List of languages in the Eurovision Song Contest

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Template:Short description The following list is of languages used in the Eurovision Song Contest since its inception in 1956, including songs (as) performed in finals and, since 2004, semi-finals.

The rules concerning the language of the entries have been changed several times. In the past, the contest's organisers have sometimes compelled countries to only sing in their own national languages, but since 1999 no such restriction has existed.

History

From Template:Escyr until Template:Escyr, there was no rule restricting the language(s) in which the songs could be sung. For example, Ingvar Wixell representing Template:Esccnty, sang his song "Absent Friend" in English. After this, a rule was imposed that a song must be performed in one of the official languages of the country participating. This new language policy remained in place until Template:Escyr.

From 1973 to Template:Escyr inclusive, participants were allowed to enter songs in any language. Several winners took advantage of this, with songs in English by countries where other languages are spoken, this included ABBA's "Waterloo" representing Template:Esccnty, and Teach-In's "Ding-a-dong" representing the Template:Esccnty.[1]

In Template:Escyr, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) reimposed the national language restriction. However, Template:Esccnty and Template:Esccnty were given a special dispensation to use English, as their national song selection procedures were already too advanced to change. During the language rule, the only countries which were allowed to sing in English were Ireland, Malta, and the United Kingdom as English is an official language in those countries. The restriction was imposed from 1977 to Template:Escyr.

From Template:Escyr onwards, a free choice of language was again allowed. Since then, several participating broadcasters have chosen songs that mixed languages, often English and the national language of their country. Prior to that, songs such as "Don't Ever Cry" (Template:Esccnty), "One Step" (Template:Esccnty), and "Goodbye" (Template:Esccnty) had a title and one line of the song in a non-native language. Edyta Górniak, representing Template:Esccnty, caused a scandal when she broke the rules by singing her song in English during the dress rehearsal[2][3] (which is shown to the juries who selected the winner). Only six participating broadcasters demanded that Poland should be disqualified, and with the rules requiring at least 13 of them to complain, the proposed removal did not occur.[4]

Since Template:Escyr, some songs have used constructed languages (conlangs): two Belgian entries were entirely written in constructed languages: "Sanomi" in Template:Esccnty and "O Julissi" in Template:Esccnty. "Amambanda", representing the Template:Esccnty, was sung partly in English and partly in a conlang.

The entry which used the most languages was "It's Just a Game", which represented Template:Esccnty. It was performed in English and French, with some lyrics in Spanish, Italian, Dutch, German, Gaelic, Serbo-Croatian, Hebrew, Finnish, Swedish, and Norwegian. "Love Unlimited", representing Template:Esccnty, had mainly lyrics in Bulgarian, but with phrases in Turkish, Greek, Spanish, Serbo-Croatian, French, Balkan Romani, Italian, Azerbaijani, Arabic and English. "Pozdrav svijetu", representing Template:Esccnty, was mainly sung in Croatian, but also had phrases in Spanish, German, French, English, Dutch, Italian, Russian, and Finnish.

For the first time since the reintroduction of a free choice of language in 1999, more than half of the entries of the Template:Escyr were in their representative country's national language. Out of 37 entries, 26 at least partially contained one of their national languages (five were in English along with their national languages). The remaining 11 entries were in languages other than their national languages, and this was the first contest since 1998 where less than half of the songs were fully in English. Sweden was represented by a song in Swedish for the first time Template:Esccnty, Germany was represented by a song mainly in German for the first time Template:Esccnty, and Latvia was represented by a song entirely in Latvian for the second time in its history, with the other being Template:Esccnty.[5][6][7]

As of 2025,Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". the only country that has never entered a song completely in one or more of its national languages is Template:Esccnty, which has never entered a song fully in the Azerbaijani language (although the aforementioned "Love Unlimited" contained a line in the language; "Mata Hari", representing Template:Esccnty, contained a repeated phrase in the language; and the chorus of "Script error: No such module "Lang".", representing Template:Esccnty, is in Azerbaijani). Template:Esccnty has never used Monégasque, its traditional national language, but French is Monaco's official and most commonly spoken language, and all of Monaco's entries have been entirely or primarily in French.

On the other hand, as of 2025,Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". there are ten countries whose representatives have performed all their songs at least partially in an official, regional or national language: Template:Esccnty, Template:Esccnty, Template:Esccnty, Template:Esccnty, Template:Esccnty, Template:Esccnty, Template:Esccnty, Template:Esccnty, Template:Esccnty and the Template:Esccnty. In addition, former countries Template:Esccnty and Template:Esccnty (Serbo-Croatian was an official language in both) and current countries Australia, Ireland, Malta and the United Kingdom (English is an official language in all four), Monaco (French) and Morocco (Arabic) have only been represented by songs fully in an official language.

The only editions not to feature any English-language entries were 1956 and Template:Escyr, while Template:Escyr was the first time in the history of the event that no entry was performed in French – with the two being the official languages of the contest. In 1956 and 1958, no Anglophone country participated, whereas in 2022, the three Francophone participants entered songs in English (Belgium and Switzerland) and Breton (France) respectively. While non-Francophone countries have in the past sent entries wholly or partially in French, none did so in 2022.

Criticism

French legislator François-Michel Gonnot criticised broadcaster France Télévisions and launched an official complaint in the French Parliament, as the song which represented Template:Esccnty, "Divine" by Sébastien Tellier, was sung in English.[8] A similar incident occurred again in 2014, when Ruth Lorenzo was criticised by the Royal Spanish Academy after winning the Template:Esccnty with her song "Dancing in the Rain", which contained some lyrics in English.

Spoken languages in the contest

The following natural languages have appeared in at least one competing entry in the Eurovision Song Contest:

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Language families

Most Europeans speak one or several Indo-European languages as a first language, second language or both. Of the main branches of Indo-European, Germanic and Romance have been represented at every contest. Balto-Slavic languages, another branch of Indo-European with hundreds of millions of speakers, were first introduced to the contest by Yugoslavia and have become more common after the end of the Cold War as more and more countries with a Slavic national language participated. The Baltic subgroup of Baltoslavic has only sporadically appeared as these languages have few speakers outside Lithuania and Latvia. Smaller branches such as Hellenic languages, Albanoid, Celtic languages (including Breton and Irish), Armenian languages and others have likewise depended on whether the national broadcaster representing that language participates and selects an entry in that language. For example despite Irish being de jure a co-official national language in Ireland, there has been only one Irish-language entry, but two in Breton, a language that has been actively fought against by the French state in the 20th century. While the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European includes some of the most spoken languages in the world, few people in EBU member states speak one of those languages and thus their presence at Eurovision thus far has been minimal.

Non-Indo-European languages have been appearing since the 1960s. The first group to appear were the Uralic languages which include Northern Sámi, Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian. In the 1970s Semitic languages (of the wider Afroasiatic family) which have been represented by the Maltese language, Hebrew and various varieties of Arabic first appeared in the contest. The Turkic languages have mostly been represented by Turkey (Azeri which is also a Turkic language has only been used for a few lines in a few songs thus far). As Turkey hasn't participated since 2012, the representation of Turkic languages has decreased.

Besides those languages that have notable communities of native speakers in EBU member states, there have been conlangs (languages "made up" by identifiable individuals or groups of individuals in recent times – some of the entries used a conlang devised specifically for that song bordering on glossolalia), languages from outside the EBU area as well as "dead" classical languages such as Ancient Greek, Sanskrit or Classical Latin used for songs, their titles or parts of their lyrics.

Spoken languages and their first appearance

Spoken languages are fully counted below when they are used in at least an entire verse or chorus of a song. First brief uses of a language and first uses of dialects are also noted.

Order Language[48][49] First
appearance 		Country First performer First song
1 Dutch Template:Escyr Template:Esc Jetty Paerl "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
2 German Template:Esc Lys Assia "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
3 French Template:Esc Fud Leclerc "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
4 Italian Template:Esc Franca Raimondi "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
5 English Template:Escyr Template:Esc Patricia Bredin "All"
– phrases in Spanish Template:Esc Margot Hielscher "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
6 Danish Template:Esc Birthe Wilke and Gustav Winckler "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
7 Swedish Template:Escyr Template:Esc Alice Babs "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
8 Luxembourgish Template:Escyr Template:Esc Camillo Felgen "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
9 Norwegian Template:Esc Nora Brockstedt "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
– title in Northern Sámi
10 Spanish Template:Escyr Template:Esc Conchita Bautista "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
11 Finnish Template:Esc Laila Kinnunen "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
12 Serbo-Croatian[N 1] Template:Esc Ljiljana Petrović "Script error: No such module "Lang"." (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
13 Portuguese Template:Escyr Template:Esc António Calvário "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
14 Slovene Template:Escyr Template:Esc Berta Ambrož "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
– phrases in Russian Template:Escyr Ivan and 4M "Script error: No such module "Lang"." Script error: No such module "Lang".
– Viennese German Template:Escyr Template:Esc Marianne Mendt "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
15 Maltese Template:Esc Joe Grech "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
16 Irish Template:Escyr Template:Esc Sandie Jones "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
17 Hebrew Template:Escyr Template:Esc Ilanit "Script error: No such module "Lang"." (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
18 Greek Template:Escyr Template:Esc Marinella "Script error: No such module "Lang"." (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
19 Turkish Template:Escyr Template:Esc Semiha Yankı "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
– title in Latin Template:Escyr Template:Esc Monica Aspelund "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
20 Arabic Template:Escyr Template:Esc Samira Said "Script error: No such module "Lang"." (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
– phrases in Northern Sámi Template:Esc Sverre Kjelsberg and Mattis Hætta "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
21 Icelandic Template:Escyr Template:Esc ICY "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
22 Romansh Template:Escyr Template:Esc Furbaz "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
– Finland Swedish Template:Escyr Template:Esc Beat "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
23 Neapolitan Template:Escyr Template:Esc Peppino di Capri "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
24 Martinican Creole Template:Escyr Template:Esc Kali "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
25 Serbian (variety of Serbo-Croatian)[N 1] Template:Flagicon Yugoslavia Extra Nena "Script error: No such module "Lang"." (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
– phrases in Corsican Template:Escyr Template:Esc Patrick Fiori "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
26 Bosnian (variety of Serbo-Croatian)[N 1] Template:Esc Fazla "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
27 Croatian (variety of Serbo-Croatian)[N 1] Template:Esc Put "Don't Ever Cry"
28 Estonian Template:Escyr Template:Esc Silvi Vrait "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
29 Romanian Template:Esc Dan Bittman "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
30 Slovak Template:Esc Martin Ďurinda and Tublatanka "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
31 Lithuanian Template:Esc Ovidijus Vyšniauskas "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
32 Hungarian Template:Esc Friderika Bayer "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
33 Russian Template:Esc Youddiph "Script error: No such module "Lang"." (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
34 Polish Template:Esc Edyta Górniak "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
– phrases in Ancient Greek Template:Escyr Template:Esc Elina Konstantopoulou "Script error: No such module "Lang"." (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
– Vorarlbergish Template:Escyr Template:Esc George Nussbaumer "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
35 Breton Template:Esc Dan Ar Braz and l'Héritage des Celtes "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
36 Macedonian Template:Escyr Template:Esc Vlado Janevski "Script error: No such module "Lang"." (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
– Samogitian Template:Escyr Template:Esc Aistė "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
– Styrian Template:Escyr Template:Esc Alf Poier "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
37 Constructed language Template:Esc Urban Trad "Sanomi"
38 Latvian Template:Escyr Template:Esc Fomins and Kleins "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
39 Catalan Template:Esc Marta Roure "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
40 lines in Ukrainian Template:Esc Ruslana "Wild Dances"
41 Võro Template:Esc Neiokõsõ "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
42 Montenegrin (variety of Serbo-Croatian)[N 1] Template:Escyr Template:Esc No Name "Script error: No such module "Lang"." (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
43 Albanian Template:Escyr Template:Esc Luiz Ejlli "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
– phrases in Tahitian Template:Esc Séverine Ferrer "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
– phrases in Andalusian Spanish Template:Esc Las Ketchup "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
– phrases in Dalmatian Croatian Template:Esc Severina "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
44 Bulgarian Template:Escyr Template:Esc Elitsa Todorova and Stoyan Yankoulov "Water"
45 Czech Template:Esc Kabát "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
– lines in Surzhyk Template:Esc Verka Serduchka "Dancing Lasha Tumbai"
– phrases in Armenian Template:Esc Hayko "Anytime You Need"
– phrases in Romani Template:Escyr Template:Esc Gipsy.cz "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
46 lines in Armenian Template:Esc Inga and Anush "Script error: No such module "Lang"." (Script error: No such module "Lang".)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
– phrases in Karelian Template:Escyr Template:Esc Kuunkuiskaajat "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
47 lines in Swahili Template:Escyr Template:Esc Stella Mwangi "Haba Haba"
48 Corsican Template:Esc Amaury Vassili "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
– phrases in Gheg Albanian Template:Escyr Template:Esc Rona Nishliu "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
49 Udmurt Template:Esc Buranovskiye Babushki "Party for Everybody"
– Mühlviertlerisch Template:Esc Trackshittaz "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
– phrases in Azerbaijani Template:Esc Sofi Marinova "Love Unlimited"
– phrases in Georgian Template:Esc Anri Jokhadze "I'm a Joker"
50 lines in Romani Template:Escyr Template:Esc Esma and Lozano "Script error: No such module "Lang"." (Script error: No such module "Lang".)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
– Chakavian Template:Esc Klapa s Mora "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
– lines in Pontic Greek Template:Escyr Template:Esc Argo "Utopian Land"
51 lines in Crimean Tatar Template:Esc Jamala "1944"
52 Belarusian Template:Escyr Template:Esc Naviband "Historyja majho žyccia" (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
– phrases in Sanskrit Template:Esc Francesco Gabbani "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
– phrases in Japanese Template:Escyr Template:Esc Netta "Toy"
53 Georgian Template:Esc Ethno-Jazz Band Iriao "For You"
– phrases in Torlakian[50][51][52] Template:Esc Sanja Ilić and Balkanika "Script error: No such module "Lang"." (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
– phrases in Abkhaz[53] Template:Escyr Template:Esc Oto Nemsadze "Keep on Going"
– lines in Amharic Template:Escyr Template:Esc Eden Alene "Script error: No such module "Lang"." (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
54 lines in Sranan Tongo Template:Escyr Template:Esc Jeangu Macrooy "Birth of a New Age"
55 lines in Latin Template:Escyr Template:Esc Konstrakta "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
56 lines in Yankunytjatjara[54] Template:Escyr Template:Esc Electric Fields "One Milkali (One Blood)"
57 lines in Azerbaijani Template:Esc Fahree feat. Ilkin Dovlatov "Script error: No such module "Lang"."
– phrases in Aramaic[55] Template:Esc Bambie Thug "Doomsday Blue"
– lines in Template:Ill[56][57] Template:Escyr Template:Esc Tommy Cash "Espresso Macchiato"
– phrases in Proto-Slavic[58][59][60] Template:Esc Justyna Steczkowska "Gaja"
– Vörå Swedish[61][62][63] Template:Esc KAJ "Bara bada bastu"

Winners by language

Template:Pie chart Between 1966 and 1972, and again between 1977 and 1998, countries were only permitted to perform in a official, national, or regional language of their country. Since language restrictions were last lifted in 1999, only four songs in non-English languages have won: "Molitva" (Template:Esccnty) wan performed in Serbian, "Amar pelos dois" (Template:Esccnty) in Portuguese, "Zitti e buoni" (Template:Esccnty) in Italian, and "Stefania" (Template:Esccnty) in Ukrainian. Also, the winning entries for Template:Esccnty and Template:Esccnty combined lyrics in English with Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar, respectively.

In 2017, "Amar pelos dois" became the first Portuguese-language song to win the contest, the first winner since 2007 to both be in a language that had never produced a winning song before and be entirely in a language other than English. Among all Eurovision winning entries, only Ukraine's were performed in more than one language.

2021 was the first year since 1995, and the first since language restrictions were last lifted in 1999, that the top three songs were all sung in a non-English language: Italian (first) and French (second and third).

Wins Language Years Countries
37 English 1967, 1969, 1970, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1980, 1981, 1987, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2023, 2024, 2025 United Kingdom, Ireland, Sweden, Netherlands, Yugoslavia, Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, Turkey, Ukraine, Greece, Finland, Russia, Norway, Germany, Azerbaijan, Austria, Israel, Switzerland
15 French 1956, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1965, 1966, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1977, 1983, 1986, 1988 Switzerland, France, Luxembourg, Austria, Monaco, Belgium
3 Dutch 1957, 1959, 1969 Netherlands
Italian 1964, 1990, 2021 Italy
Hebrew 1978, 1979, 1998 Israel
2 German 1966, 1982 Austria, Germany
Spanish 1968, 1969 Spain
Swedish 1984, 1991 Sweden
Norwegian 1985, 1995 Norway
Ukrainian 2004, 2022 Ukraine
1 Danish 1963 Denmark
Serbo-Croatian 1989 Yugoslavia
Serbian 2007 Serbia
Crimean Tatar 2016 Ukraine
Portuguese 2017 Portugal

Entries in constructed languages

Three times in the history of the contest, songs have been sung, wholly or partially, in constructed languages or gibberish.[64][65]

Appearance Country Performer Song
2003 Template:Esc Urban Trad "Sanomi"
2006 Template:Esc Treble "Amambanda"
2008 Template:Esc Ishtar "O Julissi"

Performances with sign languages

Some performances have included phrases in sign languages on stage.

Appearance Country Sign language Performer Song Ref
2005 Template:Esc Latvian Sign Language Walters & Kazha "The War Is Not Over" [66][67]
2006 Template:Esc Polish Sign Language Ich Troje "Follow My Heart" [68]
2011 Template:Esc Lithuanian Sign Language Evelina Sašenko "C'est ma vie" [69][70]
2015 Template:Esc Yugoslav Sign Language Bojana Stamenov "Beauty Never Lies" [71]
2019 Template:Esc French Sign Language Bilal Hassani "Roi" [72]

See also

Notes and references

Footnotes

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  1. ↑ a b c d e Serbo-Croatian is the name given to the pluricentric language to which Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian and Montenegrin belong. At the time of Yugoslavia's existence there was little distinction between the four standard varieties: the term Croatian came into use during the 1970s; Serbian and Bosnian evolved politically in the 1990s, and Montenegrin in the 2000s (see Serbo-Croatian for more details). Varying sources outline the language in which Yugoslav entries were performed differently, and another view is that the first entry performed by an artist from each Yugoslav constituent republic can be considered the first for their respective languages: "Neke davne zvezde" for Serbian in 1961, "Brodovi" for Croatian in 1963, "Život je sklopio krug" for Bosnian in 1964, and "Džuli" for Montenegrin in 1983.

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References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Sanja Ilić & Balkanika - Nova deca (English translation), Lyrics Translate, 28 February 2018.
  51. ↑ "Nova deca" lyrics, Wiwibloggs, 21 April 2018.
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ [1], lyricstranslate, 7 March 2019
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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Bibliography

  • Eurovision Song Contest history. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved on 19 August 2007.
  • History. ESCtoday.com. Retrieved on 19 August 2007.
  • John Kennedy O'Connor (2005). The Eurovision Song Contest 50 Years The Official History. London: Carlton Books Limited. Template:ISBN.
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