Hlai languages

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The Hlai languages (Template:Lang-zh) are a primary branch of the Kra–Dai language family spoken in the mountains of central and south-central Hainan in China by the Hlai people, not to be confused with the colloquial name for the Leizhou branch of Min Chinese (Template:Lang-zh). They include Cun, whose speakers are ethnically distinct.[1] A quarter of Hlai speakers are monolingual. None of the Hlai languages had a writing system until the 1950s, when the Latin script was adopted for Ha.

Classification

Norquest (2007) classifies the Hlai languages as follows.[2] There are some 750,000 Hlai speakers.

Template:Tree list

  • Proto-Hlai
    • Bouhin (Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".) – 73,000
    • Greater Hlai
      • Ha Em 哈炎 (Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".) – 193,000
      • Central Hlai
        • East Central Hlai – 344,000
          • Lauhut (Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".) – 166,000, the basis of the literary language
          • Qi 杞 (also known as Gei) – 178,000
            • Tongzha (Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".) – 125,000
            • Zandui (Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".) – 29,000
            • Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". – 24,000
        • North Central Hlai – 136,500
          • Northwest Central Hlai – 62,500
            • Cun 村语 (Ngan Fon, Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".) – 60,000
            • Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".) – 2,500
          • Northeast Central Hlai – 74,000
            • Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (Moifau) – 30,000
              • Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
              • Moyfaw (Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".)
            • Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (Zwn; also known as Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".) – 44,000
              • Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". – 36,000
              • Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". – 8,000

Template:Tree list/end

Nadou is spoken by approximately 4,000 people in the two villages of Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (in Script error: No such module "lang". Town Script error: No such module "Lang".) and Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (in Script error: No such module "lang". Town Script error: No such module "Lang".), in Dongfang, Hainan. Speakers refer to themselves as Script error: No such module "Lang". and are officially classified by the Chinese government as ethnic Han Chinese.[3]

Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (52,000 speakers) is a divergent Kra-Dai language with a Hlai superstratum and a non-Hlai substratum.[2]

Reconstruction

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The Proto-Hlai language is the reconstructed ancestor of the Hlai languages. Proto-Hlai reconstructions include those of Matisoff (1988), Thurgood (1991), Ostapirat (2004), and Norquest (2007).

Phonology

The following displays the phonological features of the modern Hlai dialects:[4][5][6]

Consonants

Bilabial Labio-
dental 		Alveolar Alveolo-
palatal 		Velar Glottal
plain lab. plain lab. pal.
Plosive voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
aspirated Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
implosive Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Affricate voiceless Template:IPA link
aspirated Template:IPA link
Fricative voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
lateral Template:IPA link
Nasal Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link) Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Trill Template:IPA link
Approximant Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
  • Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". mainly occur word-initially among various dialects. Script error: No such module "IPA". may also be realized as Script error: No such module "IPA"..
  • [[[:Template:IPA link]]], [[[:Template:IPA link]]] mainly occur among the Xifang dialects.
  • Script error: No such module "IPA". can also occur as an allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA"..
  • Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". are pronounced as alveolo-palatal sounds Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., among other various dialects.
  • Script error: No such module "IPA". can have allophones as Script error: No such module "IPA"..
  • For a brief period of time Yuanmen distinguished Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". after Script error: No such module "IPA". became Script error: No such module "IPA". which soon merged with Script error: No such module "IPA"..[7]

Vowels

Front Central Back
High Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Mid Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Low Template:IPA link
  • Among other Hlai dialects, Script error: No such module "IPA". can have allophones of Script error: No such module "IPA"..
  • Vowel sounds Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". are common among the Baisha and Jiamao dialects.
  • Script error: No such module "IPA". occurs among some dialects.

History

Liang & Zhang (1996:18–21)[8] conclude that the original homeland of the Hlai languages was the Leizhou Peninsula, and estimate that the Hlai had migrated across the Hainan Strait to Hainan Island about 4,000 years before present.[8]

See also

Notes

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  1. ↑ Ethnologue mistakenly lists Cun among the Kra languages.
  2. ↑ a b Template:Cite thesis
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Norquest (2007), p. 106
  8. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

References

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  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Further reading

External links

Template:Sister project

Template:Languages of China Template:Tai-Kadai languages Template:Authority control

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