Shahmukhi

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox Writing system Script error: No such module "sidebar".

Shahmukhi (Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "IPA"., Template:Lit, Template:LangxScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".) is an alphabet (abjad) developed from the Perso-Arabic script used for the Punjabi language (including its varieties), predominantly in Punjab, Pakistan.[1][2] It is generally written in the Nastaʿlīq calligraphic hand,[3][4] which is also used for Persian and Urdu.[5] Shahmukhi is one of the two standard scripts used for Punjabi, the other being Gurmukhī used mainly in Punjab, India.[6] Shahmukhi is written from right to left and has 36 primary letters with some other additional letters.[7][8]

History

Before the advent of Shahmukhi, writing systems were not popular for the Old Punjabi varieties.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

The name 'Shahmukhi' is a recent coinage, imitating its counterpart 'Gurmukhī'.[9] However, the writing of Punjabi in the Perso-Arabic script is well-attested from the 17th century onwards.[10] According to Dhavan, Punjabi began to adopt the script as a "side effect" of educational practices in Mughal-era Punjab, when Punjabi Muslims learned the Persian language in order to participate in Mughal society. Educational materials taught Persian to Punjabi speakers by using Punjabi written in Persian's alphabet, which was a novel innovation. This was one of the first attempts at standardising the Punjabi language; prior to this, Punjabi was primarily a spoken language, not formally taught in schools.[11]

Shackle suggests that the Gurmukhī script was not favoured by Punjabi Muslims due to its religious (Sikh) connotations.[10] Shahmukhi Punjabi was added to Google Translate in 2024.[12][13][14]

Alphabet

Shahmukhi script is a modified version of the Arabic script's Persian alphabet. It is identical to the Urdu alphabet, but contains additional letters representing the Punjabi phonology. For writing Saraiki, an extended Shahmukhi is used that includes 4 additional letters for the implosive consonants (Template:Nq).[15]

Vowel diacritics

Like Urdu, Shahmukhi also has diacritics, which are implied - a convention retained from the original Arabic script, to express short vowels.[4][16]

Diacritics used in Shahmukhi
Name Symbol Usage IPA Notes Examples
Short vowels
Zabar ◌َ‎ a Template:IPAlink Written above a letter
Zer ◌ِ‎ i Template:IPAlink Written below a letter
Pesh ◌ُ‎ u Template:IPAlink Written above a letter
Nūn Ġunna ◌٘‎ ṉ Template:IPAlink, Template:IPAlink Nasal vowel diacritic ‘مُون٘ہہ‎’ (‘face’)
Tashdīd ◌ّ‎ Geminate Template:IPAlink Doubles a consonant - goes above the letter being prolonged ‘Template:Nq’ ('kk')
Loan diacritics
Khaṛī Zabar ◌ٰ á Template:IPA link Used in certain Arabic loanwords only ‘عیسیٰ’ (‘Jesus’)
Zabar Tanwīn ◌ً an [ən] ‘فوراً’ (‘Immediately’)
Other diacritics
Hamza ◌ٔ varied Indicates a diphthong between two vowels, examples such as: ‘Template:Nq’, ‘Template:Nq’, ‘Template:Nq‘, and Template:Nq , not written as a separate diacritic

Consonants

No. Name[17] IPA Final glyph Medial glyph Initial glyph Isolated glyph
1 الف alif Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
2 بے bē Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
3 پے pē Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
4 تے tē Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
5 ٹے ṭē Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
6 ثے s̱ē Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
7 جيم jīm Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
8 چے cē Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
9 وڈّی حے waḍḍi ḥē Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
10 خے k͟hē Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
11 دال dāl Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
12 ڈال ḍāl Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
13 ذال ẕāl Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
14 رے rē Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
15 ڑے ṛē Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
16 زے zē Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
17 ژے žē Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
18 سین sīn Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
19 شین shīn Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
20 صاد ṣwād Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
21 ضاد ẓwād Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
22 طوئیں t̤oTemplate:Hamzaēṉ Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
23 ظوئیں z̤oTemplate:Hamzaēṉ Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
24 عین ʻain Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
25 غین ġain Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
26 فے fē Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
27 قاف qāf Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
28 کاف kāf Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
29 گاف gāf Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
30 لام lām Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
31[18] ࣇام ḷām Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
32 میم mīm Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
33 نون nūn Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
34[18] ݨون ṇūn Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq
35 نون غنّہ nūn ġunnah Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
36 واؤ vāTemplate:Hamzao Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
37 نکی ہے
گول ہے 		nikkī hē
gol hē 		Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
38 دو چشمی ہے do-cashmī hē Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
39 ہمزہ hamzah Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
40 چھوٹی يے choṭī yē Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq Template:Nq Template:Nq Script error: No such module "Lang".
41 وڈّی يے waḍḍi yē Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Nq N/A N/A Script error: No such module "Lang".

No Punjabi words begin with Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., or Script error: No such module "Lang".. Words which begin with Script error: No such module "Lang". are exceedingly rare, but some have been documented in Shahmukhi dictionaries such as Iqbal Salahuddin's Waddi Punjabi Lughat.[19] The digraphs of aspirated consonants are as follows. In addition, ل and لؕ form ligatures with ا: لا (ـلا) and لؕا (ـلؕا).

Aspirates

No. Digraph[20] Transcription[20] IPA Example
1 بھ bh Script error: No such module "IPA". بھاری
2 پھ ph Script error: No such module "IPA". پھل
3 تھ th Script error: No such module "IPA". تھم
4 ٹھ ṭh Script error: No such module "IPA". ٹھیس
5 جھ jh Script error: No such module "IPA". جھاڑی
6 چھ ch Script error: No such module "IPA". چھوکرا
7 دھ dh Script error: No such module "IPA". دھوبی
8 ڈھ ḍh Script error: No such module "IPA". ڈھول
9 رھ rh Script error: No such module "IPA". بارھویں
10 ڑھ ṛh Script error: No such module "IPA". کڑھنا
11 کھ kh Script error: No such module "IPA". کھولنا
12 گھ gh Script error: No such module "IPA". گھبراہٹ
13 لھ lh Script error: No such module "IPA". کولھ
14 مھ mh Script error: No such module "IPA". سامھنا
15 نھ nh Script error: No such module "IPA". چنھاں
16 وھ wh Script error: No such module "IPA". وھایا
17 یھ yh Script error: No such module "IPA". یھاوا[21]
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". (waddi ye) is only found in the final position, when writing the sounds e (ਏ) or æ (ਐ), and in initial and medial positions, it takes the form of Script error: No such module "Lang"..
  • Vowels are expressed as follows:
Final Middle Initial
ـہ ـَ اَ
یٰ ـَا آ
N/A ـِ اِ
ـِى ـِيـ اِی
ـے‬ ـيـ اے
ـَے‬ ـَيـ اَے
N/A ـُ اُ
ـُو اُو
ـو او
ـَو اَو

Difference from Persian and Urdu

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Shahmukhi has more letters than its Persian base and related Urdu alphabet, to represent the special sounds that are only in Punjabi, which already have additional letters added to the Arabic base itself to represent sounds not present in Arabic. Characters added which differ from Persian but not Urdu include: Script error: No such module "Lang". to represent /ʈ/, Script error: No such module "Lang". to represent /ɖ/, Script error: No such module "Lang". to represent /ɽ/, Script error: No such module "Lang". to represent /◌̃/, and Script error: No such module "Lang". to represent /ɛ:/ or /e:/. Furthermore, a separate do-cashmi-he letter, Script error: No such module "Lang"., exists to denote a /ʰ/ or a /ʱ/, this letter is mainly used as part of the multitude of digraphs, detailed above. Characters added which differ from Urdu include: لؕ to represent /ɭ/ and ݨ to represent /ɳ/. These characters, however are seldom used.

Pronunciation

The letter Script error: No such module "Lang". is pronounced 'j' in French or as vision in English and the letter Script error: No such module "Lang". is often transliterated in many ways due to its changing sound in various Arabic and Persian words.

Gallery

See also

References

Template:Notelist

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ a b Rarely used in literature, except when a distinction between the pronunciation of the non-retroflex character is needed
  19. ↑ Template:Cite Q
  20. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Template:Cite Q

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Further reading

External links

Template:Arabic alphabets Script error: No such module "Navbox".

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