Voiced alveolar fricative

Template:Short description The voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described.

• The symbol for the alveolar sibilant is Template:Angbr IPA, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is z. The IPA letter Template:Angbr is not normally used for dental or postalveolar sibilants in narrow transcription unless modified by a diacritic (Template:Angbr IPA and Template:Angbr IPA respectively).
• The IPA symbol for the alveolar non-sibilant fricative is derived by means of diacritics; it can be Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA.

Voiced coronal fricatives

		Dental	Denti- alveolar	Alveolar	Post-alveolar
					Retracted	Retroflex	Palato- alveolar	Alveolo- palatal
Sibilant	plain
Non-sibilant		Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
	tapped			Template:IPA link

Coronal sibilants

		IPA symbol	meaning
place of articulation	passive (mouth)	Template:Angbr IPA	dental
		Template:Angbr IPA	advanced (denti-alveolar)
		Template:Angbr IPA	alveolar
		Template:Angbr IPA	retracted (postalveolar)
	active (tongue)	Template:Angbr IPA	apical
		Template:Angbr IPA	laminal
		Template:Angbr IPA	retroflex
	secondary	Template:Angbr IPA	palatalized coronal
		Template:Angbr IPA	alveolo-palatal
		Template:Angbr IPA	palato-alveolar
		Template:Angbr IPA	labialized coronal
		Template:Angbr IPA	velarized coronal
		Template:Angbr IPA	pharyngealized coronal
voice-onset time		Template:Angbr IPA	breathy coronal

Voiced alveolar sibilant

Template:Infobox IPA/core1 Template:Infobox IPA/core1 Template:Infobox IPA/core1 Template:Infobox IPA/core1 The voiced alveolar sibilant is common across European languages, but is relatively uncommon cross-linguistically compared to the voiceless variant. Only about 28% of the world's languages contain a voiced dental or alveolar sibilant. Moreover, 85% of the languages with some form of are languages of Europe, Africa, or Western Asia.

Features

• There are at least three specific variants of :
  • Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of is very strong.
  • Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. According to Template:Harvcoltxt about half of English speakers use a non-retracted apical articulation.
  • Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to Template:IPAblink or laminal Template:IPAblink.

Occurrence

Dentalized laminal alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Armenian	EasternTemplate:Sfnp		{{errorTemplate:Main other|Audio file "zɑɾtʰ.ogg" not found}}Template:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'decoration'
AzerbaijaniTemplate:Sfnp				'sprout'
BelarusianTemplate:Sfnp				'base'	Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology
BulgarianTemplate:Sfnp				'lake'	Contrasts with palatalized form.
CzechTemplate:Sfnp				'winter'	See Czech phonology
English	Multicultural London	zoo		'zoo'	See English phonology
FrenchTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp			{{errorTemplate:Main other|Audio file "LL-Q150 (fra)-LoquaxFR-zèbre.wav" not found}}Template:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'zebra'	See French phonology
HungarianTemplate:Sfnp				'pledge'	See Hungarian phonology
Kashubian		Template:Example needed
KazakhTemplate:Sfnp				'law'
KyrgyzTemplate:Sfnp
LatvianTemplate:Sfnp				'branch'	See Latvian phonology
MacedonianTemplate:Sfnp				'why'	See Macedonian phonology
Mirandese				'learning'	Contrasts seven sibilants altogether, preserving medieval Ibero-Romance contrasts.
PolishTemplate:Sfnp			{{errorTemplate:Main other|Audio file "Pl-zero.ogg" not found}}Template:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'zero'	See Polish phonology
Portuguese	Most speakers			'United States'	See Portuguese phonology
Romanian				'dice'	See Romanian phonology
RussianTemplate:Sfnp			{{errorTemplate:Main other|Audio file "Ru-заезжать.ogg" not found}}Template:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'to pick up'	Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology
Serbo-CroatianTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp		/		'loan'	See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak				'winter'
Slovene				'winter'
TurkishTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp				'eye'	See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian				'tooth'	Contrasts with palatalized form. See Ukrainian phonology
Upper SorbianTemplate:Sfnp		koza		'goat'
UzbekTemplate:Sfnp				'victory'
Vietnamese	HanoiTemplate:Sfnp			'skin'	See Vietnamese phonology

Non-retracted alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe			{{errorTemplate:Main other|Audio file "Ady-зы.ogg" not found}}Template:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'one'
Albanian				'fire'
Arabic	StandardTemplate:Sfnp			'visitor'	See Arabic phonology
Assamese				'chili'
Assyrian		ܙܢ̱ܓܐ zìga		'bell'
Bengali				'Salah'	Mostly in loanwords and often replaced by Template:IPAblink. See Bengali phonology
Breton				'church'
Chechen		зурма /		'music'
Emilian	Bolognese	raṡån		'reason'	Palatalized apical; may be Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink instead.
English		zoo	{{errorTemplate:Main other|Audio file "zoo-pronunciation-audio-nonmulticultural.ogg" not found}}Template:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'zoo'	Absent from some Scottish and Asian dialects. See English phonology
Esperanto				'cousin'	See Esperanto phonology
GeorgianTemplate:Sfnp				'bell'
Greek	Athens dialectTemplate:Sfnp	/ záli		'dizziness'	See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew				'wolf'	See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani	Hindi			'land'	May be replaced in Hindi by Template:IPAblink. See Hindustani phonology
	Urdu
JapaneseTemplate:Sfnp		/		'everything'	Might be replaced with Template:IPAblink. See Japanese phonology
Kabardian			{{errorTemplate:Main other|Audio file "Ady-зы.ogg" not found}}Template:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'one'
Kalaw Lagaw Ya				'go'
Kashmiri		/		'to know'
Khmer		/ Template:Transliteration		noun: 'Belgium', 'Belgian(s)' adjective: 'Belgian'	See Khmer phonology
KondaTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp		sunz		'to sleep'
Malay		beza		'difference'
Maltese				'zeal'
Marathi				'if'	See Marathi phonology.
Nepali				'thousand'	Coda and intervocalic allophone of /d͡z/ and /d͡zʱ/.
				'paper'
				'to explain'
				'middle'
Occitan	Limousin	jòune		'young'	See Occitan phonology
Persian			[ɾuːz]	'day'
PortugueseTemplate:Sfnp				'house'	See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi	Gurmukhi			'thousand'	May be replaced by Template:IPAblink in Gurmukhi (Indian) varieties.
	Shahmukhi
Spanish	Andalusian			'Communism'	Allophone of before voiced consonants, when it is not debuccalized to . Present in dialects which realize as a non-retracted alveolar fricative. Before it is dental .
	Latin American
	Filipino
Swahili				'must'
Tamil	Jaffna Tamil			'letter'	Was only reported for 1 speaker in the sample but he pronounced it regularly.
West FrisianTemplate:Sfnp				'to say'	It never occurs in word-initial positions. See West Frisian phonology
Yi		/		'generation'
Yiddish		/		'son'
Zapotec	TilquiapanTemplate:Sfnp	guanaz		'went to grab'

Retracted alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
CatalanTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp				'zeal'	Apical. See Catalan phonology
Galician		mesmo		'same'	Apical. Allophone of before voiced consonants. Before it is pronounced dentally .
GreekTemplate:Sfnp		/ Template:Transliteration		'mass'	See Modern Greek phonology
Italian	Central ItalyTemplate:Sfnp			'case'	Present in Lazio north of Cape Linaro,Template:Sfnp most of UmbriaTemplate:Sfnp (save Perugia and the extreme south)Template:Sfnp and Le Marche south of the Potenza.Template:Sfnp
	Northern ItalyTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp				Apical.Template:Sfnp Present in many areas north of the La Spezia–Rimini Line.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Italian phonology
	SicilyTemplate:Sfnp				Present south and west of a line drawn from Syracuse to Cefalù.Template:Sfnp
Low GermanTemplate:Sfnp		Template:Example needed
Maldivian		zaraafaa		'giraffe'
Mirandese				'to exist'	Apical. Mirandese and neighboring Portuguese dialects were the only surviving oral tradition to preserve all seven mediaeval Ibero-Romance sibilants: Template:Angbr Template:IPAslink, Template:Angbr Template:IPAslink, Template:Angbr/Template:Angbr Template:IPAslink, Template:Angbr/Template:Angbr Template:IPAslink, Template:Angbr , Template:Angbr/-Template:Angbr- Template:IPAslink, -Template:Angbr-
Occitan	Gascon	casèrna		'barracks'	See Occitan phonology
	Languedocien	véser		'to see'
Piedmontese		amis		'friend'	Apical. See Piemontese phonology
Portuguese	Coastal Northern European	Template:Example needed			Merges with non-retracted . See Portuguese phonology
	Inland Northern European	Template:Example needed			Apical. Contrasts with non-retracted . See Portuguese phonology
Spanish	Andean	mismo		'same'	Apical. Allophone of before voiced consonants. Before it is pronounced dentally . See Spanish phonology
	Castilian
	Paisa Region

Variable

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
German	StandardTemplate:Sfnp			'clean'	Varies between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal and non-retracted apical.Template:Sfnp See Standard German phonology
Italian	StandardTemplate:Sfnp			'case'	Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.Template:Sfnp See Italian phonology
	TicinoTemplate:Sfnp				Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.Template:Sfnp Both variants may be labiodentalized.Template:Sfnp See Italian phonology
Dutch	Belgian StandardTemplate:Sfnp		{{errorTemplate:Main other|Audio file "Nl-zeep (Belgium).ogg" not found}}Template:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	‘soap’	Laminal.Template:Sfnp See Dutch phonology
	Northern StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp		{{errorTemplate:Main other|Audio file "Nl-zeep.ogg" not found}}Template:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler		Laminal; may have only mid-to-low pitched friction. It is often retracted when preconsonantal, after rounded vowels and .Template:Sfnp See Dutch phonology
			{{errorTemplate:Main other|Audio file "Nl-zat.ogg" not found}}Template:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'full', 'fed (up)'

Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative

The voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that are not palatalized), it can represent the sound as in a number of ways including Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA (retracted or alveolarized , respectively), Template:Angbr IPA (constricted ), or Template:Angbr IPA (lowered ).

Few languages also have the voiced alveolar tapped fricative, which is simply a very brief apical alveolar non-sibilant fricative, with the tongue making the gesture for a tapped stop but not making full contact. It can be indicated in the IPA with the lowering diacritic to show that full occlusion does not occur. Flapped fricatives are theoretically possible but are not attested.Template:Sfnp

Features

Template:Fricative However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant. Template:Alveolar Template:Voiced Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Aragonese	ChistabinoTemplate:Sfnp			'air'	Tapped; common realization of .Template:Sfnp
CzechTemplate:Sfnp				'four'	May be a fricative trillTemplate:Sfnp or a tap fricative instead.Template:Sfnp It contrasts with and . See Czech phonology
Dahalo				'work'	Apical; only weakly fricated. It is a common intervocalic allophone of , and may be an approximant Template:IPAblink or simply a plosive Template:IPAblink instead.
Dutch				'for'	One of many possible realizations of ; distribution unclear. See Dutch phonology
Emilian	Bolognese			'case'	Laminal
English	ScouseTemplate:Sfnp	maid		'maid'	Allophone of . See English phonology
	South AfricanTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp	round		'round'	Apical,Template:Sfnp present in some urban dialects.Template:Sfnp See South African English phonology
Icelandic			{{errorTemplate:Main other|Audio file "Is-góður.oga" not found}}Template:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'good'	Usually apical, may be closer to an approximant. See Icelandic phonology
Italian	SicilyTemplate:Sfnp			'earth'	Apical; corresponds to in standard Italian.Template:Sfnp See Italian phonology
ManxTemplate:Sfnp				'big'	Pre-consonantal and word-final realization of , in free variation with other allophones.
SpanishTemplate:Sfnp	Aragonese			'air'	Tapped; possible realization of .Template:Sfnp See Spanish phonology
Swedish	Central StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp			'wanderer'	Allophone of around the Stockholm area. See Swedish phonology
Tacana		Template:Example needed			Tapped.
TurkishTemplate:Sfnp				'dream'	Tapped; word-initial allophone of .Template:Sfnp See Turkish phonology

Voiced lateral-median fricative

The voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative (also known as a "lisp" fricative) is a consonantal sound. Consonants is pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow.

Features

Template:Fricative However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant. Template:Alveolar Template:Voiced Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Lateral Template:Pulmonic

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Arabic	Rijal Almaʽa			'hyena'	Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic
Mehri				'plait'

See also

• Tongue shape
• Apical consonant
• Laminal consonant
• Index of phonetics articles

References

• Template:SOWL

External links

• Template:Phoible
• Template:Phoible
• Template:Phoible