Arabi Malayalam script

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Arabi Malayalam script (Malayalam: അറബി-മലയാളം, Arabi Malayalam: عَرَبِ مَلَیٰاۻَمْ), also known as Ponnani script,[1][2][3] is a writing system — a variant form of the Arabic script with special orthographic features — for writing Arabi Malayalam, a Dravidian language in southern India.[4][5] Though the script originated and developed in Kerala, today it is predominantly used in Malaysia and Singapore by the migrant Muslim community.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Until the 20th century, the script was widely taught to all Muslims in the primary education madrasahs of Kerala.[6] Arabi-Malayalam is currently used in some of the primary education madrasahs of Kerala and Lakshadweep.[7][8]

Letters

File:Arabi Malayalam Alphabet.jpg
Arabi Malayalam alphabet with Malayalam alphabet correspondences

There were many complications to write Malayalam, a Dravidian language, using letters covering Arabic, a Semitic language. Only 28 letters were available from Arabic orthography to render over 53 phonemes of Malayalam. It was overcome by following the pattern of creating additional letters established for Persian.[9] The letters such as Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". were not available in the Arabic alphabets. The characters which stand for Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".) are Script error: No such module "Lang". respectively in Arabi Malayalam.

Malayalam Arabi Malayalam IPA
ഴ ژ Script error: No such module "IPA".
ച چ Script error: No such module "IPA".
പ پ Script error: No such module "IPA".
ഗ گ Script error: No such module "IPA".
[10]

Vowels

Arabi Malayalam vowels arranged according to the Malayalam order (right to left)[11][12]
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic
— Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic
Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang".
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:Script/Arabic (1) Template:Script/Arabic (1) Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:Script/Arabic (1) Template:Script/Arabic (1) Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic
Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". ∅ / Script error: No such module "lang".
Notes
  1. Alternatively, historically, the following diacritic has been used for representing Malayalam letters Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". (romanized as e and ē) and that is Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". (Similar to orthographic conventions in Arabi-Tamil.

Consonants

Similar to Urdu orthography, Arabi Malayalam alphabet includes digraphs meant to represent aspirated consonants. These are formed by following a letter with the letter he (Script error: No such module "Lang".). While in Urdu, there are two separate letters he, Gol he as an independent letter, and Do-chashmi he as part of aspirated consonant digraphs, this distinction is not necessarily made in Arabi-Malayalam.

Arabi Malayalam alphabet[11][12]
Arabic
(Malayalam)
(Latin)
[IPA] 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ആ)
(ā)
Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ബ)
(b)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ഭ)
(bh)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(പ)
(p)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ഫ)
(ph)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ത)
(t)
Template:IPAblink
Arabic
(Malayalam)
(Latin)
[IPA] 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ഥ)
(th)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(സ)
(s)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ജ)
(j)
[[[:Template:IPA link]]~Template:IPA link] 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ഝ)
(jh)
[[[:Template:IPA link]]~Template:IPA link] 		Template:Script/Arabic 2
‌(ച)
(c)
[[[:Template:IPA link]]~Template:IPA link] 		Template:Script/Arabic 2
‌(ഛ)
(ch)
[[[:Template:IPA link]]~Template:IPA link]
Arabic
(Malayalam)
(Latin)
[IPA] 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ഞ)
(ñ)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ഹ)
(h)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ഖ)
(kh)
Template:IPAblink(Template:IPAblink) 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ദ)
(d)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ധ)
(dh)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic 3
‌(ട)
(ṭ)
Template:IPAblink
Arabic
(Malayalam)
(Latin)
[IPA] 		Template:Script/Arabic 3
‌(ഠ)
(ṭh)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(സ)
(s)
Template:IPAblink(Template:IPAblink) 		Template:Script/Arabic 1, 2
‌(റ, ഋ, ൃ, ൠ, ൄ)
(ṟ, r̥, r̥̄)
Template:IPAblink/[[[:Template:IPA link]]]/[[[:Template:IPA link]]] 		Template:Script/Arabic 2
‌(ര, ററ, റ്റ, ഺ)
(r)
Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(സ)
(s)
Template:IPAblink(Template:IPAblink) 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ഡ)
(ḍ)
Template:IPAblink
Arabic
(Malayalam)
(Latin)
[IPA] 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ഢ)
(ḍh)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ഴ)
(ḻ)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(സ)
(s)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ശ)
(ś)
[[[:Template:IPA link]]~Template:IPA link] 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ഷ)
(ṣ)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(സ)
(s)
Template:IPAblink
Arabic
(Malayalam)
(Latin)
[IPA] 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ള, ദ)
(ḷ, d)
Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ള)
(ḷ)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ഥ)
(t)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(സ, ദ)
(s, d)
Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(-)
(’)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ഗ)
(g)
Template:IPAblink
Arabic
(Malayalam)
(Latin)
[IPA] 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ങ)
(ṅ)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ഫ)
(ph)
Template:IPAblink(Template:IPAblink) 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ക)
(k)
Template:IPAblink(Template:IPAblink) 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ക)
(k)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ക)
(kh)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ഗ)
(g)
Template:IPAblink
Arabic
(Malayalam)
(Latin)
[IPA] 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ഘ)
(gh)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic 3
‌(ല, ഌ, ൢ, ൡ, ൣ)
(l, l̥, l̥̄)
Template:IPAblink/[[[:Template:IPA link]]]/[[[:Template:IPA link]]] 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(മ, അം, ം)
(m, ṁ)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ന)
(n)
[[[:Template:IPA link]]~Template:IPA link] 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ണ)
(ṇ)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(വ)(ൌ, ോ, ൂ)
(v, au, ō, ū)
Template:IPAblink/[[[:Template:IPA link]]]Template:IPAblinkTemplate:IPAblink
Arabic
(Malayalam)
(Latin)
[IPA] 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ഹ, അഃ, ഃ)
(h, ḥ)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(യ)(ൈ, േ, ീ)
(y, ai, ē, ī)
Template:IPAblink/[[[:Template:IPA link]]]Template:IPAblinkTemplate:IPAblink
Notes
  1. This letter is also used for representing the semi-vowel Script error: No such module "Lang". (r̥), and when geminated with the shaddah diacritic, its corresponding elongated form Script error: No such module "Lang". (r̥̄).
  2. When the Malayalam letter Script error: No such module "Lang". is geminated (usually in the form റ+റ, possibly in the form ൻ + റ, but also in scholarly documents by Script error: No such module "Lang".), in Arabi Malayalam, it is written with the letter Script error: No such module "Lang"..
  3. This letter is also used for representing the semi-vowel Script error: No such module "Lang". (l̥), and when geminated with the shaddah diacritic, its corresponding elongated form Script error: No such module "Lang". (l̥̄).

Usage

File:Multilingual (Tamil and Malayalam - Arabic script) advertisement - catalogue of books and textiles - Ponnani (1908).jpg
A multilingual advertisement with a catalogue of books and textiles available from a shop in Ponnani in 1908. Text on the left hand side is Arabi-Tamil, text on the right hand side, Arabi Malayalam script

Most of the Mappila Songs were written, for the first time, in Arabi-Malayalam script. The earliest known such work is the Muhyidheen Mala, written in 1607.[6]

File:Muhyadheen mala.jpg
Copy of the first book in Arabi-Malayalam called "Muhyadheen Mala"

Many literary works written in Arabi Malayalam still have not been transliterated to the Malayalam script, and some estimates put the number at almost 90 percent. These works, romantic ballads, folk tales and battle songs, contain some of the impressive literary achievements by Mappilas over the centuries.[4]

The first Arabi Malayalam scripted novel, Chahar Dervesh, Malayalam translation of a Persian work, was published in 1883.[13] Intellectuals such as Moyinkutty Vaidyar translated, and then transliterated significant number of works in Sanskrit - such as Ashtanga Hridaya, Amarakosa, Pancatantra and even the legends about the Hindu king Vikramaditya - into Arabi Malayalam.[14] Sanskrit medical texts - such as Upakarasara, Yogarambha and Mahasara - were also translated, and then transliterated into Arabi-Malayalam by scholars like Abdurahiman Musaliar of Ponnani Putiyakattu.[14] Arabi Malayalam script periodicals made remarkable contributions to the reform movement amongst the Mappilas in the early 20th century.

Sample Texts

Below are several sample texts in Arabi Malayalam orthography, in standard Malayalam Script, and transliterated into Latin as per ISO 15919.[11]

Arabi Malayalam Script Malayalam Script ISO 15919 Latin English
Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". kalkkēṇṭatu piḻavukaḷillāte kalkkuka, kaṟṟukaḻiññālatiluṟaccu ninnīṭuka Do what needs to be done without mistakes, and when it is done, stand up
Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". manuṣyarellāvaruṁ tulyāvakāśaṅṅaḷōṭuṁ antassōṭuṁ svātantryattōṭuṅkūṭi janicciṭṭuḷḷavarāṇ‌ŭ. anyōnyaṁ bhrātr̥bhāvattōṭe perumāṟuvānāṇ‌ŭ manuṣyanŭ vivēkabuddhiyuṁ manasākṣiyuṁ siddhamāyirikkunnat‌ŭ. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b Miller, Roland. E., "Mappila" in "The Encyclopedia of Islam". Volume VI. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 1987. pp. 458-56.
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b Menon. T. Madhava. "A Handbook of Kerala, Volume 2", International School of Dravidian Linguistics, 2002. pp. 491-493.
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ a b c Malayalamozhi. Arabi Malayalam
  12. ↑ a b Dr Azeez Tharuvana. (25 September 2018)Arabi Malayalam. Sahapedia
  13. ↑ Sharafudeen, S. "Muslims of Kerala: a Modern Approach, "Kerala Historical Society, 2003. pp. 152
  14. ↑ a b "Malayalam Literary Survey", Volume 16 (1) -17 (4), Kēraḷa Sāhitya Akkādami, 1994. pp. 88

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

External links

Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Arabic script

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