Ter Sámi
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Ter Sámi is the easternmost of the Sámi languages. It was traditionally spoken in the northeastern part of the Kola Peninsula, but now it is a moribund language; in 2004, only ten speakers were left. By 2011, the number of speakers had decreased to two.[2][1] Other estimates counted about 30 Ter Sámi speakers in Murmansk Oblast, as well as in St. Petersburg, in 2007. The mean age of the youngest Ter Sámi speakers at that time was 50.[3]
History
In the end of the 19th century, there were six Ter Sámi villages in the eastern part of the Kola Peninsula, with a total population of approximately 450. In 2004, there were approximately 100 ethnic Ter Sámi of whom two elderly persons speak the language; the rest have shifted their language to Russian.[4]
The rapid decline in the number of speakers was caused by Soviet collectivisation, in the 1930s, and the largest Ter Sámi village, Yokanga, was declared "perspectiveless" and its inhabitants were forced to move to the Gremikha military base.[4]
Documentation
There are no educational materials or facilities in Ter Sámi, and the language has no standardized orthography. The language is incompletely studied and documented, though text specimens and audio recordings as well as dictionaries for linguistic purposes exist.[5][6]
Phonology
Consonants
- All consonants except for /j/ may be palatalized [ʲ].
- Consonants /t, d/ can also sound as half-palatalized.
Vowels
- After palatalized consonants, Script error: No such module "IPA". is realized as Template:IPAblink.[7]
Writing system
A spelling system for Sámi languages using the Latin alphabet and based on Skolt Sámi was developed in the 1930s.[8] Oktyabrina Voronova published the only poetry booklet in Ter Sámi in 1989 using an orthography based on the Cyrillic Kildin Sámi orthography of 1982.[9]
| А а | Ӓ ӓ | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж |
| З з | И и | Й й | К к | Л л | Ӆ ӆ | М м | Ӎ ӎ | Н н |
| Ӊ ӊ | Ӈ ӈ | О о | П п | Р р | Ҏ ҏ | С с | Т т | У у |
| Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ӹ ӹ | Ь ь |
| Ҍ ҍ | Э э | Ӭ ӭ | Ю ю | Я я |
Morphology
Ter Sámi has 8 cases, Nominative, Genitive, Accusative, Essive, Inessive-Lative, Dative-Illative, Abessive, and Comitative.[10]
| case | singular | plural |
|---|---|---|
| Template:Sc | - | change of the main part of word |
| Template:Sc | change of the main part of word | change of the main part of word |
| Template:Sc | change of the main part of word | t |
| Template:Sc | n | n |
| Template:Sc | s't | n |
| Template:Sc | a, i | t |
| Template:Sc | ta | ta |
| Template:Sc | n | k'em, g'em |
Examples of the genitive
(in the UPA)
Template:UPA = raining cloud
Template:UPA = slaughter of deer
Template:UPA = German inhabitant
Template:UPA = Russian boys
Plurals
In the nominative case, the base word changes when a plural is made.
| Word | Meaning | Plural | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| mi̮rr | forest | mi̮r | forests |
| k'iлл | language | k'iл | languages |
| šiɛn'n' | swamp | šiɛn' | swamps |
| tast | star | taast | stars |
The word ku 'who' in the cases.
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ku | kogg |
| Genitive | konn | kojt |
| Accusative | konn | kojt |
| Essive | kon'n'in | kojn |
| Inessive | kon'n'es't | kojn |
| Dative | kon'n'i | kojt |
| Abessive | konta | kojta |
| Comitative | kon'in | kojgujm |
Vocabulary
| Ter Sámi | Latin transcription | English gloss |
|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | vɨejjve | head |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | nɨkčɨm | tongue |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | kidt | hand |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | lonn't | bird |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | čadc'e | water |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | kiedd'ke | stone |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | abb're | rain |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | toll | fire |
Notes
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- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ a b Tiuraniemi Olli: "Anatoli Zaharov on maapallon ainoa turjansaamea puhuva mies", Kide 6 / 2004.
- ↑ Itkonen T. I.: "Koltan- ja kuolanlapin sanakirja", Helsinki: Société Finno-Ougrienne, 1958.
- ↑ Itkonen T. I.: "Koltan- ja kuolanlappalaisia satuja", 1931.Memoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 60
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Rießler, Michael (2018). "Kola Sámi literature (Kildin Sámi, Ter Sámi, Akkala Sámi)". In: "Čálli giehta olla guhkás" A writing hand reaches further ({S}ámi proverb) Johanna Domokos (ed.). Helsinki: Yhdenvertaisen kulttuurin puolesta ry, pp. 73–78.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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External links
- Template:Commons category inline
- Ter saami dictionary
- Die Struktur der Nominalphrase im Tersaamischen (in German)
- Koltan- ja kuolanlapin sanakirja (dictionary in German, contains Ter Saami)
- Koltan- ja kuolanlappalaisia satuja (texts in Kola Saami languages, includes Ter Saami)
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