Voiced velar nasal
(Redirected from Agma)
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Redirect hatnote". Template:Infobox IPA/core1Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
A voiced velar nasal, also known as eng, engma, or agma (from Greek Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang". 'fragment'), is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is the sound of ng in English sing as well as n before velar consonants as in English and ink. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA. The IPA symbol Template:Angbr IPA is similar to Template:Angbr IPA, the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to Template:Angbr IPA, the symbol for the palatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem.
While almost all languages have Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". as phonemes, Script error: No such module "IPA". is rarer.[1] Half of the 469 languages surveyed in Template:Harvp had a velar nasal phoneme; as a further curiosity, many of them limit its occurrence to the syllable coda. The velar nasal does not occur in many of the languages of the Americas, the Middle East, or the Caucasus, but it is extremely common among Australian Aboriginal languages, languages of Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asian and Southeast Asian languages, and Polynesian languages. In many languages that do not have the velar nasal as a phoneme, such as most of the Romance languages, it occurs as an allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before velar consonants. This kind of assimilation can even be found in languages with phonemic voiced velar nasals, such as English. An example of this phenomenon is the word income; its underlying representation, Script error: No such module "IPA"., can be realized as either Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA"..
An example of a language that lacks a phonemic or allophonic velar nasal is Russian, in which Script error: No such module "IPA". is pronounced as laminal denti-alveolar Template:IPAblink even before velar consonants.Template:Sfnp
Some languages have a pre-velar nasal,[2] which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical velar nasal, though not as front as the prototypical palatal nasal - see that article for more information.
Conversely, some languages have a post-velar nasal,[3] which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of a prototypical velar nasal, though not as back as the prototypical uvular nasal.
Features
Features of a voiced velar nasal:
Template:Nasal stop Template:Velar Template:Voiced Template:Nasal Template:Median articulation Template:Pulmonic
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'because' | ||
| AleutTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'five' | ||
| Arabic | Hejazi Script error: No such module "Unsubst". |
Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'brazier' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before velar stops. See Hejazi Arabic phonology |
| Armenian | EasternTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'friend' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before velar consonants |
| Assamese | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'color' | ||
| Asturian | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'no' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". in word-final position, either before consonants other than velar stops or vowel-beginning words or before a pause. | |
| Bambara | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'guitar' | ||
| Bashkir | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler | 'one thousand' | ||
| Basque | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'leg' | ||
| Bengali | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'color' | ||
| Bulgarian[4] | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'thin' | ||
| Burmese | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'chilli' | ||
| Cantonese | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'raise' | See Cantonese phonology | |
| CatalanTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'blood' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Cebuano | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'why' | ||
| Chamorro | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'duck' | ||
| Chukchi | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'three' | ||
| Czech | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'tank' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dinka | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'who' | ||
| Danish | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'song' | See Danish phonology | |
| DutchTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'fear' | See Dutch phonology | |
| Eastern Min | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'suspect' | ||
| English | sing | Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler | 'sing' | Restricted to the syllable coda. See English phonology | |
| Faroese | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'meadow' | ||
| Fijian | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'child' | ||
| Finnish | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'cloth' | Occurs in native vocabulary only intervocally (as a geminate) and before Script error: No such module "IPA".. See Finnish phonology | |
| FrenchTemplate:Sfnp | Standard | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler | 'camping' | Occurs only in words borrowed from English or Chinese. See French phonology |
| Southern France | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler | 'bread' | For many speakers, Script error: No such module "IPA". acts as a substitute for the nasalization of the preceding vowel, which may still be partially nasal. It is one of the most typical traits of varieties of French influenced by an Occitan substrate. | |
| Galician | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler | 'one' (f.) | ||
| Gan | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'tooth' | ||
| German | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'long' | See Standard German phonology | |
| Georgian | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'egoism/greed' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". in colloquial or fast speech. | |
| Greek | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'Stress' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hakka | Sixian | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'I' | |
| Hebrew | Standard | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'English language' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before velar stops. See Modern Hebrew phonology |
| Sephardi | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'Ayin' | See Sephardi Hebrew | |
| Hiligaynon | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'crazy/mentally unstable' | ||
| Hindustani | Hindi | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'color' | See Hindustani phonology |
| Urdu | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | ||||
| Fiji Hindustani | Script error: No such module "Lang". | ||||
| Ho | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'big' | ||
| Hungarian | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'shirt' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA".. See Hungarian phonology | |
| Icelandic | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'tunnel' | See Icelandic phonology | |
| Ilocano | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'to chew' | ||
| Inuktitut | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'dog' | ||
| Inuvialuktun | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'snores' | ||
| Irish | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'their voice' | Occurs word-initially as a result of the consonantal mutation eclipsis. See Irish phonology | |
| ItalianTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'also' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA".. See Italian phonology | |
| Itelmen | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'one' | ||
| Japanese | Standard | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'the South Pole' | See Japanese phonology |
| Eastern dialectsTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'key' | ||
| Javanese | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | stink | Additional Script error: No such module "IPA". caused by vowel after Script error: No such module "IPA". sounding | |
| Jin | Yuci | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'I' | |
| KagayanenTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'older sister' | ||
| Karelian[5] | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'fishing rod' | Occurs only before Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA".. | |
| Karen | Eastern Pwo | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'enter into a heated argument' | |
| Western Pwo | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'stupid; not very intelligent' | ||
| Kazakh | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'thousand' | ||
| Kyrgyz | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||
| Ket | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'to damn' | ||
| Kharia[6] | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'tongue' | A pervasive rising tone related to stress is found in monosyllabic stems. See Anderson (2014) for discussion. | |
| Khasi | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'honey' | ||
| Khmer | Template:Ubl | Template:Ubl | Template:Ubl | See Khmer phonology | |
| Korean | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'window frost' | See Korean phonology | |
| Kurdish | Northern | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'war' | See Kurdish phonology |
| Central | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang". | ||||
| Southern | |||||
| Luganda | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'hornbill' | ||
| LuxembourgishTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'nobody' | See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Macedonian | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'English' | Occurs as an allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"..[7] | |
| Malay | Malaysian and Indonesian | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'wake up' | |
| Kelantan-Pattani | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'here' | See Kelantan-Pattani Malay | |
| Terengganu | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'chicken' | See Terengganu Malay | |
| MalayalamTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". /مٰاۼَ | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'mango' | ||
| Mandarin | Standard | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'Beijing' | Restricted to the syllable coda. See Mandarin phonology |
| Sichuanese | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'I' | ||
| Marathi | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'colour' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Mari | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'human' | ||
| Minangkabau | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'nonsense' | ||
| Mongolian | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'sky' | ||
| Nepali | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'nail' | See Nepali phonology | |
| Nganasan | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'mouth' | ||
| Nivkh | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'seven' | ||
| North Frisian | Mooring | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'stove' | |
| Northern Min | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'outside' | ||
| Northern SámiTemplate:Sfnp | Eastern Finnmark | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'behind' | |
| Western Finnmark | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'many' | Script error: No such module "IPA". has merged with Script error: No such module "IPA". in Western Finnmark, except before velar stops. | |
| Norwegian | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'hallway' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Odia | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'and' | ||
| Okinawan | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'to' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before velars, before consonants in an onset cluster, and also word-finally in some dialects. | |
| Ottoman Turkish | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | [jeŋi] | 'new' | ||
| Panjabi | Gurmukhi | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'color' | |
| Shahmukhi | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | ||||
| Persian | Iranian Persian | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before velar plosives. See Persian phonology | ||
| Pipil | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'later' | ||
| PolishTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'bank' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA".; post-palatal before Script error: No such module "IPA"..Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'mango' | Occurs occasionally in slow, careful speech, as an allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"., when the speaker does not delete the Script error: No such module "IPA". by fusing it with the preceding vowel. | |
| Occitan | Provençal | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'wine' | |
| Rapanui | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'bay' | Sometimes written Template:Angbr in Rapanui | |
| Romanian | Țara Moților TransylvanianTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'dog' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA". in Standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
| Samoan | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'language' | ||
| Serbo-Croatian[8] | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'pause' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA"..[8] See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Seri | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'Seri people' | ||
| Shona | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'traditional healer' | ||
| Slovene | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'tank' | ||
| Southern Min | Hokkien | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'yellow' | |
| Teochew | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||
| SpanishTemplate:Sfnp | All dialects | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'Sunday' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before velar consonants. See Spanish phonology |
| Galician Spanish, Andalusian, Canarian, Andean, and most Caribbean dialects | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'tar' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". in word-final position regardless of what follows. | |
| Swahili | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'cow' | ||
| Swedish | Standard | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'nothing' | See Swedish phonology |
| Southern Västerbotten[9] | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'knife' | ||
| Tagalog | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'opening one's mouth' | ||
| Tamil | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". /ْيِࢳࢴࣣي | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'here' | ||
| Telugu | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'literature' | Allophone of anuswara when followed by velar stop | |
| Tibetan | Standard | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'I' | |
| Thai | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'work' | ||
| Nuer - Thok Nath | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'who?' or 'Is who?' | ||
| Tongan | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'man' | ||
| Tuamotuan | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'sky' | ||
| Tundra Nenets | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'head' | ||
| Tupi | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'to make' | See Tupian phonology | |
| Turkish | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'fire' | Allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /g/ | |
| Turkmen | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'thousand' | ||
| Tyap | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'child' | ||
| Uzbek | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'thousand' | ||
| Venetian | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'hand' | ||
| VietnameseTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'ivory' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Welsh | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'between' | ||
| West Frisian | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'king' | ||
| Wu | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'five' | ||
| Xhosa | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'hadada ibis' | ||
| Xiang | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'to boil' | ||
| Yi | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'I' | ||
| Yup'ik | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'animal' | ||
| Zapotec | TilquiapanTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'neck' | Word-final allophone of lenis Script error: No such module "IPA". |
See also
Notes
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- ↑ Template:Harvp. The oral counterparts Script error: No such module "IPA". are found together in almost all languages
- ↑ Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal".
- ↑ Instead of "post-velar", it can be called "retracted velar", "backed velar", "pre-uvular", "advanced uvular" or "fronted uvular".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Template:Harvp
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
References
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