Tai Tham script

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "For". Template:Infobox Writing system

Tai Tham script (Tham meaning "scripture") is an abugida writing system used mainly for a group of Southwestern Tai languages i.e., Northern Thai, Tai Lü, Khün and Lao; as well as the liturgical languages of Buddhism i.e., Pali and Sanskrit. It is historically known as Tua Tham (Template:Script/Tai Tham or Template:Script/Tai Tham). In Thailand and Myanmar, the script is often referred to as Lanna script (Template:Langx RTGS: Script error: No such module "lang".; Burmese: Script error: No such module "Lang".; MLCTS: Lanna Akhkara) in relation to the historical kingdom of Lan Na situating in the Northern region of modern day Thailand and Kyaingtong, Shan state in Myanmar.[1][2] Local people in Northern Thailand also call the script as Tua Mueang (Template:Script/Tai Tham, Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler) in parallel to Kam Mueang, a local name for Northern Thai language.[2] In Laos and Isan region of Thailand, a variation of Tai Tham script, often dubbed Lao Tham, is also known by the locals as To Tham Lao (Template:Langx Script error: No such module "IPA"., cf. Template:Langx BGN/PCGN to tham) or Yuan script.[3] Tai Tham script is traditionally written on a dried palm leaf as a palm-leaf manuscript.[2]

The Northern Thai language is a close relative of (standard) Thai. It is spoken by nearly 6 million people in Northern Thailand and several thousand in Laos of whom few are literate in Lanna script. The script is still read by older monks. Northern Thai has six linguistic tones and Thai only five, making transcription into the Thai alphabet problematic. There is some resurgent interest in the script among younger people, but an added complication is that the modern spoken form, called Kam Muang, differs in pronunciation from the older form.[4]

There are 670,000 speakers of Tai Lü, some of those born before 1950 are literate in Tham, also known as Old Tai Lue.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The script has also continued to be taught in the monasteries. The New Tai Lue script is derived from Tham. There are 120,000 speakers of Khün for which Lanna is the only script.Template:Contains special characters

History

File:Lanna cm2.jpg
Nameboard of a Buddhist temple in Chiang Mai written with Lanna: Wat Mokhamtuang (and street number 119 in Thai)
File:Tai Tham script on stone Chiangmai.JPG
Northern Thai inscription in Tai Tham script in Chiang Mai

The Tai Tham script shows a strong similarity to the Mon script used by the Mon kingdom of Haripunjaya around the 13th century CE, in the present-day Lamphun Province of Northern Thailand. The oldest known document containing the Tai Tham script is dated to 1376 CE and was found in Sukhothai. The document is a bilingual inscription on a gold folio, containing one line of Pali written in the Tai Tham script, while the vernacular is written in the Siamese language, using the Sukhothai script. The Tai Tham script was adapted to write vernacular languages not later than the 15th century CE, most probably in Chiang Mai, in the Lan Na Kingdom.[5] The script spread from Lan Na to surrounding areas such as modern day Laos, Isan, Shan State and Sipsong Panna. Numerous local variants developed, such as the Lue variant (Sipsong Panna), the Khuen variant (Shan State) and the Tham Lao variant (Laos and Isan). The variants differ only slightly in appearance, and the system of writing has remained the same.[6] As the name suggests, the use of the Tham (Dharma) script in Lao was restricted to religious literature, either used to transcribe Pali, or religious treatises written in Lao intended solely for the clergy. Religious instructional materials and prayer books dedicated to the laity were written in Tai Noi instead. As a result, only a few people outside the temples were literate in the script. In Isan, evidence of the script includes two stone inscriptions, such as the one housed at Wat Tham Suwannakhuha in Nong Bua Lamphu, dated to 1564, and another from Wat Mahaphon in Maha Sarakham from the same period.[7]

File:贝叶经.jpg
A palm-leaf manuscript written in Tai Tham script. Collection of the Museum of Ethnology, Minzu University of China.

Most of the script is recorded on palm-leaf manuscripts, many of which were destroyed during the 'Thaification' purges of the 1930s; contemporaneously this period of Thai nationalisation also ended its use as the primary written language in Northern Thailand.[8] Although no longer in use in Isan, the alphabet is enjoying a resurgence in Northern Thailand, and is still used as the primary written script for the Tai Lü and Tai Khün languages spoken in the 'Golden Triangle' where Thailand, Laos, Burma and southern China meet. Its use is rather limited to the long-term monks in Laos and most materials published today are in the modern Lao script.[8]Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists

Characteristics

Although both the ancient forms of the Mon and Khmer script are different, they are both abugidas that descend from the Brahmic scripts introduced via contacts with South Indian traders, soldiers, merchants and Brahmans. As a Mon-derived script, Tai Tham has many similarities with the Burmese, Shan, and Mon writing systems and rounder letter forms compared to the angled letters of Khmer.[8] Letters can be stacked, sometimes with special subscript forms, similar to 'ຼ' which was used in Tai Noi and also in modern Lao as the subscript version of 'ຣ' /r/ or 'ລ' /l/ as in Template:Langx.[1] Letters also are more circular or rounded than the typically angled style of Khmer.[7] However, the Tai Tham script does not use the virama similar to other Eastern Indic scripts like Thai and Khmer, unlike Burmese and Mon.[1]

Consonants

There are 43 Tai Tham consonants. They are divided into three groups: categorized consonants (Template:Script/Tai Tham, payanjana nai wak), non-categorized consonants (Template:Script/Tai Tham, Script error: No such module "lang".), and additional consonants (Template:Script/Tai Tham, payanjana tueam). Categorized consonants and non-categorized consonants are those derived from Old Mon script used for Pali and Sanskrit languages. Similar to Devanagari, Pallava script, and Burmese script, categorized consonants are divided into 5 subgroups called wak (Template:Script/Tai Tham) i.e., wak ka (Template:Script/Tai Tham), wak ja (Template:Script/Tai Tham), wak rata (Template:Script/Tai Tham), wak ta (Template:Script/Tai Tham), and wak pa (Template:Script/Tai Tham). The additional consonants are the consonants invented to write Tai sounds that are originally not found in Pali. In a dictionary, letter Template:Script/Tai Tham and Template:Script/Tai Tham are often put in the consonant list following the letter Template:Script/Tai Tham and Template:Script/Tai Tham respectively. However, they are a syllabary (also a vowel) and not a consonant letter.

Consonant chart

There are 25 categorized consonants, 10 non-categorized consonants, and 8 additional consonants. Similar to Khmer, Tai Tham also has a subjoined form called haang (Template:Script/Tai Tham), tua joeng (Template:Script/Tai Tham), or tua hoy (Template:Script/Tai Tham). In the Unicode input method, sakot sign (U1A60) (Template:Script/Tai Tham) is used to trigger the subjoined forms.[3][9] The additional consonants are shown in yellow. These consonants have the characteristics of lacking the subjoined form. Similar to Thai script and Lao script, consonants in Tai Tham can be classified into high, mid, and low classes regarding to the tone rules.

Letter Subjoined
form 		Name Transliteration IPA Tone
Class
Translit. IPA Initial Final Initial Final
rowspan="7" Template:Vert header Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-1.png Template:Script/Tai Tham ka Script error: No such module "IPA". k k Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". high
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-2.png Template:Script/Tai Tham xa, kha Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". x, kh k Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". high
Template:FontTemplate:Efn File:Lanna-3.png — xa, kha Script error: No such module "IPA". x, kh — Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". high
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-4.png Template:Script/Tai Tham ka Script error: No such module "IPA". k k Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". low
Template:FontTemplate:Efn File:Lanna-5.png — xa, kha Script error: No such module "IPA". x, kh — Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". low
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-6.png Template:Script/Tai Tham xa, kha Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". x, kh k Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". low
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-7.png Template:Script/Tai Tham nga Script error: No such module "IPA". ng ng Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". low
rowspan="6" Template:Vert header Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-8.png Template:Script/Tai Tham ja, ca Script error: No such module "IPA". j, c t Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". high
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-9.png Template:Script/Tai Tham sa, cha Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". s, ch — Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". — high
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-10.png Template:Script/Tai Tham ja, ca Script error: No such module "IPA". j, c t Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". low
Template:FontTemplate:Efn File:Lanna-11.png — sa Script error: No such module "IPA". s t Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". low
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-jh-Lue.png, File:Lanna-12.png Template:Script/Tai Tham sa, cha Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". s, ch t Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". low
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-13.png Template:Script/Tai Tham nya Script error: No such module "IPA". ny, y n Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".Template:Efn Script error: No such module "IPA". low
rowspan="5" Template:Vert header Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-14.png Template:Script/Tai Tham rata Script error: No such module "IPA". t t Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". high
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-15.png, File:Lanna-ratha-Lue.png Template:Script/Tai Tham , Template:Script/Tai Tham ratha Script error: No such module "IPA". th t Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". high
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-17.png Template:Script/Tai Tham da Script error: No such module "IPA". d, thTemplate:Efn t Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".Template:Efn Script error: No such module "IPA". mid
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-15-5.png Template:Script/Tai Tham ratha Script error: No such module "IPA". th t Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". low
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-16.png Template:Script/Tai Tham rana Script error: No such module "IPA". n n Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". low
rowspan="5" Template:Vert header Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-18.png Template:Script/Tai Tham ta Script error: No such module "IPA". t t Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". high
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-19.png Template:Script/Tai Tham tha Script error: No such module "IPA". th t Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". high
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-20.png Template:Script/Tai Tham ta Script error: No such module "IPA". t t Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". low
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-21.png Template:Script/Tai Tham tha Script error: No such module "IPA". th t Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". low
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-22.png Template:Script/Tai Tham na Script error: No such module "IPA". n n Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". low
rowspan="9" Template:Vert header Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-23.png Template:Script/Tai Tham , Template:Script/Tai Tham ba Script error: No such module "IPA". b p Script error: No such module "IPA".Template:Efn Script error: No such module "IPA". mid
Template:Script/Tai Tham paTemplate:Efn Script error: No such module "IPA". p p Script error: No such module "IPA".Template:Efn[10][11] Script error: No such module "IPA". high[11][10]
Template:FontTemplate:EfnTemplate:Efn File:Lanna-24.png  – pa Script error: No such module "IPA". p p Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". high
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-25.png Template:Script/Tai Tham pha Script error: No such module "IPA". ph  – Script error: No such module "IPA".  – high
Template:FontTemplate:Efn File:Lanna-26.png  – fa Script error: No such module "IPA". f  – Script error: No such module "IPA".  – high
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-27.png Template:Script/Tai Tham , Template:Script/Tai Tham pa Script error: No such module "IPA". p p Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". low
Template:FontTemplate:Efn File:Lanna-28.png  – fa Script error: No such module "IPA". f p Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". low
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-29.png Template:Script/Tai Tham pha Script error: No such module "IPA". ph p Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". low
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-30.png Template:Script/Tai Tham , Template:Script/Tai Tham ma Script error: No such module "IPA". m m Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". low
rowspan="12" Template:Vert header Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-31.png Template:Script/Tai Tham nya Script error: No such module "IPA". ny, y  – Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".Template:Efn  – low
Template:FontTemplate:Efn File:Lanna-44.png  – ya Script error: No such module "IPA". y  – Script error: No such module "IPA".  – mid
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-32.png Template:Script/Tai Tham , Template:Script/Tai Tham ra, la Script error: No such module "IPA". r,Template:Efn l, h n Script error: No such module "IPA".,Template:Efn Script error: No such module "IPA".,Template:Efn Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". low
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-33.png Template:Script/Tai Tham , Template:Script/Tai Tham la Script error: No such module "IPA". l n Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". low
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-34.png Template:Script/Tai Tham wa Script error: No such module "IPA". w Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". low
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-35.png Template:Script/Tai Tham sa Script error: No such module "IPA". s t Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". high
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-36.png Template:Script/Tai Tham sa Script error: No such module "IPA". s t Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". high
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-37.png Template:Script/Tai Tham , Template:Script/Tai Tham sa Script error: No such module "IPA". s t Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". high
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-38.png Template:Script/Tai Tham ha Script error: No such module "IPA". h  – Script error: No such module "IPA".  – high
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-39.png Template:Script/Tai Tham la Script error: No such module "IPA". l n Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". low
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-40.png, File:Lanna-a.png Template:Script/Tai Tham a Script error: No such module "IPA".  –  – Script error: No such module "IPA".  – mid
Template:FontTemplate:Efn File:Lanna-41.png  – ha Script error: No such module "IPA". h  – Script error: No such module "IPA".  – low
Notes

Template:Notelist

Consonant digraph with Ha

Certain consonants in the low-class group lack their high-class counterpart. These consonants are sometimes called the single low-class consonants. Their high-class counterparts are created by the combination with letter high Ha (Template:Script/Tai Tham) as a digraph, called Ha Nam (Template:Script/Tai Tham).[12]

Letter Name Transliteration IPA Tone

Class

Translit. IPA Initial Final Initial Final
Template:Script/Tai Tham nga Script error: No such module "IPA". ng  – Script error: No such module "IPA".  – high
Template:Script/Tai Tham na Script error: No such module "IPA". n  – Script error: No such module "IPA".  – high
Template:Script/Tai Tham ma Script error: No such module "IPA". m  – Script error: No such module "IPA".  – high
Template:Script/Tai Tham nya Script error: No such module "IPA". ny  – Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".Template:Efn  – high
Template:Script/Tai Tham ra, la, ha Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". r,Template:Efn l, h  – Script error: No such module "IPA".,Template:Efn Script error: No such module "IPA".,Template:Efn Script error: No such module "IPA".  – high
Template:Script/Tai Tham, Template:Script/Tai Tham la Script error: No such module "IPA". l  – Script error: No such module "IPA".  – high
Template:Script/Tai Tham wa Script error: No such module "IPA". w  – Script error: No such module "IPA".  – high
Notes

Template:Notelist

Consonant cluster

Tai Tham has three medial letters to form a consonant cluster: medial La (◌ᩖ a.k.a La Noi), medial Ra (ᩕ a.k.a Rawong), and medial Wa. Consonant cluster with medial Wa is the only true consonant cluster where both consonants are pronounced as one phoneme. Consonant cluster with Medial La and Medial Ra are considered a false consonant cluster as they do not produce the same effect. They are the remnant of the Proto-Southwestern Tai initial consonant clusters that existed during the early development of Tai Tham before the 16th century.[13]

Medial La

Medial La is a silent letter and not pronounced. For example, the word ᨸᩖᩦ and ᨸᩦ are both pronounced pi. Thus, it is considered a false consonant cluster. The use of Medial La is now preserved only for a semantic purpose.

Letter Name Transliteration IPA Tone

Class

Translit. IPA Phonetic Semantic
ᨠᩖ ᨠ᩠ᩃ ka Script error: No such module "IPA". k kl Script error: No such module "IPA". high
ᨣᩖ ᨣ᩠ᩃ ka Script error: No such module "IPA". k kl Script error: No such module "IPA". low
ᨸᩖ ᨸ᩠ᩃ pa Script error: No such module "IPA". p pl Script error: No such module "IPA". high
ᨹᩖ ᨹ᩠ᩃ pha Script error: No such module "IPA". ph phl Script error: No such module "IPA". high
ᨻᩖ ᨻ᩠ᩃ pa Script error: No such module "IPA". p pl Script error: No such module "IPA". low
ᨽᩖ ᨽ᩠ᩃ pha Script error: No such module "IPA". ph phl Script error: No such module "IPA". low
ᨾᩖ ᨾ᩠ᩃ ma Script error: No such module "IPA". m ml Script error: No such module "IPA". low

Medial Ra (Rawong)

Consonant cluster with medial Ra can be divided into two groups: one with an initial consonant sound change and one without the sound change. In some cases, an additional phoneme /l/ may be added with the initial consonant pronounced as a half-syllable. Noting that the /l/ phoneme also carries the tone of the initial consonant. Thus, it is considered a false consonant cluster.

With sound change

Consonant cluster with medial Ra changes the sound of the voiceless plosive consonants /k/, /t/, and /p/ to the aspirated plosive consonants Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., and Script error: No such module "IPA"., respectively.

Letter Name Transliteration IPA Tone

Class

Translit. IPA Phonetic Semantic
ᨠᩕ xa, kha Script error: No such module "IPA".,Script error: No such module "String".Script error: No such module "IPA". kh, x kr Script error: No such module "IPA". high
ᨡᩕ xa, kha Script error: No such module "IPA".,Script error: No such module "String".Script error: No such module "IPA". kh, x khr Script error: No such module "IPA". high
ᨣᩕ xa, kha Script error: No such module "IPA".,Script error: No such module "String".Script error: No such module "IPA". kh, x khr Script error: No such module "IPA". low
ᨲᩕ thala Script error: No such module "IPA". thl tr Script error: No such module "IPA". high
tha Script error: No such module "IPA". th Script error: No such module "IPA".
ᨴᩕ thala Script error: No such module "IPA". thl thr Script error: No such module "IPA". low
tha Script error: No such module "IPA". th Script error: No such module "IPA".
ᨷᩕ pha Script error: No such module "IPA". ph pr Script error: No such module "IPA". high
ᨹᩕ pha[14] Script error: No such module "IPA". ph phr Script error: No such module "IPA". high
ᨻᩕ pha Script error: No such module "IPA". ph phr Script error: No such module "IPA". low
Without sound change

Consonant cluster with medial Ra does not change the sound of Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"., but an additional phoneme /l/ is often added.

Letter Name Transliteration IPA Tone

Class

Translit. IPA Phonetic Semantic
ᨧᩕ jala[15] Script error: No such module "IPA". chl, jl chr, jr Script error: No such module "IPA". high
ja Script error: No such module "IPA". ch, j Script error: No such module "IPA".
ᨩᩕ ja[16] Script error: No such module "IPA". ch, j chr, jr Script error: No such module "IPA". low
ᨪᩕ sala[17] Script error: No such module "IPA". sl sr Script error: No such module "IPA". low
ᩈᩕ sala Script error: No such module "IPA". sl sr Script error: No such module "IPA". high
ᩆᩕ sala Script error: No such module "IPA". sl sr Script error: No such module "IPA". high

Medial Wa

Consonant cluster with medial Wa is the only true consonant cluster where both consonants are pronounced as one phoneme.

Letter Name Transliteration IPA Tone

Class

Translit. IPA
ᨠ᩠ᩅ kwa Script error: No such module "IPA". kw Script error: No such module "IPA". high
ᨣ᩠ᩅ kwa Script error: No such module "IPA". kw Script error: No such module "IPA". low
ᨡ᩠ᩅ xwa Script error: No such module "IPA". khw, xw Script error: No such module "IPA". high
ᨢ᩠ᩅ xwa Script error: No such module "IPA". khw, xw Script error: No such module "IPA". high
ᨤ᩠ᩅ xwa Script error: No such module "IPA". khw, xw Script error: No such module "IPA". low
ᩉ᩠ᨦ᩠ᩅ ngwa Script error: No such module "IPA". ngw Script error: No such module "IPA". high
ᨦ᩠ᩅ ngwa Script error: No such module "IPA". ngw Script error: No such module "IPA". low
ᨧ᩠ᩅ jwa Script error: No such module "IPA". jw, chw Script error: No such module "IPA". high
ᨩ᩠ᩅ jwa Script error: No such module "IPA". jw, chw Script error: No such module "IPA". low
ᨯ᩠ᩅ dwa Script error: No such module "IPA". dw Script error: No such module "IPA". mid
ᨲ᩠ᩅ twa Script error: No such module "IPA". tw Script error: No such module "IPA". high
ᨴ᩠ᩅ twa Script error: No such module "IPA". thw Script error: No such module "IPA". low
ᨶ᩠ᩅ nwa Script error: No such module "IPA". nw Script error: No such module "IPA". low
ᩀ᩠ᩅ ywa Script error: No such module "IPA". yw Script error: No such module "IPA". mid
ᩉ᩠ᨿ᩠ᩅ nywa Script error: No such module "IPA". nyw, yw, gnw Script error: No such module "IPA". high
ᨿ᩠ᩅ nywa Script error: No such module "IPA". nyw, yw, gnw Script error: No such module "IPA". low
ᩁ᩠ᩅ rwa, lwa Script error: No such module "IPA". rw, lw Script error: No such module "IPA". low
ᩉᩖ᩠ᩅ, ᩉ᩠ᩃ᩠ᩅ lwa Script error: No such module "IPA". lw Script error: No such module "IPA". high
ᩃ᩠ᩅ lwa Script error: No such module "IPA". lw Script error: No such module "IPA". low
ᩈ᩠ᩅ swa Script error: No such module "IPA". sw Script error: No such module "IPA". high
ᨪ᩠ᩅ swa Script error: No such module "IPA". sw Script error: No such module "IPA". low
ᩋ᩠ᩅ ʔwa Script error: No such module "IPA". ʔw Script error: No such module "IPA". low

Special letters

Letter Name Phonetic value

(IPA)

Comments
Tham Translit. IPA
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Southern Lanna LAE.svg, File:Northern Lanna LAE.svg Template:Script/Tai Tham, Template:Script/Tai Tham lae [lɛ̄ː] [lɛʔ], [lɛ̄ː] Ligature of letter Template:Script/Tai Tham (la) and superscript vowel sign Template:Script/Tai Tham (e).
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna NAA.svg Template:Script/Tai Tham naa [nāː] [nāː] Ligature of letter Template:Script/Tai Tham (na) and vowel sign Template:Script/Tai Tham (a).
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna geminate NYA.svg Template:Script/Tai Tham nya nya [ɲa᷇ʔ ɲa᷇ʔ] [n.ɲ] Ligature of letter Template:Script/Tai Tham (rana) and Template:Script/Tai Tham (nya), used in lieu of double Template:Script/Tai Tham.
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna Double SA Conjunct.svg Template:Script/Tai Tham sa song hong [sǎː sɔ̌ːŋ hɔ᷇ːŋ] [t̚.s], [s̚.s] Ligature of double Template:Script/Tai Tham (high sa).
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna medial RA.svg Template:Script/Tai Tham rarong, rahong [la᷇.hōːŋ] [r], [l], [ʰ] Subjoined form of letter Template:Script/Tai Tham (ra) for a consonant cluster such as Template:Script/Tai Tham (pra) Template:Script/Tai Tham (pra) as opposed to the subjoined form Template:Script/Tai Tham used as a final consonant. Traditionally considered as a special letter.

Template:Notelist

Vowels

Vowel characters come in two forms: as stand-alone letters for writing initial vowels or as diacritics that can be attached to all sides of the consonant letters. However, Lanna excels in terms of the number of diacritics used. Some vowel sounds can be written with a combination of as many as four diacritics: one on each side of the consonant.[18][19]

Independent vowels

Independent vowels are mainly reserved for writing Pali words, except for Template:Script/Tai Tham /ʔau/ which is used as a special vowel sign and not for Pali words.[20]

Tai Tham IPA Transliteration
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna Letter a.svg /áʔ/ a
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna letter aa.svg /āː/ aa
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna letter i.svg /íʔ/ i
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna letter ii.svg /īː/ ii
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna letter u.svg /úʔ/ u
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna letter uu.svg /ūː/ uu
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna letter e.svg /ēː/ e
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna letter o.svg /ōː/ o
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna letter rue.svg /li/, /lɯ̄ː/,

/lɯ᷇ʔ/, /lɤː/[21]

rue, ruue,

ri, roe[21]

Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna letter lue.svg lue, luue,

li, loe[21]

Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna aau.jpg /aw/ aw, au, ao

Dependent vowels

Short vowelsTemplate:Efn
(with consonant Template:Script/Tai Tham) 		Long vowels
(with consonant Template:Script/Tai Tham)
IPA No final
consonant 		With final
consonant (Template:Script/Tai Tham)Template:Efn 		IPA No final
consonant 		With final
consonant (Template:Script/Tai Tham)Template:Efn
Simple vowels
/a/ Template:Script/Tai Tham, Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham /aː/ Template:Script/Tai ThamTemplate:Efn Template:Script/Tai Tham
/i/ Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham /iː/ Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham
/ɯ/ Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham /ɯː/ Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham
/u/ Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham, Template:Script/Tai Tham /uː/ Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham, Template:Script/Tai Tham
/e/ Template:Script/Tai Tham, Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham, Template:Script/Tai Tham /eː/ Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham
/ɛ/ Template:Script/Tai Tham, Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham, Template:Script/Tai Tham /ɛː/ Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham
/o/ Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham /oː/ Template:Script/Tai Tham, Template:Script/Tai ThamTemplate:EfnTemplate:Efn Template:Script/Tai Tham, Template:Script/Tai Tham
/ɔ/ Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham, Template:Script/Tai Tham /ɔː/ Template:Script/Tai Tham, Template:Script/Tai ThamTemplate:Efn Template:Script/Tai Tham, Template:Script/Tai Tham
/ɤ/ Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham, Template:Script/Tai Tham /ɤː/ Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham
Diphthongs
/iaʔ/ Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham, Template:Script/Tai Tham /ia/ Template:Script/Tai ThamTemplate:Efn Template:Script/Tai Tham
/ɯaʔ/ Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham, Template:Script/Tai Tham /ɯa/ Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham
Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham, Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham
/uaʔ/ Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham, Template:Script/Tai Tham /ua/ Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham, Template:Script/Tai Tham
Phonetic diphthongsTemplate:Efn
/aw/ Template:Script/Tai Tham,Template:Efn Template:Script/Tai Tham, Template:Script/Tai Tham,Template:Efn Template:Script/Tai ThamTemplate:Efn - /aːw/ ᨠᩣ᩠ᩅ -
/iw/ ᨠᩥ᩠ᩅ -
/ew/ ᨠᩮ᩠ᩅᩡ, ᨠᩮᩢ᩠ᩅ - /eːw/ ᨠᩮ᩠ᩅ, ᨠ᩠ᨿᩅ, ᨠ᩠ᨿᩴ -
/ɛw/ ᨠᩯ᩠ᩅᩡ, ᨠᩯᩢ᩠ᩅ - /ɛːw/ ᨠᩯ᩠ᩅ -
/iaw/ ᨠ᩠ᨿᩅ, ᨠ᩠ᨿᩴ -
/aj/ Template:Script/Tai Tham, Template:Script/Tai Tham, Template:Script/Tai Tham,Template:Efn Template:Script/Tai Tham, Template:Script/Tai Tham,[22] Template:Script/Tai Tham[11] - /aːj/ ᨠᩣ᩠ᨿ -
/ɯj/ ᨠᩧ᩠ᨿ, ᨠᩨ᩠ᨿᩡ - /ɯːj/ ᨠᩨ᩠ᨿ -
/uj/ ᨠᩩ᩠ᨿ - /uːj/ ᨠᩪ᩠ᨿ -
/oːj/ ᨠᩰᩫ᩠ᨿ, ᨠ᩠ᩅ᩠ᨿ -
/ɔj/ ᨠᩬ᩠ᨿᩡ, ᨠᩬᩢ᩠ᨿ - /ɔːj/ Template:Script/Tai Tham,Template:Efn Template:Script/Tai Tham -
/ɤːj/ ᨠᩮᩥ᩠ᨿ, ᨠᩮᩬᩥ᩠ᨿ, ᨠᩮᩬᩨ᩠ᨿ -
/uaj/ ᨠ᩠ᩅ᩠ᨿ -
/ɯaj/ ᨠᩮᩬᩥ᩠ᨿ, ᨠᩮᩬᩨ᩠ᨿ -
Extra vowels
/aŋ/ Template:Script/Tai Tham,Template:Efn Template:Script/Tai ThamTemplate:Efn —
/am/ Template:Script/Tai ThamTemplate:Efn —
Notes

Template:Notelist

Tone marks

Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote".

Tone marks Name Comments
Tham Transliteration IPA
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-tone1.png Template:Script/Tai Tham,[11] Template:Script/Tai Tham[11] mai yak,

mai yo

/máj.jǎk/,

/máj.jɔ́ʔ/

Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-tone2.png Template:Script/Tai Tham[11] mai kho jang /máj.xɔ̌ː.t͡ɕáːŋ/
Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham[23] mai sat /máj.sát/ Interchangeable with mai kho jang.[23]
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna Khuen tone 3.svg Template:Script/Tai Tham[24] mai ko nuea /máj.kɔ̌.nɯa̯/ Invented for Khuen language, shape like vowel sign Template:Script/Tai Tham (mai ko).[23]
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna Khuen tone 4.svg Template:Script/Tai Tham[24] mai song nuea /máj.sɔ̌ːŋ.nɯa̯/ Invented for Khuen language, shape like Template:Script/Tai Tham (Hora digit 2).[23]
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna Khuen tone 5.svg Template:Script/Tai Tham[24] mai sam nuea /máj.sǎːm.nɯa̯/ Invented for Khuen language, shape like Template:Script/Tai Tham (Hora digit 3).[23]
๋ File:Lanna Lao tone 4.svg - – - Borrowed from Thai script "Mai Chattawa" into Khuen language.
Interchangeable with mai song nuea.[23]
้ File:Lanna Khuen tone 2.svg - – - Borrowed from Thai script "Mai Tho" into Khuen language.
Interchangeable with mai sam nuea.[23]

Tone mark conjugation

There are six phonemic tones in the Chiang Mai dialect of Northern Thai: low-rising, low-falling, high-level with glottal stop, mid-level, high-falling, and high-rising. Tones in Chiang Mai dialect are very close to the standard Thai five tones systems and the equivalence can be drawn between the two. Lanna–Thai dictionaries often equate Chiang Mai tones with standard Thai tones, shown in a table below.

Northern Thai–Standard Thai tone equivalence
Chiang Mai Tone[25] Thai Tone Equivalence[25]
Name Tone letters Name Tone letters
mid-level 33 or ˧˧ สามัญ saman mid-level 33 or ˧˧
low-falling 21 or ˨˩ เอก ek low-falling 21 or ˨˩
high-falling 42 or ˦˨ โท tho high-falling 41 or ˦˩
high-level, glottalized 44ʔ or ˦˦ʔ โทพิเศษTemplate:Efn special thoTemplate:Efn – –
high-rising 45 or ˦˥ ตรี tree high-rising 45 or ˦˥
low-rising 24 or ˨˦ จัตวา chattawa low-rising 24 or ˨˥

Template:Notelist

Tone mark conjugation system of Tai Tham highly correlates with the system used by Thai script. Despite the difference in tone quality between Northern Thai, Tai Khuen, Thai, and Lao; equivalent words in each language are, in large part, marked with the same (or equivalent) tone mark. For example, the word Template:Script/Tai Tham (Script error: No such module "IPA".; Khuen: Script error: No such module "IPA".) which is equivalent to Thai ค้า (Script error: No such module "IPA".), and Lao ຄ້າ (Script error: No such module "IPA".) all has the same meaning "to trade" and is expressed with the same or equivalent tone mark mai tho/mai kho jang but is pronounced with different tones differed by the languages.

Tone mark conjugation in Tai Tham follows the same model used for Thai script. Consonants are divided into 3 classes: high, mid, low; with some degree of variation form Thai script due to the phonological differences between Northern Thai and standard Thai. Consonants in each class are combined with these tone marks to give a different tonal pattern.

Only two tone marks mai yo Template:Script/Tai Tham and mai kho jang Template:Script/Tai Tham are mainly used. Low class and High class consonants only have one tone per one tone mark. Hence, to achieve the 6 tones while using only 2 tone marks (and one case of no tone mark), they are conjugated as a couple of the same sound.[26]

High class–Low class consonants couple for tone conjugation
IPA High class Low class
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Script/Tai ThamTemplate:Efn Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham
Notes

Template:Notelist

Mid class consonants ([ʔ], [b], [d], and [j]) do not have a couple for tone conjugation. Hence, different tones can be expressed with the same tone mark. Readers have to rely on the context in order to know the correct tone pronunciation. Therefore, to solve this ambiguity, three new tone marks: mai ko nuea Template:Script/Tai Tham, mai song nuea Template:Script/Tai Tham, and mai sam nuea Template:Script/Tai Tham were invented for the mid class consonants in Khuen language. However, these three new tone marks aren't used in Lanna spelling convention and even in Khuen, they are rarely used. The use of these new three tone marks is also not standardized and may also differ between the dialects of Khuen language.[23]

Moreover, similar to standard Thai, the tonal pattern for each consonant class also differs by vowel length and final consonant sounds, which can be divided into the "checked" and "unchecked" syllables. Checked syllables are a group of syllables with the obstruent coda sounds [p̚], [t̚], [k̚], and [ʔ] (short vowel with no final consonant actually ends with the glottal stop, but often omitted). The unchecked syllables are a group of syllables with the sonorant coda sound [m], [n], [ŋ], [j], and [w].

Hence, by combining the consonant classes and the system of checked–unchecked syllables, the full tone conjugation table can be constructed as shown below. Color codes are assigned in the table to each tone mark: cyan – no tone mark; yellow – mai yo (equi. Thai mai ek); pink – mai kho jang (equi. Thai mai tho). Low class and high class rows are paired together to show the system of the consonant couples.

final
consonant
sound 		Vowel
length 		Consonant
class 		Chiang Mai Tone
mid-level low-falling high-falling high-level,
glottalized 		high-rising low-rising
Thai Tone Equivalence
สามัญ
(saman) 		เอก
(ek) 		โท
(tho) 		โทพิเศษ
(special tho)Template:Efn 		ตรี
(tree) 		จัตวา
(chattawa)
mid low falling - high rising
m, n, ŋ, j, w

coda

(unchecked syllables)

(sonorant)

long
&
short 		Low Template:Script/Tai Tham
/taː˧˧/
"to smear" 		Template:Script/Tai Tham
/taː˦˨/
"port" 		Template:Script/Tai Tham
/taː˦˥/
"to challenge"
High Template:Script/Tai Tham
/taːŋ˨˩/
"to carry" 		Template:Script/Tai Tham
/taːn˦˦ʔ/
"to oppose" 		Template:Script/Tai Tham
/taː˨˦/
"eye"
Mid Template:Script/Tai Tham
/ʔuj˧˧/
"soft hair" 		Template:Script/Tai Tham
/ʔuj˨˩/
"to scatter" 		Template:Script/Tai ThamTemplate:Efn[27]
/ʔuj˦˨.huj˦˨/
"greenish" 		Template:Script/Tai Tham[27]
/ʔuj˦˦ʔ/
"thigh" 		Template:Script/Tai ThamTemplate:Efn[28]
/ʔuj˦˥/
"grand parents" 		Template:Script/Tai ThamTemplate:Efn[29]
/ʔuj˨˦/
"breast"
ʔ, p̚, t̚, k̚

codaTemplate:Efn

(checked syllables)

(obstruent)

long Low Template:Script/Tai Tham
/taːk̚˦˨/
"slug" 		Template:Script/Tai ThamTemplate:EfnTemplate:Efn[30]

/noːt̚˦˥/

"note"

High Template:Script/Tai Tham
/taːk̚˨˩/
"to dry"
Mid Template:Script/Tai Tham
/daːp̚˨˩/
"sword" 		Template:Script/Tai ThamTemplate:Efn[31]
/ʔuːt̚˦˨/
"to swell" 		Template:Script/Tai ThamTemplate:Efn[32]
/ʔɔːp̚˦˥/
"bottle neck"
short Low Template:Script/Tai Tham
/tak̚˦˥/
"to greet"
High Template:Script/Tai Tham
/tap̚˨˦/
"liver"
Mid Template:Script/Tai ThamTemplate:Efn[33]
/ʔuk̚˦˥/
"to ferment" 		Template:Script/Tai Tham
/dap̚˨˦/
"to distinguish (fire)"
Notes

Template:Notelist

Numerals

Lanna has two sets of numerals. The first set, Lek Nai Tham, is mainly used for liturgical purposes. The other set, Lek Hora, is used in general.

Arabic numerals 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Hora digits Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham
Tham digits Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham Template:Script/Tai Tham
Thai numerals ๐ ๑ ๒ ๓ ๔ ๕ ๖ ๗ ๘ ๙
Lao numerals ໐ ໑ ໒ ໓ ໔ ໕ ໖ ໗ ໘ ໙
Burmese numerals <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />๐ <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />၁ <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />၂ <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />၃ <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />၄ <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />၅ <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />၆ <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />၇ <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />၈ <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />၉
Khmer numerals Template:Script/Khmer Template:Script/Khmer Template:Script/Khmer Template:Script/Khmer Template:Script/Khmer Template:Script/Khmer Template:Script/Khmer Template:Script/Khmer Template:Script/Khmer Template:Script/Khmer

Relation with other scripts

Tai Tham is very similar in shape to Burmese script since both are derived from Old Mon script. New Tai Lue is a descendant of Tai Tham with its shape simplified and many consonants removed. Thai script looks distinctive from Tai Tham but covers all equivalent consonants including 8 additional consonants, as Thai is the closest sister language to the Northern Thai, Khuen, and Lue languages. A variation of Thai script (Sukhothai script) called Fakkham script was also used in Lan Na to write Northern Thai, Khuen, and Lue during the 14th century, influencing the development of the modern Tai Tham script.[34][2]

Tai Tham Burmese New Tai Lue Khmer Thai Lao
Unicode Lanna style
rowspan="7" Template:Vert header Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-1.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />က ᦂ Template:Script/Khmer ก ກ
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-2.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />ခ ᦃ Template:Script/Khmer ข ຂ
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-3.png  –  –  – ฃ  –
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-4.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />ဂ ᦅ Template:Script/Khmer ค ຄ
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-5.png  – ᦆ  – ฅ  –
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-6.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />ဃ  – Template:Script/Khmer ฆ ຆ

(modern: ຄ)

Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-7.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />င ᦇ Template:Script/Khmer ง ງ
rowspan="6" Template:Vert header Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-8.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />စ ᦈ Template:Script/Khmer จ ຈ
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-9.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />ဆ  – Template:Script/Khmer ฉ File:Lao-Pali-ch.png

(modern: ສ)

Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-10.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />ဇ ᦋ Template:Script/Khmer ช ຊ
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-11.png  – ᦌ  – ซ  –
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-12.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />ဈ  – Template:Script/Khmer ฌ File:Lao-Pali-jh.png

(modern: ຊ)

Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-13.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />ည  – Template:Script/Khmer ญ File:Lao-Pali-ny.png

(modern: ຍ)

rowspan="5" Template:Vert header Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-14.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />ဋ  – Template:Script/Khmer ฏ File:Lao-Pali-T.png

(modern: ຕ)

Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-15.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />ဌ  – Template:Script/Khmer ฐ File:Lao-Pali-Th.png

(modern: ຖ)

Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-17.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />ဍ ᦡ Template:Script/Khmer ฑ, ฎ, ด File:Lao-Pali-D.png

(modern: ທ, ດ)

Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-15-5.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />ဎ  – Template:Script/Khmer ฒ File:Lao-Pali-Dh.png

(modern: ທ)

Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-16.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />ဏ  – Template:Script/Khmer ณ File:Lao-Pali-N.png

(modern: ນ)

rowspan="5" Template:Vert header Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-18.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />တ ᦎ Template:Script/Khmer ต ຕ
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-19.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />ထ ᦏ Template:Script/Khmer ถ ຖ
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-20.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />ဒ ᦑ Template:Script/Khmer ท ທ
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-21.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />ဓ ᦒ Template:Script/Khmer ธ File:Lao-Pali-dh.png

(modern: ທ)

Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-22.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />န ᦓ Template:Script/Khmer น ນ
rowspan="8" Template:Vert header Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-23.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />ပ ᦢ Template:Script/Khmer บ ບ
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-24.png  – ᦔ  – ป ປ
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-25.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />ဖ ᦕ Template:Script/Khmer ผ ຜ
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-26.png  – ᦚ  – ฝ ຝ
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-27.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />ဗ ᦗ Template:Script/Khmer พ ພ
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-28.png  – ᦝ  – ฟ ຟ
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-29.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />ဘ ᦘ Template:Script/Khmer ภ File:Lao-Pali-bh.png

(modern: ພ)

Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-30.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />မ ᦙ Template:Script/Khmer ม ມ
rowspan="12" Template:Vert header Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-31.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />ယ ᦍ Template:Script/Khmer ย ຍ
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-44.png  – ᦊ  – อย ຢ
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-32.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />ရ ᦣ Template:Script/Khmer ร ຣ

(modern: ລ)

Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-33.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />လ ᦟ Template:Script/Khmer ล ລ
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-34.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />ဝ ᦞ Template:Script/Khmer ว ວ
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-35.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />ၐ

(modern: သ)

 – Template:Script/Khmer

(modern: ស)

ศ File:Lao-Sanskrit-sh.png

(modern: ສ)

Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-36.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />ၑ

(modern: သ)

 – Template:Script/Khmer

(modern: ស)

ษ File:Lao-Sanskrit-S.png

(modern: ສ)

Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-37.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />သ ᦉ Template:Script/Khmer ส ສ
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-38.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />ဟ ᦠ Template:Script/Khmer ห ຫ
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-39.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />ဠ  – Template:Script/Khmer ฬ File:Lao-Pali-L.png

(modern: ລ)

Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-40.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />အ ᦀ Template:Script/Khmer อ ອ
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-41.png  –  –  – ฮ ຮ
7. Special Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-42.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />ၒ  – Template:Script/Khmer ฤ  –
Template:Script/Tai Tham File:Lanna-43.png <templatestyles src="Script/styles_myanmar.css" />ၔ  – Template:Script/Khmer ฦ  –

Sanskrit and Pali

The Tai Tham script (like all Indic scripts) uses a number of modifications to write Pali and related languages (in particular, Sanskrit). When writing Pali, only 33 consonants and 12 vowels are used.

Pali consonants in Tai Tham script

Plosive Nasal Approximant Fricative
voicelessScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
unaspiratedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". aspiratedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". unaspiratedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". aspiratedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". centralScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". lateralScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Velar Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
Palatal Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
Retroflex Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
Dental Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
Labial Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
Glottal Template:Letter

Sanskrit consonants in Tai Tham script

Plosive Nasal Approximant Frictive
voicelessScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". voicelessScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
unaspiratedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". aspiratedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". unaspiratedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". aspiratedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". unaspiratedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". unaspiratedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". aspiratedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Guttural Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
Palatal Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
Retroflex Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
Dental Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
Labial Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter

Unicode block

Tai Tham script was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 2009 with the release of version 5.2.

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

The Unicode block for Tai Tham is U+1A20–U+1AAF:

Template:Unicode chart Tai Tham

Fonts

File:Lanna Alif vs Lanna Unicode UI.png
Lanna Alif vs Lanna Unicode UI

Supports for Tai Tham Unicode font in Microsoft Windows and Microsoft office are still limited[35] causing the widespread use of non-Unicode fonts. Fonts published by the Royal Society of Thailand and Chiang Mai University are also non-Unicode due to this problem and to maximize the ability to transcribe and display the ancient Tai Tham text, which frequently contains various special ligatures and symbols not supported by Unicode.[36][37] Non-Unicode fonts often use a combination of Thai script and Latin Unicode ranges to resolves the incompatibility problem of Unicode Tai Tham in Microsoft office. However, these fonts may encounter a display problem when used on web browsers as the text can be encoded as an unintelligible Thai text instead. In recent years, many Tai Tham Unicode fonts have been developed for web display and communications via smart phones. Google's Noto Sans Tai Tham becomes the default font for Tai Tham on Mac OS and iOS.[38] However, the current version of this font still fails to display Tai Tham text correctly. The table below gives a list of publicly available Tai Tham fonts.

Font name Supports Script style Font family Publisher
(with page link)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
UnicodeTemplate:Efn Non-UnicodeTemplate:Efn
A Tai Tham KH New V3 Yes No Khün Sans-serif Arloka Tai Tham Unicode group
A Tai Tham LN Yes No Lanna Serif Arloka
Chiangsaen Alif Yes No Lanna Sans-serif Alif Silapachai
CR Insom Lanna Yes Yes Lanna Serif Worawut Thanawatanawanich
Hariphunchai Yes No Lanna Serif TragerStudio, Richard Wordingham
Kotthabun Yes No Lao Tham Serif Theppitak Karoonboonyanan Tai Tham Unicode group
Lanna Alif Yes No Lanna Sans-serif Alif Silapachai
Lamphun Yes No Lanna Serif Richard Wordingham
LN Mon Saen No Yes Khün Serif Chiang Mai University (page link), Pichai Saengboon
LN Tilok No Yes Lanna Serif Chiang Mai University (page link), Pichai Saengboon
LN Wat Inda No Yes Khün Serif Chiang Mai University (page link), Pichai Saengboon
Noto Sans Tai Tham Yes No Khün Sans-serif Google Fonts
Pali-Kotthabun Template:Maybe Yes Lao Tham Serif Worawut Thanawatanawanich, Theppitak Karoonboonyanan
Pali-Tilok Template:Maybe Yes Lanna Serif Worawut Thanawatanawanich, Pichai Saengboon
Payap Lanna Yes No Lanna Serif SIL International
RST-ISAN No Yes Lao Tham Serif Royal Society of Thailand (page link)
RST-LANNA No Yes Lanna Serif Royal Society of Thailand (page link)
Tai Tham BXL Yes No Lue Serif Tai Tham Unicode group
Tai Tham Kammattana Yes No Khün Serif Tai Tham Unicode group
Tai Tham Kasem Yes No Lanna Serif Tai Tham Unicode group
Tai Tham Kruba Promma Yes No Lanna Serif Tai Tham Unicode group
Tai Tham Nang Kham Yes No Khün Serif Tai Tham Unicode group
Tai Tham Sripanyawut Yes No Lanna Serif Tai Tham Unicode group
Tai Tham Thatdaokham Yes No Lue Serif Tai Tham Unicode group
VS Tham Lanxang Yes Yes Lao Tham Serif Worawut Thanawatanawanich
Note

Template:Notelist

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b Everson, Michael, Hosken, Martin, & Constable, Peter. (2007). Revised proposal for encoding the Lanna script in the BMP of the UCS.
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b ธวัช ปุณโณทก (Punnothek, T.) อักษรโบราณอีสาน: อักขรวิทยาอักษรตัวธรรมและไทยน้อย. กรุงเทพฯ: สยามเพรส แมเนจเม้นท์, ๒๕๔๐, ๕๔
  8. ↑ a b c McDaniel, J. (2005). Notes on the lao influence on northern thai buddhist literature. The literary heritage of Laos: Preservation, dissemination, and research perspectives. Vientiane, Laos: Lao National Archives.
  9. ↑ Chew, P., Saengboon, P., & Wordingham, R. (2015). "Tai Tham: A Hybrid Script that Challenges Current Encoding Models". Presented at the Internationalization and Unicode Conference (IUC 39).
  10. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ a b c d e f g h Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Further reading

External links

Template:Sister project

  • ISO/IEC 10646:2003/Amd.5:2008 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) – Amendment 5: AMENDMENT 5: Tai Tham, Tai Viet, Avestan, Egyptian Hieroglyphs, CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C, and other characters

Template:Writing systems Script error: No such module "navbox with collapsible groups". Template:Authority control

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