Voiced velar fricative

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Template:Infobox IPA/core1Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

A voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in various spoken languages. It is not found in most varieties of Modern English but existed in Old English.[1] The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA, a Latinized variant of the Greek letter gamma, Template:Angbr, which has this sound in Modern Greek. It should not be confused with the graphically-similar Template:Angbr IPA, the IPA symbol for a close-mid back unrounded vowel, which some writings[2] use for the voiced velar fricative.

The symbol Template:Angbr IPA is also sometimes used to represent the velar approximant, which, however, is more accurately written with the lowering diacritic: Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA".. The IPA also provides a dedicated symbol for a velar approximant, Script error: No such module "IPA"..

There is also a voiced post-velar fricative, also called pre-uvular, in some languages. For the voiced pre-velar fricative, also called post-palatal, see voiced palatal fricative.

Features

File:Voiced velar fricative articulation.svg

Features of a voiced velar fricative:

Template:Fricative Template:Velar Template:Voiced Template:Oral Template:Median articulation Template:Pulmonic

Occurrence

Some of the consonants listed as post-velar may actually be fricative trills.

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abaza Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'leaf'
Adyghe Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'tree'
Albanian Arbëresh

Moresian (Pelloponesian) dialects of Arvanitika

Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'tall'
Alekano Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'cucumber'
Aleut Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'with'
Angor Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'brother'
Angas Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'to pick up'
Arabic Modern StandardTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'strange' May be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.Template:Sfnp See Arabic phonology
Baghdad Jewish Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".) Script error: No such module "IPA". 'army'
Aragonese Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'water' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA".
Aromanian Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'well' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA".
Aramaic Eastern Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'body' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before voiced consonants.
Western Script error: No such module "IPA".
Asturian gadañu Script error: No such module "IPA". 'scythe' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". in almost all positions
Azerbaijani Northern Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'son'
Southern Script error: No such module "Lang"./oğul
BasqueTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'wing' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA".
Belarusian Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'head'
Brahui Script error: No such module "Lang"./ġurring Script error: No such module "IPA". 'to growl' See Template:Slink.
Breton Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'daughter'
CatalanTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'liking' Fricative or approximant. Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA".. See Catalan phonology
Central Alaskan Yup'ik Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'his/her/its blood' Never occurs in word-initial positions.
Chechen гӀала / Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'town'
Czech bych byl Script error: No such module "IPA". 'I would be' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before voiced consonants. See Czech phonology. Occurs only in few Moravian dialects and even there it is rather Script error: No such module "IPA".
Dàgáárè [Script error: No such module "IPA".] 'woman' May be realized with features closer to a velar tap Script error: No such module "IPA". (a sound previously considered impossible according to the IPA chart), based on acoustic analysis.[3]
Dinka ɣo Script error: No such module "IPA". 'us'
Dogrib Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'for'
Dutch Standard Belgian[4][5] Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'satisfaction' Often (partially) devoiced.[6] May be post-palatal Template:IPAblink instead.[5] See Dutch phonology
Southern accents[5]
English Scouse Script error: No such module "Lang". [ɣrɑːs] 'grass' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA".. See British English phonology[7]
Northumbrian Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Burr[8]
GeorgianTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang"./ğaribi Script error: No such module "IPA". 'poor' May actually be post-velar or uvular
German[9][10] Austrian Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'red' Intervocalic allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". in casual speech.[9][10][11] See Standard German phonology
Ghari Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'five'
Greek γάλα/gála Script error: No such module "IPA". 'milk' See Modern Greek phonology
Gujarati વાઘણ/vāġaṇ Script error: No such module "IPA". 'tigress' See Gujarati phonology
Gweno ndeghe Script error: No such module "IPA". 'bird'
Gwich’in Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'his/her chest'
Haitian Creole Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'rice'
Hän Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'I am playing'
Hebrew Classical Script error: No such module "Lang"./miğdol Script error: No such module "IPA". '[a] tower'
Some Modern speakers (usually with a difficulty pronouncing Script error: No such module "IPA".) Script error: No such module "Lang"./shomer Script error: No such module "IPA". '[a male] guard', '[he] guards' Script error: No such module "IPA". by other Modern speakers
Hindustani HindiTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'poor' Post-velar,Template:Sfnp conservative Hindi speakers usually replace it with Script error: No such module "IPA".. See Hindustani phonology
Urdu Script error: No such module "Lang".
Icelandic Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'saga' See Icelandic phonology
Irish Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'his fist' See Irish phonology
Istro-RomanianTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'mouth' Corresponds to Template:IPAblinkTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler[<span title="Script error: No such module "string".">in which environments?]Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Iwaidja Script error: No such module "IPA". 'hermit crab'
JapaneseTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'baldness' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA"., especially in fast or casual speech. See Japanese phonology
Judeo-Spanish gato [ˈɣ̞ato̪][12] 'cat'
Haketia gher [ɣeɾ] 'only' appears as a phoneme in words from Arabic[13]
Kabardian гын/gyn Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'powder'
Komering harong Script error: No such module "IPA". 'charcoal'
Lezgian Script error: No such module "Lang"./ğel Script error: No such module "IPA". 'sleigh'
Lhaovo Dago’ Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'water'
Yunnan Script error: No such module "IPA".
Limburgish[14][15] Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'quick' The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lishan Didan Urmi Dialect עוטג/otogh Script error: No such module "IPA". 'room' Generally post-velar
Lithuanian humoras Script error: No such module "IPA". 'humor' Preferred over [ɦ]. See Lithuanian phonology
Low German[16] gaan Script error: No such module "IPA". 'to go' Increasingly replaced with High German Script error: No such module "IPA".
Macedonian Berovo accent Script error: No such module "Lang"./duvna Script error: No such module "IPA". 'it blew' Corresponds to etymological Script error: No such module "IPA". of other dialects, before sonorants. See Maleševo-Pirin dialect and Macedonian phonology
Bukovo accent Script error: No such module "Lang"./glava Script error: No such module "IPA". 'head' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". instead of usual Template:IPAblink. See Prilep-Bitola dialect
Malay Standard Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'dialect' Used in loanwords from Arabic that contain the sound. Replaced with Template:IPAslink by Indonesian speakers. See Malay phonology
Johor-Riau Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'crowded (with people)' Corresponds to prevocalic and intervocalic Template:IPAslink in Standard Malay and to uvular Template:IPAslink in certain other Malay varieties such as Kedah Malay. Silent in word-final position.
Negeri Sembilan
Kelantan-Pattani Script error: No such module "IPA".
Terengganu
Pahang Script error: No such module "IPA".
Sarawak Script error: No such module "IPA". Varies with uvular Template:IPAblink. See Sarawak Malay
Malto पेद़ग़े/peðġe Script error: No such module "IPA". 'to break open' See Template:Slink.
Mandarin Chinese Central Mandarin (Dongping dialect) Script error: No such module "Lang"./ǎn Script error: No such module "IPA". 'I'
Central Mandarin (Ningyang dialect)[17] 鹅 Script error: No such module "IPA". 'goose'
Mi'kmaq Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'weir' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". between sonorants. See Template:Section link.
Navajo Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'best'
Neapolitan Central Lucanian (Accettura dialect) chiahäte Script error: No such module "IPA".[18] 'wounded' Corresponds to /g/ in Standard Italian. The example "chiahäte" translates to "piagato" in Italian.
Nepali Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'paper' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". in intervocalic positions. See Nepali phonology
Ngwe Mmockngie dialect Script error: No such module "IPA". 'sun'
Northern Qiang hhnesh Script error: No such module "IPA". 'February'
Norwegian Urban EastTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'to have' Possible allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". between two back vowels; can be voiceless Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp See Norwegian phonology
Occitan Gascon Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'said' (3rd pers. sg.)
Okanagan Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'Sparrow hawk'
Pashto غاتر/ğatër Script error: No such module "IPA". 'mule'
Pela Script error: No such module "IPA". 'to rain'
Persian باغ/bāq Script error: No such module "IPA". 'garden'
Polish Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'let' (imperative particle) Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before voiced consonants. See Polish phonology
Portuguese EuropeanTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'now' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA".. See Portuguese phonology
Some Brazilian dialectsTemplate:Sfnp mármore Script error: No such module "IPA". 'marble', 'sill' Allophone of rhotic consonant (voiced equivalent to Script error: No such module "IPA"., itself allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA".) between voiced sounds, most often as coda before voiced consonants.
Punjabi Gurmukhi ਗ਼ਰੀਬ/ġarib Script error: No such module "IPA". 'poor' Less frequent in Gurmukhi varieties where it may be replaced by Script error: No such module "IPA"..
Shahmukhi Script error: No such module "Lang"./ġarīb
Romani γoines Script error: No such module "IPA". 'good'
Russian Southern дорога/doroga Script error: No such module "IPA". 'road' Corresponds to Script error: No such module "IPA". in standard
Standard угу/ugu Script error: No such module "IPA". 'uh-huh' Usually nasal, Script error: No such module "IPA". is used when spoken. See Russian phonology
Script error: No such module "Lang". / goroh že Script error: No such module "IPA". 'the peas' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before voiced consonants.[19]
Sakha Script error: No such module "Lang"./ağa Script error: No such module "IPA". 'father'
Sardinian Nuorese dialect Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'to suck' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA".
Scottish Gaelic Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'lawful' More advanced than other velars. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian[20] Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'of these would' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before voiced consonants.[20] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
S'gaw Karen Script error: No such module "Lang"./ghei Script error: No such module "IPA". 'good'
Shughni Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'to bark' See Shughni phonology
Sindhi Script error: No such module "Lang"./ġamu Script error: No such module "IPA". 'sadness'
Slovak bäch bäl Script error: No such module "IPA". 'I could be' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before voiced consonants. See Slovak phonology. Occurs only in few Moravian dialects and even there it is rather Script error: No such module "IPA".
Slovene Standard Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'to the mountain' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before voiced obstruents. See Slovene phonology
Some dialects Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'crate' Corresponds to Script error: No such module "IPA". in Standard Slovene. See Slovene phonology
Spanish amigo Script error: No such module "IPA". 'friend' Ranges from close fricative to approximant.[21] Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA"., see Spanish phonology
Standard EuropeanTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'Predrag' Also described as an approximant. Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before a pause.Template:Sfnp See Spanish phonology
Swahili ghali Script error: No such module "IPA". 'expensive'
Swedish Västerbotten Norrland dialects Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'me' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA".. Occurs between vowels and in word-final positions.[22] Here also Script error: No such module "IPA". in Kalix.
Tadaksahak zog Script error: No such module "IPA". 'war'
Tajik Script error: No such module "Lang"./cafs Script error: No such module "IPA". 'thick'
Tamazight aɣilas (aghilas) Script error: No such module "IPA". 'leopard'
Tamil Sri Lankan Tamil பகை/pakai Script error: No such module "IPA". 'hate' Intervocalic singular /k/ has debuccalized for most except in Brahmin and Sri Lankan Tamil. In total it can be [kʰ x ɡ ɣ ɣʰ h][23]
Turkish Non-standard Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'tree' Deleted in most dialects. See Turkish phonology
Tutchone Northern Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'tooth'
Southern Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'baby'
Tyap Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'to hurry'
Ukrainian чахохбі́лі [tʃɐxoɣˈbil⁽ʲ⁾i] ‘chakhokhbili’ Occurs in specific rare cases only.
UzbekTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'rain' Post-velar.Template:Sfnp
VietnameseTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'chair' See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'to carry' Never occurs in word-initial positions.
Wu Chinese Northern Wu (Template:Ill) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'to join'
Xiang Chinese Old Xiang (Template:Ill) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'Hunan (province)'
Yi Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'win'
Zhuang Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'Wild duckling'

See also

Notes

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Such as Template:Harvcoltxt and Template:Harvcoltxt.
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  5. ↑ a b c Template:Harvcoltxt
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b Template:Harvcoltxt
  10. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  15. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  16. ↑ R.E. Keller, German Dialects. Phonology and Morphology, Manchester 1960
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:ISBN?
  19. ↑ Jones, Daniel & Ward, Dennis (1969) The Phonetics of Russian. Cambridge University Press.
  20. ↑ a b Template:Harvcoltxt
  21. ↑ Phonetic studies such as Template:Harvcoltxt have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

References

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External links

Template:IPA navigation

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