Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives

A voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral fricatives is . The symbol is called "belted l" and is distinct from "l with tilde", , which transcribes a different soundTemplate:Sndthe velarized (or pharynɡealized) alveolar lateral approximant, often called "dark L".

A voiceless alveolar lateral approximant is transcribed in IPA as Template:Angbr IPA. In Sino-Tibetan languages, Template:Harvcoltxt argue that Burmese and Standard Tibetan have voiceless lateral approximants and Li Fang-Kuei & William Baxter contrast apophonically the voiceless alveolar lateral approximant from its voiced counterpart in the reconstruction of Old Chinese. A voiceless dental or alveolar lateral approximant is found as an allophone of its voiced counterpart in British English and Philadelphia EnglishTemplate:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp after voiceless coronal and labial stops, and it is velarized before back vowels; the allophone of after is most commonly as a voiceless velar lateral approximant.Template:Sfnp See English phonology.

Features

Features of a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative:

Occurrence

Lateral fricatives are common among indigenous languages of western North America, such as Nahuatl, Tlingit and Navajo, and in North Caucasian languages, such as Avar. It is also found in African languages, such as Zulu, and Asian languages, such as Chukchi, some Yue dialects like Taishanese, the Hlai languages of Hainan, and several Formosan languages and dialects in Taiwan.

Lateral fricatives are rare in European languages outside the Caucasus, but it is found notably in Welsh, in which it is written Template:Angle bracket.Template:Sfnp Several Welsh names beginning with this sound (Llwyd , Llywelyn ) have been borrowed into English and then retain the Welsh Template:Angbr spelling but are pronounced with an Template:IPAslink (Lloyd, Llewellyn), or they are substituted with Template:Angbr (pronounced ) (Floyd, Fluellen). It was also found in certain dialects of Lithuanian Yiddish.

Modern South Arabian languages are known for their apparent archaic Semitic features, especially in their system of phonology. For example, they preserve the lateral fricatives Template:Nounderlines Template:IPAblink and Template:Nounderlines/Template:Nounderlines Template:IPAblink of Proto-Semitic. Except for the Modern South Arabian languages, every other extant Semitic language has merged Proto-Semitic *s2 Template:IPAblink into one of the two other plain sibilants.

The phoneme was reconstructed for the most ancient Hebrew speech of the Ancient Israelites. The orthography of Biblical Hebrew, however, did not directly indicate it. It is, however, attested by later developments: was written with Template:Angbr, but the letter was also used for the sound . Later, merged with , a sound that had been written only with Template:Angbr. As a result, three etymologically distinct modern Hebrew phonemes can be distinguished: written Template:Angbr, written Template:Angbr (with later niqqud pointing שׁ), and evolving from and written Template:Angbr (with later niqqud pointing שׂ). The specific pronunciation of Template:Angbr evolving to from is known based on comparative evidence since is the corresponding Proto-Semitic phoneme and is still attested in Modern South Arabian languages, and early borrowings indicate it from Ancient Hebrew (e.g. < Greek < Hebrew ). The phoneme began to merge with in Late Biblical Hebrew, as is indicated by interchange of orthographic Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr, possibly under the influence of Aramaic, and became the rule in Mishnaic Hebrew. In all Jewish reading traditions, and have merged completely, but in Samaritan Hebrew has instead merged into .

A sound is also found in two of the constructed languages invented by J. R. R. Tolkien, Sindarin (inspired by Welsh, which has the sound) and Quenya (even though this language was mostly inspired by Finnish, Ancient Greek, and Latin, none of which have this sound). In Sindarin, it is written as Template:Angle bracket initially and Template:Angle bracket medially and finally, and in Quenya, it appears only initially and is written Template:Angle bracket.

Dental or denti-alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Amis	Kangko dialect			'bowl'	Allophonic variation of word-final and sometimes word-initial Template:IPAslink.Template:Sfnp
MapudungunTemplate:Sfnp				'phlegm that is spit'	Interdental; possible utterance-final allophone of Template:IPAslink.Template:Sfnp
Norwegian	Trondheim dialectTemplate:Sfnp			'sold'	Laminal denti-alveolar; allophone of . Also described as an approximant.Template:Sfnp See Norwegian phonology
Sahaptin				'moccasins'	Contrasts approximant .Template:Sfnp

Alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe		/ /		'red'
AhtnaTemplate:Sfnp				'mountain'
AvarTemplate:Sfnp		/ /		'three'Template:Sfnp
Basay				'water'
Berber	Ait Seghrouchen			'not yet'	Allophone of .Template:Sfnp
Brahui		/ teļ		'scorpion'	Contrasts .Template:Sfnp
Bunun	Isbukun dialect			'mountain'	Voiceless allophone of among some speakers.Template:Sfnp
BuraTemplate:Sfnp		batli		'early forenoon (7-9am)'	Contrasts with Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp
Central Alaskan Yup'ikTemplate:Sfnp				'arm'
Cherokee	Oklahoma Cherokee	,	,	'not', 'dog'	In free variation with affricate among some speakers.Template:Sfnp Also an alternative pronunciation of voiceless lateral approximant , a realization of cluster .Template:Sfnp
ChickasawTemplate:Sfnp				'it is dry'
Chinese	Taishanese	三		'three'	Corresponds to in Standard Cantonese
	Pinghua
	Pu-Xian Min			'sand'
ChipewyanTemplate:Sfnp				'fish'
ChukchiTemplate:Sfnp				'shoes'
DahaloTemplate:Sfnp				'stew'	Contrasts palatal and labialized .Template:Sfnp
Damin		l*i		'fish'	Ingressive with egressive glottalic release
Deg Xinag				'she is teaching them'
Dogrib				'smoke'	Contrasts voiced .Template:Sfnp
English	Lateral Lisp	send	[ɬɛnd]	'send'	Occurs as replacement for /s/
Eyak				'woman'	Contrasts approximant .Template:Sfnp
Fali				'shoulder'
Forest Nenets				'rain'	Contrasts palatalized .Template:Sfnp
Greenlandic				'house'	Realization of underlying geminate .Template:Sfnp See Greenlandic phonology
HadzaTemplate:Sfnp				'man'
HaidaTemplate:Sfnp				'six'
Halkomelem				'wet'	Attested in at least the Musqueam dialect.Template:Sfnp
Hla'aluaTemplate:Sfnp		Template:Sfnp		'vegetable'
Hlai		Template:Sfnp		'fish'	Contrasts voiced approximant .Template:Sfnp
Hmong			Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'moon'
Inuktitut				'grizzly bear'	See Inuit phonology
Kabardian		/ /	Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'blood'	Contrasts voiced and glottalic .Template:Sfnp
Kaska		tsį̄ł		'axe'
Kham	Gamale Kham			'leaf'
Khroskyabs		?		'kill' (causative)
LillooetTemplate:Sfnp				'rash'Template:Sfnp
LushootseedTemplate:Sfnp				'sun'
MapudungunTemplate:Sfnp				'a different song'	Possible utterance-final allophone of .Template:Sfnp
Mehri				'milk'	Contrasts with , and .
Mochica				Phaseolus lunatus
Moloko				'cow'
Mongolian				'Wednesday'	Only in loanwords from Tibetan;Template:Sfnp here from ལྷག་པ (lhag-pa)
MuscogeeTemplate:Sfnp				'grape'
Nahuatl				'city'	Allophone of
Navajo				'some'	See Navajo phonology
Nisga'a				'sun'
Norwegian	Trøndersk			'weak', 'small'	Contrasts alveolar approximant , apical postalveolar approximant , and laminal postalveolar approximant .Template:Sfnp
Nuosu				'to fry'	Contrasts approximant .Template:Sfnp
Nuxalk				'thick'	Contrasts with affricates and , and approximant .Template:Sfnp
SaanichTemplate:Sfnp				'splash'
Sandawe				'goat'
Sassarese			Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'dead'
Sawi				'three'Template:Sfnp	Contrasts approximant .Template:Sfnp Developed from earlier *tr- consonant cluster.Template:Sfnp
Shehri				'ten'	Contrasts with , and .
Shuswap				'fire is out'
Sotho				'to examine'	See Sotho phonology
Soqotri				'old'	Contrasts with , and .
Swedish	Jämtlandic			'cold'	Also occurs in dialects in Dalarna and Härjedalen. See Swedish phonology
	Västerbotten dialect		[beɬː]	'bridle'
Taos				'wife'	See Taos phonology
TeraTemplate:Sfnp				'side'
Thao				'star'
Tlingit				'Tlingit'
Toda				'to learn'	Contrasts .Template:Sfnp
Ukrainian	Poltava subdialect			'milk'	Occurs only in Poltava subdialect of Central Dniprovian dialect.
Tsez			Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'water'
Vietnamese	Gin dialectTemplate:Sfnp			'small'
WelshTemplate:Sfnp				'kettle'	See Welsh phonology
XhosaTemplate:Sfnp				'we stay'
Yurok				'earring'
Zulu				'twig'	Contrasts voiced .Template:Sfnp
Zuni				'ten'

Alveolar approximant

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Aleut	Western Aleut			'boy'	Contrasts with voiced /l/. Merged in Eastern Aleut.Template:Sfnp
Burmese				'beautiful'	Contrasts with voiced /l/.
Danish	StandardTemplate:Sfnp			'square'	Before , aspiration of is realized as devoicing of .Template:Sfnp See Danish phonology
English	CardiffTemplate:Sfnp	plus		'plus'	See English phonology
	NorfolkTemplate:Sfnp
EstonianTemplate:Sfnp				'juice'	Word-final allophone of after .Template:Sfnp See Estonian phonology
Faroese				'to help'	Allophone of before fortis plosives.Template:Sfnp
French			Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'people'	Devoiced allophone of , occurs after voiceless obstruents. Often gains voicing midway.
Iaai				'black'	Contrasts with voiced /l/.
Icelandic				'barn'	Realisation of underlying . Allophone of before fortis plosivesTemplate:Sfnp and utterance finally. In free variation with the globaly more common fricative.Template:Sfnp
Kildin Sámi		тоӆсэ	[ˈtol̥sɛ]	'to keep the flame alive'	Contrasts with /l/, /l̥ʲ/, /lʲ/, and /ʎ/.
Northern Sámi	Eastern Inland			'salary'	Allophone of underlying cluster .Template:Sfnp
PipilTemplate:Sfnp					Contrasted voiced in some now-extinct dialects.Template:Sfnp
Scottish Gaelic				'blow, knock'	Allophone of before a pre-aspirated plosive.Template:Sfnp
Southern NambikwaraTemplate:Sfnp				'cane toad'Template:Sfnp	Allophonic variation of .Template:Sfnp
Tibetan		Template:Bo-textonly		'Lhasa'
Ukrainian	StandardTemplate:Sfnp			'sense'	Word-final allophone of after voiceless consonants.Template:Sfnp See Ukrainian phonology
Xumi	LowerTemplate:Sfnp	[ʁul̥o˦]		'head'
	UpperTemplate:Sfnp	[bə˦l̥ä̝˦]		'to open a lock'	Described as an approximant. Contrasts with the voiced .Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp

Velarized dental or alveolar approximant

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
English	Some Philadelphia speakersTemplate:Sfnp	plus		'plus'	See English phonologyTemplate:Sfnp
Georgian					Allophonic
Irish Gaelic					Phonemic
Ket					Allophonic
Moksha					Phonemic, but may be [ɬˠ] instead
Russian					Allophonic
Scottish Gaelic				'hair'	Allophone of before a pre-aspirated plosive.Template:Sfnp
Sámi	Ter				Phonemic
TurkishTemplate:Sfnp				'way'	Devoiced allophone of velarized dental , frequent finally and before voiceless consonants.Template:Sfnp See Turkish phonology

Semitic languages

The sound is conjectured as a phoneme for Proto-Semitic language, usually transcribed as ; it has evolved into Arabic , Hebrew :

Proto-Semitic	Modern South Arabian Languages	Akkadian	Arabic		Phoenician		Tiberian Hebrew		Samaritan Hebrew		Aramaic		Ge'ez
ś		s̠	Template:Script/Arabic	š	š	š	שׂ‎	s	ࠔ	š	ܫ	s	ሠ	ś
ṣ́		ṣ	Template:Script/Arabic	ḍ	𐤑‎	ṣ	צ‎	ṣ (modern ts)	ࠑ	ṣ	ע‎	ʿ	Template:Script/Ethiopic	ṣ́

Among Semitic languages, the sound (with its emphatic counterpart ṣ́) still exists in contemporary Modern South Arabian languages; Soqotri, Shehri, and Mehri. In Ge'ez, it is written with the letter Śawt.

Voiceless lateral-median fricative

A voiceless alveolar lateral–median fricative (also known as a "lisp" fricative) is a consonantal sound pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow.

Features

Template:Fricative However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant. Template:Alveolar Template:Voiceless Template:Oral Template:Median articulation Template:Lateral Template:Pulmonic

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Arabic	[[ʽAsir Province|Al-RubūTemplate:Ayinah]] dialect			'anguish'	Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic
	[dialect missing]			'thirsty'	Classical and Modern Standard Arabic

Capital letter

File:Unicode 0xA7AD.svg

Capital letter L with belt

Since the IPA letter "ɬ" has been adopted into the standard orthographies for many native North American languages, a capital letter L with belt "Ɬ" was requested by academics and added to the Unicode Standard version 7.0 in 2014 at U+A7AD.

See also

• Voiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives
• Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate
• Index of phonetics articles

References

• Template:Cite thesis
• • Official database:
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Further reading

• Beth am y llall? John Wells's phonetic blog, 1 July 2009. (How the British phonetician John Wells would teach the sound .)
• A chance to share more than just some sounds of languages walesonline.co.uk, 3 May 2012 (Article by Dr Paul Tench including information on transcribing in Chadic languages.)

External links

• Template:Phoible
• Template:Phoible