Voiced alveolar fricative

Voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described.

• The symbol for an alveolar sibilant is Template:Angbr IPA. The IPA letter Template:Angbr is not normally used for dental or postalveolar sibilants in narrow transcription unless modified by a diacritic (Template:Angbr IPA and Template:Angbr IPA respectively).
• The IPA symbol for an alveolar non-sibilant fricative is derived by means of diacritics; it can be Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA.

Voiced coronal fricatives

	Inter- dental	Dental	Denti- alveolar	Alveolar	Post-alveolar
					Retracted	Retroflex	Palato- alveolar	Alveolo- palatal
Sibilant
Non-sibilant		Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link

Voiced alveolar sibilant

A voiced alveolar sibilant is common across European languages, but is relatively uncommon cross-linguistically compared to its voiceless variant. Only about 28% of the world's languages contain a voiced dental or alveolar sibilant. Moreover, 85% of the languages with some form of are languages of Europe, Africa, or Western Asia.

Features

• There are at least three specific variants of :
  • Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of is very strong.
  • Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. According to Template:Harvcoltxt about half of English speakers use a non-retracted apical articulation.
  • Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to Template:IPAblink or laminal Template:IPAblink.

Occurrence

Dentalized laminal alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Armenian	EasternTemplate:Sfnp	/	Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'decoration'
AzerbaijaniTemplate:Sfnp				'sprout'
BelarusianTemplate:Sfnp		/		'base'	Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology
BulgarianTemplate:Sfnp		/		'lake'	Contrasts with palatalized form.
CzechTemplate:Sfnp				'winter'	See Czech phonology
English	Multicultural London	zoo		'zoo'	See English phonology
FrenchTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp			Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'zebra'	See French phonology
HungarianTemplate:Sfnp				'pledge'	See Hungarian phonology
Kashubian
KazakhTemplate:Sfnp		/		'law'
KyrgyzTemplate:Sfnp		/
LatvianTemplate:Sfnp				'branch'	See Latvian phonology
MacedonianTemplate:Sfnp		/		'why'	See Macedonian phonology
Mirandese				'learning'	Contrasts seven sibilants altogether, preserving medieval Ibero-Romance contrasts.
PolishTemplate:Sfnp			Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'zero'	See Polish phonology
Portuguese	Most speakers			'United States'	See Portuguese phonology
Romanian				'dice'	See Romanian phonology
RussianTemplate:Sfnp		/	Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'to pick up'	Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology
Serbo-CroatianTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp		/		'loan'	See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak				'winter'
Slovene				'winter'
TurkishTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp				'eye'	See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian		/		'tooth'	Contrasts with palatalized form. See Ukrainian phonology
Upper SorbianTemplate:Sfnp				'goat'
UzbekTemplate:Sfnp				'victory'
Vietnamese	HanoiTemplate:Sfnp			'skin'	See Vietnamese phonology

Non-retracted alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe		Template:Romanization needed	Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'one'
Albanian				'fire'
Arabic	StandardTemplate:Sfnp	Template:Romanization needed		'visitor'	See Arabic phonology
Assamese		Template:Romanization needed		'chili'
Assyrian		/		'bell'
Bengali		Template:Transliteration needed		'Salah'	Mostly in loanwords and often replaced by Template:IPAblink. See Bengali phonology
Breton				'church'
Chechen		/		'music'
Emilian	Bolognese			'reason'	Palatalized apical; may be Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink instead.
English		zoo	Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'zoo'	Absent from some Scottish and Asian dialects. See English phonology
Esperanto				'cousin'	See Esperanto phonology
GeorgianTemplate:Sfnp		ზარი / zari		'bell'
Greek	Athens dialectTemplate:Sfnp	/		'dizziness'	See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew		Template:Romanization needed		'wolf'	See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani	Hindi	Template:Romanization needed		'land'	May be replaced in Hindi by Template:IPAblink. See Hindustani phonology
	Urdu
JapaneseTemplate:Sfnp		/		'everything'	Might be replaced with Template:IPAblink. See Japanese phonology
Kabardian		Template:Romanization needed	Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'one'
Kalaw Lagaw Ya				'go'
Kashmiri		/ Template:Romanization needed		'to know'
Khmer		/		noun: 'Belgium', 'Belgian(s)' adjective: 'Belgian'	See Khmer phonology
KondaTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp				'to sleep'
Malay				'difference'
Maltese				'zeal'
Marathi		Template:Romanization needed		'if'	See Marathi phonology.
Nepali		Template:Romanization needed		'thousand'	Coda and intervocalic allophone of and .
		Template:Romanization needed		'paper'
		Template:Romanization needed		'to explain'
		Template:Romanization needed		'middle'
Occitan	Limousin			'young'	See Occitan phonology
Persian				'day'
PortugueseTemplate:Sfnp				'house'	See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi	Gurmukhi	Template:Romanization needed		'thousand'	May be replaced by Template:IPAblink in Gurmukhi (Indian) varieties.
	Shahmukhi	Template:Romanization needed
Spanish	Andalusian			'communism'	Allophone of before voiced consonants, when it is not debuccalized to . Present in dialects which realize as a non-retracted alveolar fricative. Before it is dental .
	Latin American
	Filipino
Swahili				'must'
Tamil	Jaffna Tamil	Template:Romanization needed		'letter'	Was only reported for 1 speaker in the sample but he pronounced it regularly.
West FrisianTemplate:Sfnp				'to say'	It never occurs in word-initial positions. See West Frisian phonology
Yi		/		'generation'
Yiddish		/		'son'
Zapotec	TilquiapanTemplate:Sfnp			'went to grab'

Retracted alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
CatalanTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp				'zeal'	Apical. See Catalan phonology
Galician				'same'	Apical. Allophone of before voiced consonants. Before it is pronounced dentally .
GreekTemplate:Sfnp		/		'mass'	See Modern Greek phonology
Italian	Central ItalyTemplate:Sfnp			'case'	Present in Lazio north of Cape Linaro,Template:Sfnp most of UmbriaTemplate:Sfnp (save Perugia and the extreme south)Template:Sfnp and Le Marche south of the Potenza.Template:Sfnp
	Northern ItalyTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp				Apical.Template:Sfnp Present in many areas north of the La Spezia–Rimini Line.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Italian phonology
	SicilyTemplate:Sfnp				Present south and west of a line drawn from Syracuse to Cefalù.Template:Sfnp
Low GermanTemplate:Sfnp
Maldivian				'giraffe'
Mirandese				'to exist'	Apical. Mirandese and neighboring Portuguese dialects were the only surviving oral tradition to preserve all seven mediaeval Ibero-Romance sibilants: Template:Angbr Template:IPAslink, Template:Angbr Template:IPAslink, Template:Angbr/Template:Angbr Template:IPAslink, Template:Angbr/Template:Angbr Template:IPAslink, Template:Angbr , Template:Angbr/-Template:Angbr- Template:IPAslink, -Template:Angbr-
Occitan	Gascon			'barracks'	See Occitan phonology
	Languedocien			'to see'
Piedmontese				'friend'	Apical. See Piemontese phonology
Portuguese	Coastal Northern European				Merges with non-retracted . See Portuguese phonology
	Inland Northern European				Apical. Contrasts with non-retracted . See Portuguese phonology
Spanish	Andean			'same'	Apical. Allophone of before voiced consonants. Before it is pronounced dentally . See Spanish phonology
	Castilian
	Paisa Region

Variable

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
German	StandardTemplate:Sfnp			'clean'	Varies between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal and non-retracted apical.Template:Sfnp See Standard German phonology
Italian	StandardTemplate:Sfnp			'case'	Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.Template:Sfnp See Italian phonology
	TicinoTemplate:Sfnp				Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.Template:Sfnp Both variants may be labiodentalized.Template:Sfnp See Italian phonology
Dutch	Belgian StandardTemplate:Sfnp		Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'soap'	Laminal.Template:Sfnp See Dutch phonology
	Northern StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp		Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler		Laminal; may have only mid-to-low pitched friction. If not the main allophone, it is often retracted when preconsonantal, after rounded vowels and .Template:Sfnp See Dutch phonology
			Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'full', 'fed (up)'

Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative

A voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative (also known as a "slit" fricative) is a consonantal sound in some spoken languages. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for non-sibilant alveolar fricatives, this sound can be transcribed by use of diacritics, such as Template:Angbr IPA (a retracted Template:IPAblink) or Template:Angbr IPA (a raised Template:IPAblink, also often part of the affricate Template:IPAblink). Additional symbols include Template:Angbr IPA (with the alveolar diacritic, in extIPA) and Template:Angbr IPA (a lowered Template:IPAblink).

Features

Template:Fricative However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant. Template:Alveolar Template:Voiced Template:Oral Template:Median articulation Template:Pulmonic

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
CzechTemplate:Sfnp				'four'	May be a fricative trillTemplate:Sfnp or a tapped fricative (see below) instead.Template:Sfnp It contrasts with and . See Czech phonology
Dahalo				'work'	Apical; only weakly fricated. It is a common intervocalic allophone of , and may dental Template:IPAblink or a plosive Template:IPAblink instead.
Dutch				'for'	One of many possible realizations of ; distribution unclear. See Dutch phonology
Emilian	Bolognese			'case'	Laminal
English	ScouseTemplate:Sfnp	maid		'maid'	Allophone of . See English phonology
	South AfricanTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp	round		'round'	Apical,Template:Sfnp present in some urban dialects.Template:Sfnp See South African English phonology
Extreme Southern Italian	Sicilian			'rare'	Corresponds to in standard Italian, as well as word-initial , and may be geminated. Described as a 'non-sulcalized sonorant', articulated without contact; may be closer to an approximant, depending on the speaker.
	Calabro
	Salentino
Icelandic			Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler	'good (inflexion)'	Usually apical, may be closer to an approximant; variably removed from the front teeth, up to (nearly) spot on Template:IPAblink. See Icelandic phonology
ManxTemplate:Sfnp				'big'	Pre-consonantal and word-final realization of , in free variation with other allophones.
Swedish	Central StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp			'wanderer'	Allophone of around the Stockholm area. See Swedish phonology

Voiced alveolar tapped fricative

Template:Infobox IPA/core1 A few languages also have a voiced alveolar tapped fricative, which is simply a very brief alveolar non-sibilant fricative, with the tongue making the gesture for a tapped stop but not making full contact. It can be indicated in the IPA with the lowering diacritic to show that full occlusion does not occur, such as Template:Angbr IPA. Flapped fricatives are theoretically possible but are not attested.Template:Sfnp

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Aragonese	ChistabinoTemplate:Sfnp			'air'	Common realization of .Template:Sfnp
Tacana
TurkishTemplate:Sfnp				'dream'	Word-initial allophone of .Template:Sfnp See Turkish phonology

See also

• Tongue shape
• Apical consonant
• Laminal consonant
• Index of phonetics articles

External links

• Template:Phoible
• Template:Phoible
• Template:Phoible