V

V, or v, is the twenty-second letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is vee (pronounced Template:IPAc-en), plural vees.

Name

• Template:Langx ; in dialects that merge and , the letter is called (Template:Lit).
• Template:Langx
• Template:Langx
• Template:Langx
• Template:Langx or
• Japanese: Template:Vr is called a variety of names that approximate its English name, most commonly or ; still, less nativized variants, violating to an extent Japanese phonotactics, such as ー , or , and , are also used. The phoneme in Japanese is used properly only in loanwords, where the preference for either or depends on many factors; in general, words that are perceived to be in common use tend toward .
• Template:Langx ; ⟨v⟩ is not used in native vocabulary, where the /v/ sound is instead represented by ⟨w⟩.
• Template:Langx
• Template:Langx is recommended by the RAE, but is traditional. If Template:Vr is referred to using the latter, it would have the same pronunciation as the letter Template:Vr (that is, in pausa or after a nasal consonant and elsewhere). Thus, further terms are needed to distinguish from , and to that end, ⟨v⟩ has been called , , , and ,Template:Efn among others.

History

Proto-Sinaitic	Phoenician Waw	Western Greek Upsilon	Latin V
File:Proto-semiticW-01.png	File:PhoenicianW-01.svg	File:Greek Upsilon normal.svg	File:Capitalis monumentalis V.SVG

The letter Template:Vr ultimately comes from the Phoenician letter waw by way of Template:Vr.

During the Late Middle Ages, two minuscule glyphs of U developed which were both used for sounds including and modern . The pointed form Template:Vr was written at the beginning of a word, while a rounded form Template:Vr was used in the middle or end, regardless of sound. So whereas valour and excuse appeared as in modern printing, have and upon were printed as "haue" and "vpon". The first distinction between the letters Template:Vr and Template:Vr is recorded in a Gothic script from 1386, where Template:Vr preceded Template:Vr. By the mid-16th century, the Template:Vr form was used to represent the consonant and Template:Vr the vowel sound, giving us the modern letter Template:Vr. Template:Vr and Template:Vr were not accepted as distinct letters until many years later. The rounded variant became the modern-day version of Template:Vr, and the letter's former pointed form became Template:Vr.

Use in writing systems

English

In English, Template:Vr represents a voiced labiodental fricative.

Special rules of orthography normally apply to the letter Template:Vr:

• Traditionally, Template:Vr is not doubled to indicate a short vowel, the way, for example, Template:Vr is doubled to indicate the difference between super and supper. However, that is changing with newly coined words, such as Template:Wikt-lang, divvy up and skivvies.
• A word-final Template:IPAc-en sound (except in of) is normally spelled -Template:Vr, regardless of the pronunciation of the vowel before it. This rule does not apply to transliterations of Slavic and Hebrew words, such as Kyiv (Kiev), or to words that started out as abbreviations, such as sov for sovereign.
• The Template:IPAc-en sound is spelled Template:Vr, not Template:Vr, before the letter Template:Vr. This originated with a mediaeval scribal practice designed to increase legibility by avoiding too many vertical strokes (minims) in a row.

Like Template:Vr, Template:Vr, Template:Vr, Template:Vr and Template:Vr, Template:Vr is not used very frequently in English. It is the sixth least frequently used letter in the English language, occurring in roughly 1% of words. Template:Vr is the only letter that cannot be used to form an English two-letter word in the British and Australian versions of the game of Scrabble. It is one of only two letters (the other being Template:Vr) that cannot be used this way in the American version. Template:Vr is also the only letter in the English language that is never silent.

Romance languages

The letter represents Template:IPAslink in several Romance languages, but in others it represents the same sound as Template:Vr, i.e. Template:IPAslink, due to a process known as betacism. Betacism occurs in most dialects of Spanish, in some dialects of Catalan and Portuguese, as well as in Aragonese, Asturleonese and Galician.

In Spanish, the phoneme has two main allophones; in most environments, it is pronounced , but after a pause or a nasal it is typically Template:IPAblink. See Allophones of /b d g/ in Spanish phonology for a more thorough discussion.

In Corsican, Template:Vr represents Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink, depending on the position in the word and the sentence.

Other languages

File:Newes ABC Buchlein MET DP855605.jpg

Late Renaissance or early Baroque design of Template:Vr, from 1627

In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, Template:Vr represents a voiced bilabial or labiodental sound.

In contemporary German, it represents Template:IPAslink in most loanwords, while in native German words, it always represents Template:IPAslink.

In standard Dutch, it traditionally represents Template:IPAslink, but in many regions, it represents Template:IPAslink in some or all positions.

In the Latinization of the Cherokee syllabary, Template:Vr represents a nasalized schwa, Template:IPAslink.

In Chinese pinyin, while is not used, the letter Template:Vr is used by most input methods to enter the letter Template:Vr, which most keyboards lack (romanized-input Chinese is a popular method to enter Chinese text). Informal romanizations of Mandarin Chinese use Template:Vr as a substitute for the close front rounded vowel /y/, properly written Template:Vr in both pinyin and Wade–Giles.

Other systems

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, Template:Angbr IPA represents the voiced labiodental fricative.

Other uses

• V is used to represent the Roman numeral 5.
• V is the symbol for vanadium. It is number 23 on the periodic table. Emerald derives its green coloring from either vanadium or chromium.
• v, v., and vs can also be used as an abbreviation for the word versus when between two or more competing items (e.g. Brown v. Board of Education).

Related characters

Descendants and related letters in the Latin alphabet

• U u : Latin letter Template:Vr, originally the same letter as Template:Vr
• W w : Latin letter Template:Vr, descended from Template:Vr
• Ỽ ỽ : [[Ỽ|Middle Welsh Template:Vr]]
• Template:Vr with diacritics: Ṽ ṽ Ṿ ṿ Ʋ ʋ ᶌ
• IPA-specific symbols related to Template:Vr: Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
• Template:Not a typo : Modifier letter small Template:Vr with hook is used in phonetic transcription
• Template:Not a typo : Modifier letter small Template:Vr with right hook is a superscript IPA letter
• Ʌ ʌ ᶺ: [[Turned v|Turned Template:Vr]]
• ⱴ : [[V with curl|Template:Vr with curl]]
• Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to Template:Vr:
  • Template:Unichar
  • Template:Unichar
  • Template:Unichar
  • Template:Unichar

File:Corinthian Vase depicting Perseus, Andromeda and Ketos.jpg

Ancient Corinthian vase depicting Perseus, Andromeda and Ketos. The inscriptions denoting the depicted persons are written in an archaic form of the Greek alphabet. Perseus (classical ΠΕΡΣΕΥΣ) is inscribed as Template:Vr (from right to left), using Template:Vr to represent the vowel . San (Template:Vr) is used instead of Sigma (Template:Vr).

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

• 𐤅: Semitic letter Waw, from which the following symbols originally derive:
  • Υ υ : Greek letter Upsilon, from which Template:Vr derives
    • Y y : Latin letter Template:Vr, which, like Template:Vr, also derives from Upsilon (but was taken into the alphabet at a later date)
    • Ѵ ѵ : Cyrillic letter izhitsa, also descended from Upsilon
    • У у : Cyrillic letter Template:Vr, also descended from Upsilon via the digraph of omicron and upsilon
      • Ү ү : Cyrillic letter Template:Vr, descended from Template:Vr and izhitsa, is used in the scripts for languages in the former Soviet Union and currently the Russian Federation, as well as in Mongolian. Most commonly, it represents or .

Ligatures and abbreviations

• ℣ : Versicle sign
• Ꝟ ꝟ : Forms of Template:Vr were used for medieval scribal abbreviations

Other representations

Unicode

• Template:Unichar
• Template:Unichar
• Template:Unichar
• Template:Unichar

External links

• Template:Sister-inline
• Template:Sister-inline
• Template:Sister-inline