Labialization
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Template:Infobox IPA/core1Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:Infobox IPA/core1Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Script error: No such module "Sidebar".
Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the oral cavity produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to consonants. When vowels involve the lips, they are called rounded.
The most common labialized consonants are labialized velars. Most other labialized sounds also have simultaneous velarization, and the process may then be more precisely called labio-velarization. The "labialization" of bilabial consonants often refers to protrusion instead of a secondary articulatory feature velarization. Script error: No such module "IPA". doesn't mean Script error: No such module "IPA". although Script error: No such module "IPA". refers to a labial–velar approximant.
In phonology, labialization may also refer to a type of assimilation process.
Occurrence
Labialization is the most widespread secondary articulation in the world's languages. It is phonemically contrastive in Northwest Caucasian (e.g. Adyghe), Athabaskan, and Salishan language families, among others. This contrast is reconstructed also for Proto-Indo-European, the common ancestor of the Indo-European languages; and it survives in Latin and some Romance languages. It is also found in the Cushitic and Ethio-Semitic languages.
American English labializes Script error: No such module "IPA". to various degrees.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
A few languages, including Arrernte and Mba, have contrastive labialized forms for almost all of their consonants.
In many Salishan languages, such as Klallam, velar consonants only occur in their labialized forms (except /k/, which occurs in some loanwords). However, uvular consonants occur abundantly labialized and unrounded.
Types
Template:Infobox IPA/core1Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:Infobox IPA/core1Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:Infobox IPA/core1Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Out of 706 language inventories surveyed by Template:Harvcoltxt, labialization occurred most often with velar (42%) and uvular (15%) segments and least often with dental and alveolar segments. With non-dorsal consonants, labialization may include velarization as well. Labialization is not restricted to lip-rounding. The following articulations have either been described as labialization or been found as allophonic realizations of prototypical labialization:
- Labiodental frication, found in Abkhaz[1]
- Labiodentalization is a common idiosyncrasy of English Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"., and especially of Script error: No such module "IPA"..[2]
- Complete bilabial closure, Script error: No such module "IPA"., found in Abkhaz and Ubykh[1]
- "Labialization" (Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., and Script error: No such module "IPA".) without noticeable rounding (protrusion) of the lips, found in the Iroquoian languagesScript error: No such module "Unsubst".. It may be that they are compressed.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
- Rounding without velarization, found in ShonaScript error: No such module "Unsubst". and in the Bzyb dialect of Abkhaz.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Eastern Arrernte has labialization at all places and manners of articulation; this derives historically from adjacent rounded vowels, as is also the case of the Northwest Caucasian languages. Marshallese also has phonemic labialization as a secondary articulation at all places of articulation except for labial consonants and coronal obstruents.
In North America, languages from a number of families have sounds that sound labialized (and vowels that sound rounded) without the participation of the lips. See Tillamook language for an example.
Similarly to the distinction between the labio-palatal Script error: No such module "IPA". and labio-velar Script error: No such module "IPA". semivowels, some languages exhibit labio-palatalization Script error: No such module "IPA"., rather than labio-velarization Script error: No such module "IPA"..
Prelabialization
In Slovene, sounds can be prelabialized. Furthermore, the change is phonemic and all phonemes have prelabialized pairs (though not all of their allophones can have pairs). Compare Template:Wikt-lang 'stand' Script error: No such module "IPA". and Template:Wikt-lang 'stand up' Script error: No such module "IPA".. The prelabialization part, however, is usually not considered as being part of the same phoneme as prelabialized sound, but rather as an allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". as it changes depending on the environment, e. g. Template:Wikt-lang 'take' Script error: No such module "IPA". and Template:Wikt-lang 'summarize' Script error: No such module "IPA"..[3] See Slovene phonology for more details.
Transcription
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, labialization of velar consonants is indicated with a raised w modifier Script error: No such module "IPA". (Unicode U+02B7), as in Script error: No such module "IPA".. (Elsewhere this diacritic generally indicates simultaneous labialization and velarization.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".) There are also diacritics, respectively Script error: No such module "IPA"., to indicate greater or lesser degrees of rounding.[4] These are normally used with vowels but may occur with consonants. For example, in the Athabaskan language Hupa, voiceless velar fricatives distinguish three degrees of labialization, transcribed either Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA"..
The VoQS system has two additional symbols for degrees of rounding, originally introduced as part of the extensions to the IPA: Spread Script error: No such module "IPA". and open-rounded Script error: No such module "IPA". (as in English). It also has a symbol for labiodentalized sounds, Script error: No such module "IPA"..[5]
If precision is desired, the Abkhaz and Ubykh articulations may be transcribed with the appropriate fricative or trill raised as a diacritic: Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"..
For simple labialization, Template:Harvcoltxt resurrected an old IPA symbol, Script error: No such module "IPA".,[6] which would be placed above a letter with a descender such as Script error: No such module "IPA".. However, their chief example is Shona sv and zv, which they transcribe Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". but which actually seem to be whistled sibilants, without necessarily being labialized.[7] Another possibility is to use the IPA diacritic for rounding, distinguishing for example the labialization in English soon Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". swoon.[8] The open rounding of English Script error: No such module "IPA". is also unvelarized.
Assimilation
Labialization also refers to a specific type of assimilatory process where a given sound become labialized due to the influence of neighboring labial sounds. For example, Script error: No such module "IPA". may become Script error: No such module "IPA". in the environment of Script error: No such module "IPA"., or Script error: No such module "IPA". may become Script error: No such module "IPA". in the environment of Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA"..
In the Northwest Caucasian languages as well as some Australian languages rounding has shifted from the vowels to the consonants, producing a wide range of labialized consonants and leaving in some cases only two phonemic vowels. This appears to have been the case in Ubykh and Eastern Arrernte, for example. The labial vowel sounds usually still remain, but only as allophones next to the now-labial consonant sounds.
List of labialized consonants
| type | Phone | IPA | Languages | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stops | plain | protruded voiceless bilabial stop | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Chaha, Ibaloi, Paha |
| protruded voiced bilabial stop | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Chaha, Ibaloi, Paha, Mayo, Yaqui | ||
| labzd voiceless alveolar stop | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Archi, Abkhaz, Lao, Paha, Ubykh | ||
| labzd voiced alveolar stop | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Archi, Abkhaz, Ubykh | ||
| labzd voiceless velar stop | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Halkomelem, Kabardian, Taos, Chipewyan, Hadza, Gwichʼin, Tlingit, Akan, Nez Perce, Archi, Cantonese, Wariʼ, Chaha, Dahalo, Hausa, Igala, Igbo, Lao, Latin, Nahuatl, Nawat, Okinawan, Ossetic, Paha, Portuguese, Thai, Tigrinya, Hiw, Ubykh, Bearlake Slavey, Breton, Gothic | ||
| labzd voiced velar stop | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Akan, Archi, Chaha, Dahalo, Hausa, Okinawan, Oowekyala, Ossetic, Hadza, Ibaloi, Igala, Igbo, Gwichʼin, Kabardian, Paha, Portuguese, Tigrinya, Ubykh, Breton, Yoruba, Gothic | ||
| labzd voiceless uvular stop | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Kabardian, Ossetic, Paha, Tlingit, Nez Perce, Ubykh | ||
| labzd pharyngealized voiceless uvular stop | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Archi, Ubykh | ||
| labzd voiced uvular stop | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Oowekyala, Kwak'wala, Tsakhur | ||
| labzd glottal stop | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Adyghe, Kabardian, Lao, Tlingit | ||
| labzd prenasalized voiced bilabial plosive | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Tamambo | ||
| Labial–velar | protruded voiceless labio–velar stop | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Dorig, Mwotlap | |
| protruded prenasalized voiced labial–velar stop | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Volow | ||
| Affricates | sibilant | labzd voiceless alveolar affricate | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Adyghe, Archi, Lezgian, Tsakhur |
| labzd voiced alveolar affricate | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Adyghe, Dahalo | ||
| labzd voiceless palato-alveolar affricate | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Archi, Abaza, Adyghe, Paha, Aghul, German | ||
| labzd voiced palato-alveolar affricate | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Abaza, Aghul, Tsakhur, German | ||
| labzd voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Abkhaz, Akan, Ubykh | ||
| labzd voiced alveolo-palatal affricate | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Abkhaz, Akan, Ubykh | ||
| non-sibilant | labzd voiceless velar affricate | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Navajo | |
| labzd voiceless uvular affricate | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Kabardian, Lillooet | ||
| lateral | labzd voiceless velar lateral affricate | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Archi | |
| Fricatives | sibilant | labzd voiceless alveolar sibilant | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Archi, Lao, Lezgian |
| labzd voiced alveolar sibilant | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Archi, Tsakhur, Lezgian | ||
| labzd voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Archi, Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Paha, Aghul, Ubykh | ||
| labzd voiced palato-alveolar sibilant | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Archi, Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Aghul, Ubykh | ||
| labzd voiceless retroflex sibilant | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Bzhedug | ||
| labzd voiced retroflex sibilant | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Bzhedug | ||
| labzd voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Abkhaz, Ubykh | ||
| labzd voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Abkhaz, Ubykh | ||
| non-sibilant | protruded voiceless bilabial fricative | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Okinawan, Taruma | |
| protruded voiced bilabial fricative | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Tamambo | ||
| labzd voiceless labiodental fricative | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Hadza, Chaha | ||
| labzd voiced labiodental fricative | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Chichewa[9] | ||
| labzd voiceless dental fricative | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Paha | ||
| labzd voiced dental fricative | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Paha | ||
| labzd voiceless palatal fricative | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Akan | ||
| labzd voiceless velar fricative | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Abaza, Adyghe, Avestan, Chaha, Halkomelem, Kabardian, Oowekyala, Taos, Navajo, Tigrinya, Lillooet, Tlingit | ||
| labzd voiced velar fricative | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Abaza, Navajo, Lillooet, Gwichʼin, possibly Proto-Indo-European | ||
| labzd voiceless uvular fricative | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Abkhaz, Adyghe, Archi, Halkomelem, Kabardian, Lillooet, Tlingit, Wariʼ, Chipewyan, Oowekyala, Ossetic, Ubykh | ||
| labzd pharyngealized voiceless uvular fricative | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Abkhaz, Archi, Ubykh | ||
| labzd voiced uvular fricative | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Abkhaz, Adyghe, Chipewyan, Kabardian, Ubykh | ||
| labzd pharyngealized voiced uvular fricative | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Archi, Ubykh | ||
| labzd voiceless pharyngeal fricative | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Abaza, Abkhaz | ||
| labzd voiced pharyngeal fricative | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Abaza, Lillooet | ||
| Pseudo-fricatives | labzd voiceless glottal fricative | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Akan, Tlingit, Tsakhur, Gothic | |
| Lateral fricatives | labzd voiceless alveolar lateral fricative | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Dahalo | |
| labzd voiceless velar lateral fricative | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Archi | ||
| Nasals | protruded bilabial nasal | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Adyghe, Chaha, Paha, Tamambo | |
| labzd palatal nasal | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Akan | ||
| labzd velar nasal | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Akan, Avestan, Lao, Hiw, Igala | ||
| protruded labial-velar nasal | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Dorig, Mwotlap | ||
| Approximants | labzd alveolar lateral approximant | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Lao | |
| labzd labiodental approximantTemplate:Explain | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Russian[10] | ||
| labialized palatal approximant | Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Abkhaz, Akan, French, Mandarin, Paha | ||
| Labio-velar approximant (voiced) | Script error: No such module "IPA". | in Japanese | ||
| Protruded labio-velar approximant (voiced) | Script error: No such module "IPA". | widespread; in every above-mentioned language, as well as e.g. Arabic, English, Korean, Vietnamese | ||
| Voiceless labio-velar approximant | Script error: No such module "IPA". | certain dialects of English | ||
| nasal labialized velar approximant | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Polish, Portuguese | ||
| labzd postalveolar approximant | Script error: No such module "IPA". | many dialects of English | ||
| labzd retroflex approximant | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | |||
| Ejectives | protruded bilabial ejective | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Adyghe | |
| labzd alveolar ejective | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Abkhaz, Adyghe, Ubykh | ||
| labzd velar ejective | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Archi, Bearlake Slavey, Chipewyan, Halkomelem, Kabardian, Ossetic, Tlingit, Ubykh | ||
| labzd palato-alveolar ejective fricative | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Adyghe | ||
| labzd uvular ejective | Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". | Abaza, Abkhaz, Archi, Halkomelem, Hakuchi, Tlingit, Ubykh | ||
| labzd pharyngealized uvular ejective | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Archi, Ubykh | ||
| labzd alveolar ejective affricate | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Archi, Khwarshi | ||
| labzd alveolar lateral ejective affricate | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Khwarshi | ||
| labzd palato-alveolar ejective affricate | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Abaza, Archi, Khwarshi | ||
| labzd alveolo-palatal ejective affricate | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Abkhaz, Ubykh | ||
| labzd retroflex ejective affricate | Script error: No such module "IPA". | allophonic in Adyghe | ||
| labzd velar lateral ejective affricate | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Archi | ||
| labzd velar ejective fricative | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Tlingit | ||
| labzd uvular ejective fricative | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Tlingit | ||
See also
- Labio-palatalization (◌ᶣ)
References
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- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ John Laver [1994: 321] Principles of Phonetics
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ As a mnemonic, the more-rounded diacritics resemble the rounded vowel Template:Angbr IPA.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ This is not a subscript w but originally a subscript omega that "recalls the letter w" (Jespersen & Pedersen, 1926, Phonetic Transcription and Transliteration: Proposals of the Copenhagen Conference, April 1925. Oxford University Press).
- ↑ See [1]. Script error: No such module "webarchive".
- ↑ John Esling (2010) "Phonetic Notation", in Hardcastle, Laver & Gibbon (eds) The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, 2nd ed.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
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Bibliography
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".