phonology
Nisga'a				'sun'
Norwegian	Trøndersk			'weak', 'small'	Contrasts alveolar approximant , apical postalveolar approximant , and laminal postalveolar approximant .Template:Sfnp
Nuosu				'to fry'	Contrasts approximant .Template:Sfnp
Nuxalk				'thick'	Contrasts with affricates and , and approximant .Template:Sfnp
SaanichTemplate:Sfnp				'splash'
Sandawe				'goat'
Sassarese			{{errorTemplate:Main other|Audio file "Sdc-Moltu.wav" not found}}Template:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'dead'
Sawi				'three'Template:Sfnp	Contrasts approximant .Template:Sfnp Developed from earlier *tr- consonant cluster.Template:Sfnp
Shehri				'ten'	Contrasts with , and .
Shuswap				'fire is out'Template:Clarify
Sotho				'to examine'	See Sotho phonology
Soqotri				'old'	Contrasts with , and .
Swedish	Jämtlandic			'cold'	Also occurs in dialects in Dalarna and Härjedalen. See Swedish phonology
	Västerbotten dialect		[beɬː]	'bridle'
Taos				'wife'	See Taos phonology
TeraTemplate:Sfnp				'side'
Thao				'star'
Tlingit				'Tlingit'
Toda				'to learn'	Contrasts .Template:Sfnp
Ukrainian	Poltava subdialect			'milk'	Occurs only in Poltava subdialect of Central Dniprovian dialect.
Tsez			{{errorTemplate:Main other|Audio file "Lhi.ogg" not found}}Template:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'water'
Vietnamese	Gin dialectTemplate:Sfnp			'small'
WelshTemplate:Sfnp				'kettle'	See Welsh phonology
XhosaTemplate:Sfnp				'we stay'
Xumi	LowerTemplate:Sfnp			'head'	Described as an approximant. Contrasts with the voiced .Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp
	UpperTemplate:Sfnp			'to open a lock'
Yurok				'earring'
Zulu				'twig'	Contrasts voiced .Template:Sfnp
Zuni				'ten'

Alveolar approximant

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Aleut	Western Aleut			'boy'	Contrasts with voiced /l/. Merged in Eastern Aleut.Template:Sfnp
Burmese				'beautiful'	Contrasts with voiced /l/.
Danish	StandardTemplate:Sfnp			'square'	Before , aspiration of is realized as devoicing of .Template:Sfnp See Danish phonology
English	CardiffTemplate:Sfnp	plus		'plus'	See English phonology
	NorfolkTemplate:Sfnp
EstonianTemplate:Sfnp				'juice'	Word-final allophone of after .Template:Sfnp See Estonian phonology
Faroese				'to help'	Allophone of before fortis plosives.Template:Sfnp
Iaai				'black'	Contrasts with voiced /l/.
Icelandic				'barn'	Contrasts with voiced . Allophonic variation of before fortis plosives.Template:Sfnp See Icelandic phonology.
Northern Sámi	Eastern Inland			'salary'	Allophone of underlying cluster Template:Sfnp
PipilTemplate:Sfnp		Template:Example needed			Contrasted voiced in some now-extinct dialects.Template:Sfnp
Scottish Gaelic				'blow, knock'	Allophone of before a pre-aspirated plosive.Template:Sfnp
Southern NambikwaraTemplate:Sfnp				'cane toad'Template:Sfnp	Allophonic variation of .Template:Sfnp
Tibetan				'Lhasa'
Ukrainian	StandardTemplate:Sfnp			'sense'	Word-final allophone of after voiceless consonants.Template:Sfnp See Ukrainian phonology

Velarized dental or alveolar approximant

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
English	Some Philadelphia speakersTemplate:Sfnp	plus		'plus'	See English phonologyTemplate:Sfnp
Scottish Gaelic				'hair'	Allophone of before a pre-aspirated plosive.Template:Sfnp
TurkishTemplate:Sfnp				'way'	Devoiced allophone of velarized dental , frequent finally and before voiceless consonants.Template:Sfnp See Turkish phonology

Semitic languages

The sound is conjectured as a phoneme for Proto-Semitic language, usually transcribed as Template:Transliteration; it has evolved into Arabic , Hebrew :

Proto-Semitic	Modern South Arabian Languages	Akkadian	Arabic		Phoenician		Hebrew		Aramaic		Ge'ez
ś		s̠	ش	š	š	š	שׂ‎	s	ܫ	s	ሠ	ś
ṣ́		ṣ	ض	ḍ	Template:Script	ṣ	Template:Script	ṣ (modern ts)	Template:Script	ʿ	Template:Script	ṣ́

Among Semitic languages, the sound (with its emphatic counterpart ṣ́) still exists in contemporary Modern South Arabian languages; Soqotri, Shehri, and Mehri. In Ge'ez, it is written with the letter Śawt.

Voiceless lateral-median fricative

The voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative (also known as a "lisp" fricative) is a consonantal sound. Consonants is pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow.

Features

Template:Fricative However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant. Template:Alveolar Template:Voiceless Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Lateral Template:Pulmonic

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Arabic	[[ʽAsir Province|Al-RubūTemplate:Ayinah]] dialect			'anguish'	Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic
	[dialect missing]			'thirsty'	Classical and Modern Standard Arabic

Capital letter

File:Unicode 0xA7AD.svg

Capital letter L with belt

Since the IPA letter "ɬ" has been adopted into the standard orthographies for many native North American languages, a capital letter L with belt "Ɬ" was requested by academics and added to the Unicode Standard version 7.0 in 2014 at U+A7AD.

See also

• Voiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives
• Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate
• Index of phonetics articles

References

• Template:SOWL
• Template:Cite thesis
• • Official database:
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Further reading

• Beth am y llall? John Wells's phonetic blog, 1 July 2009. (How the British phonetician John Wells would teach the sound .)
• A chance to share more than just some sounds of languages walesonline.co.uk, 3 May 2012 (Article by Dr Paul Tench including information on transcribing in Chadic languages.)

External links

• Template:Phoible
• Template:Phoible