Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals
(Redirected from Voiced alveolar nasal)
Template:Short description
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The voiced alveolar nasal is a type of consonantal sound used in numerous spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar nasals is Template:Angbr IPA, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is n.
The vast majority of languages have either an alveolar or dental nasal.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". There are a few languages that lack either sound but have Script error: No such module "IPA"., such as Yoruba, Palauan, and colloquial Samoan (however, these languages all have Script error: No such module "IPA".. An example of a language without Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". is Edo). There are some languages (e.g. Rotokas) that lack both Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"..
True dental consonants are relatively uncommon. In the Romance, Dravidian, and Australian languages, n is often called "dental" in the literature. However, the rearmost contact, which gives a consonant its distinctive sound, is actually alveolar or denti-alveolar. The difference between the Romance languages and English is not so much where the tongue contacts the roof of the mouth but the part of the tongue that makes contact. In English, it is the tip of the tongue (such sounds are termed apical), but in the Romance languages, it is the flat of the tongue just above the tip (such sounds are called laminal).
However, there are languages with true apical (or less commonly laminal) dental n. It is found in the Mapuche language of South America, where it is actually interdental. A true dental generally occurs allophonically before Script error: No such module "IPA". in the languages that have it, as in English tenth. Similarly, a denti-alveolar allophone occurs in languages that have denti-alveolar stops, as in Spanish cinta.
Some languages contrast laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar nasals. For example, in the Malayalam pronunciation of Nārāyanan, the first n is dental, the second is retroflex, and the third alveolar.
A postalveolar nasal occurs in a number of Australian Aboriginal languages, including Djeebbana and Jingulu.[1]
Features
File:Voiced alveolar nasal.svg
Features of the voiced alveolar nasal:
- There are four specific variants of Script error: No such module "IPA".:
- Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
- Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
Template:Voiced Template:Nasal Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic
Occurrence
Dental or denti-alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BelarusianTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang"./novy | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'new' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology | |
| BulgarianTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang"./žena | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'woman' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| CatalanTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'to sing' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA"..Template:Sfnp See Catalan phonology | |
| Chuvash | шăна/šăna | [ʃɒn̪a] | 'a fly' | ||
| Dutch | Belgian | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'niece' | Laminal denti-alveolar, sometimes simply alveolar. See Dutch phonology |
| English | month | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'month' | Interdental. Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA".. | |
| Esperanto | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:No wrap | 'one who hopes' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| FinnishTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:No wrap | 'beach' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA".. | |
| FrenchTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'connection' | Laminal denti-alveolar, sometimes simply alveolar. See French phonology | |
| GreekTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'flower' | Interdental. Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA".. See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hindustani | Hindi | Script error: No such module "Lang". / najā | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'new' | See Hindi–Urdu phonology |
| Urdu | Script error: No such module "Lang". / najā | ||||
| Hmong | White Hmong | Template:Script / Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'eat' | |
| HungarianTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'grandma' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Hungarian phonology | |
| ItalianTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'to sing' | Laminal denti-alveolar.Template:Sfnp Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA"..Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Italian phonology | |
| Irish | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'nine' | Velarized. | |
| Japanese | 涙/namida | [n̪ämʲid̪ä] | 'tear' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Japanese phonology | |
| Kashubian | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'shower' | Laminal denti-alveolar.[2] | |
| Kazakh | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'it seemed' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA".. | |
| Kyrgyz | Script error: No such module "Lang"./bedelinde | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'in the authority' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA".. | |
| LatvianTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'night' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology | |
| MacedonianTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang"./nos | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'nose' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malayalam | Script error: No such module "Lang"./panni | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'pig' | Interdental for some speakers. See Malayalam phonology | |
| MapudungunTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'male cousin on father's side' | Interdental.Template:Sfnp | |
| Marathi | Script error: No such module "Lang"./nakh | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'fingernail' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Nepali | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'fraɡrance' | Allophone of /n/ in neighbourhood of /t̪, t̪ʰ, d̪, d̪ʱ/. | |
| PolishTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'nose' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Alveolar before Script error: No such module "IPA".. See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese | GeneralTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | {{errorTemplate:Main other|Audio file "Narina sound.wav" not found}}Template:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler | 'nostril' | Laminal denti-alveolar. May nasalize preceding vowel (especially if stressed). Has Template:IPAblink as allophone, forming from clusters with Template:IPAblink, and before Script error: No such module "IPA".. |
| Vernacular Paulista[3][4] | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'perceiving' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of Template:IPAslink after a stressed nasal vowel in more stigmatized varieties. See Portuguese phonology | |
| RomanianTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'hazelnut' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian | Script error: No such module "Lang"./naš | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'our' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology | |
| Scottish GaelicTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'nature' | Velarized. Contrasts with alveolar Script error: No such module "IPA". and palatal Script error: No such module "IPA".. | |
| Serbo-Croatian | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang". / | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'student' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA".. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovene | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'con artist' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA".. See Slovene phonology | |
| Spanish | Most dialects | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'to sing' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA".. See Spanish phonology |
| Swahili | Bajuni dialect | Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'rat' | Dental. Orthography is variable.[5][6] |
| Tamil | Script error: No such module "Lang"./nāḍu | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'country' | See Tamil phonology | |
| Telugu | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'To chew' | Occurs as an allophone of anuswara when followed by dental stops. | |
| UkrainianTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang"./nash | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'our' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with palatalized form. See Ukrainian phonology | |
| UzbekTemplate:Sfnp | nima/нимa/نىمه | [n̪imæ] | 'what' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
Alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | Script error: No such module "Lang"./nėfnė | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'light' | ||
| Arabic | Standard | Script error: No such module "Lang"./nūr | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'light' | See Arabic phonology |
| Assyrian | ܢܘܪܐ/nōra | Script error: No such module "IPA".] | 'mirror' | ||
| Basque | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'I' | ||
| Bengali | Script error: No such module "Lang"./naak/nāk | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'nose' | See Bengali phonology | |
| Cantonese | 年/nìhn | [ni:n˨˩] | 'year' | See Cantonese phonology | |
| CatalanTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'snow' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Czech | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'on' | See Czech phonology | |
| DutchTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'night' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | nice | {{errorTemplate:Main other|Audio file "nice-pronunciation-audio.ogg" not found}}Template:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler | 'nice' | See English phonology | |
| Finnish | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'I give' | See Finnish phonology | |
| German | fünf | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'five' | See German phonology | |
| GeorgianTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang"./k'ani | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'skin' | ||
| Greek | Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'communion wine' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Gujarati | Script error: No such module "Lang"./nahi | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'no' | See Gujarati phonology | |
| HawaiianTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'to shake' | See Hawaiian phonology | |
| Hebrew | Script error: No such module "Lang"./navon | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'wise' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| ItalianTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'dwarf' | See Italian phonology | |
| Irish | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'peak' | Palatalized. | |
| Khmer | Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'kingdom' | See Khmer phonology | |
| Korean | Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'Country' | See Korean phonology | |
| Kurdish | Northern | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'animal' | See Kurdish phonology |
| Central | Script error: No such module "Lang"./gîyânlabar | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||
| Southern | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||||
| KyrgyzTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang"./banan | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'banana' | ||
| Malay | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'cooked rice' | ||
| Malayalam | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'elephant' | See Malayalam phonology | |
| Maltese | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'truncheon' | ||
| Mandarin | 難/难/Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'difficult' | See Mandarin phonology | |
| MapudungunTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'enough' | ||
| Ngwe | Mmockngie dialect | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'sun' | ||
| Nepali | Script error: No such module "Lang"./nakkal | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'imitation' | See Nepali phonology | |
| Odia | Script error: No such module "Lang"./nāka | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'nose' | ||
| Okinawan | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'potato' | Can occur as onset, nucleus, or coda. Allophone of [m], [ŋ], and [ɴ] in coda, but phonemic elsewhere. | |
| Persian | نون/nun | [nun] | 'bread' | ||
| Pirahã | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'you' | ||
| PolishTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'punch' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". (which is normally laminal denti-alveolar Template:IPAblink) before Script error: No such module "IPA".. See Polish phonology | |
| Punjabi | ਨੱਕ/nakk | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'nose' | ||
| Scottish GaelicTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'breath' | Contrasts with velarised dental Script error: No such module "IPA". and palatal Script error: No such module "IPA".. | |
| Slovak | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'on' | ||
| SloveneTemplate:Sfnp | Common | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'news' | |
| Some speakers | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'horse' | See Slovene phonology | |
| SpanishTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'nothing' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swahili | ndizi | [n̩dizi] | 'banana' | ||
| Tagalog | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'thin' | Tagalog phonology | |
| Thai | Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". | [nɔːn] | 'sleep' | See Thai phonology | |
| Toki Pona | noka | [noka] | 'foot' | ||
| Turkish | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'reason' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Tamil | Script error: No such module "Lang"./manasu | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'mind', 'heart' | See Tamil phonology | |
| VietnameseTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'you're going' | Occurs only before alveolar consonants. See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Welsh | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'grandmother' | See Welsh phonology | |
| Western Apache | Script error: No such module "Lang". | {{errorTemplate:Main other|Audio file "en-us-non.ogg" not found}}Template:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler | 'cache' | ||
| West Frisian | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'neck' | ||
| Yi | Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'hurt' | ||
| Zapotec | TilquiapanTemplate:Sfnp | nanɨɨ | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'lady' | contrasts with a fortis alveolar nasal that is not represented in the orthography. |
Postalveolar
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CatalanTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA".[7] | 'belly' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA"., may be alveolo-palatal instead.Template:Sfnp See Catalan phonology | |
| DjeebbanaTemplate:Sfnp | barnmarramarlón̠a | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'they two swam' | Result of rhotic plus alveolar Script error: No such module "IPA"..Template:Sfnp | |
| English | AustralianTemplate:Sfnp | enrol | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'enrol' | Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA"..Template:Sfnp See Australian English phonology |
| ItalianTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'angel' | Palatalized laminal; allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA"..Template:Sfnp See Italian phonology | |
Variable
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ScottishTemplate:Sfnp | nice | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'nice' |
Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp |
| WelshTemplate:Sfnp | |||||
| German | StandardTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'lance' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.Template:Sfnp See Standard German phonology |
| Norwegian | Urban EastTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'man' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.Template:Sfnp See Norwegian phonology |
| Swedish | Central StandardTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'now' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, with the former being predominant.Template:Sfnp See Swedish phonology |
See also
Notes
References
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External links
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:In lang Unesp's digital collection – The deleting of /d/ in the morpheme of the gerund in São José do Rio Preto's accent Template:Webarchive
- ↑ Template:In lang The deletting of /d/ in the morpheme of the gerund in São José do Rio Preto's accent – PDF
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Valencian pronunciation: Script error: No such module "IPA".. What are transcribed Script error: No such module "IPA". in Catalan are actually alveolo-palatal sibilants Script error: No such module "IPA"..