Guttural

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Template:Short description Guttural speech sounds are those with a primary place of articulation near the back of the oral cavity, where it is difficult to distinguish a sound's place of articulation and its phonation. In popular usage it is an imprecise term for sounds produced relatively far back in the vocal tract, such as the German ch or the Arabic ayin, but not simple glottal sounds like h. The term 'guttural language' is used for languages that have such sounds.

As a technical term used by phoneticians and phonologists, guttural has had various definitions. The concept always includes pharyngeal consonants, but may include velar, uvular or laryngeal consonants as well. Guttural sounds are typically consonants, but murmured, pharyngealized, glottalized and strident vowels may be also considered guttural in nature.[1][2] Some phonologists argue that all post-velar sounds constitute a natural class.[3]

Meaning and etymology

The word guttural literally means 'of the throat' (from Latin guttur, meaning throat), and was first used by phoneticians to describe the Hebrew glottal Template:IPAblink (א) and Template:IPAblink (ה), uvular Template:IPAblink (ח), and pharyngeal Template:IPAblink (ע).[4]

The term is commonly used non-technically by English speakers, especially in America, to refer to sounds that subjectively appear harsh or grating. This definition usually includes a number of consonants that are not used in American English, such as epiglottal Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink, uvular Script error: No such module "IPA"., Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink, and velar fricatives Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink. However, it usually excludes sounds used in English, such as the velar stops Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink, the velar nasal Template:IPAblink, and the glottal consonants Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"..[5][6]

Guttural languages

In popular consciousness, languages that make extensive use of guttural consonants are often considered to be guttural languages. Some English-speakers sometimes find such languages strange and even hard on the ear.[7]

Examples of significant usage

Languages that extensively use [x], [χ], [ʁ], [ɣ] and/or [q] include:

In addition to their usage of [q], [x], [χ], [ʁ] and [ɣ], these languages also have the pharyngeal consonants of [ʕ] and [ħ]:

Examples of partial usage

In French, the only truly guttural sound is (usually) a uvular fricative (or the guttural R). In Portuguese, Script error: No such module "IPA". is becoming dominant in urban areas. There is also a realization as a Script error: No such module "IPA"., and the original pronunciation as an Script error: No such module "IPA". also remains very common in various dialects.

In Russian, Script error: No such module "IPA". is assimilated to the palatalization of the following velar consonant: лёгких Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler. It also has a voiced allophone Script error: No such module "IPA"., which occurs before voiced obstruents.[41] In Romanian, Script error: No such module "IPA". becomes the velar Script error: No such module "IPA". in word-final positions (duh 'spirit') and before consonants (hrean 'horseradish').[42] In Czech, the phoneme Script error: No such module "IPA". followed by a voiced obstruent can be realized as either Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA"., e.g. abych byl Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler.[43]

In Kyrgyz, the consonant phoneme Script error: No such module "IPA". has a uvular realisation (Script error: No such module "IPA".) in back vowel contexts. In front-vowel environments, Script error: No such module "IPA". is fricativised between continuants to Script error: No such module "IPA"., and in back vowel environments both Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". fricativise to Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". respectively.[44] In Uyghur, the phoneme Script error: No such module "IPA". occurs with a back vowel. In the Mongolian language, Script error: No such module "IPA". is usually followed by Script error: No such module "IPA"..[45]

The Tuu and Juu (Khoisan) languages of southern Africa have large numbers of guttural vowels. These sounds share certain phonological behaviors that warrant the use of a term specifically for them. There are scattered reports of pharyngeals elsewhere, such as in the Nilo-Saharan, Tama language.

In Swabian German, a pharyngeal approximant Template:IPAblink is an allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". in nucleus and coda positions.[46] In onsets, it is pronounced as a uvular approximant.[46] In Danish, Script error: No such module "IPA". may have slight frication, and, according to Template:Harvcoltxt, it may be a pharyngeal approximant Template:IPAblink.[47] In Finnish, a weak pharyngeal fricative is the realization of Script error: No such module "IPA". after the vowels Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA". in syllable-coda position, e.g. tähti Script error: No such module "IPA". 'star'.

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Scott Moisik, Ewa Czaykowska-Higgins & John Esling (2021) Phonological potentials and the lower vocal tract
  4. ↑ See Oxford English Dictionary entry
  5. ↑ McCarthy, John J. 1989. 'Guttural Phonology', ms., University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
  6. ↑ McCarthy, John J. Forthcoming. 'Guttural Transparency', ms., University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
  7. ↑ Hayward, K. M. and Hayward, R. J. 1989. '"Guttural": Arguments for a New Distinctive Feature', Transactions of the Philological Society 87: 179-193.
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  10. ↑ Beyer, Klaus (1986). The Aramaic language: its distribution and subdivisions. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. Template:ISBN.
  11. ↑ Brock, Sebastian (2006). An Introduction to Syriac Studies. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. Template:ISBN.
  12. ↑ Shiraliyev, Mammadagha. The Baku Dialect. Azerbaijan SSR Academy of Sciences Publ.: Baku, 1957; p. 41
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  14. ↑ Friedrich Maurer uses the term Istvaeonic instead of Franconian; see Friedrich Maurer (1942), Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur germanischen und frühdeutschen Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde, Bern: Verlag Francke.
  15. ↑ For a history of the German consonants see Fausto Cercignani, The Consonants of German: Synchrony and Diachrony, Milano, Cisalpino, 1979.
  16. ↑ Boeder (2002), p. 3
  17. ↑ Boeder (2005), p. 6
  18. ↑ Gamkrelidze (1966), p. 69
  19. ↑ Fähnrich & Sardzhveladze (2000)
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Lazard, Gilbert, "Pahlavi, Pârsi, dari: Les langues d'Iran d'apès Ibn al-Muqaffa" in R.N. Frye, Iran and Islam. In Memory of the late Vladimir Minorsky, Edinburgh University Press, 1971.
  22. ↑ Bauer, Michael Blas na Gàidhlig - The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation (2011) Akerbeltz Template:ISBN
  23. ↑ A Beginners' Guide to Tajiki by Azim Baizoyev and John Hayward, Routledge, London and New York, 2003, p. 3
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  26. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  27. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  28. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  29. ↑ Richard Hayward, "Afroasiatic", in Heine & Nurse, 2000, African Languages
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Nichols, J. 1997 Nikolaev and Starostin's North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary and the Methodology of Long-Range Comparison: an assessment Paper presented at the 10th Biennial Non-Slavic Languages (NSL) Conference, Chicago, 8–10 May 1997.
  36. ↑ Row 7 in Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"..
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  43. ↑ Kučera, H. (1961). The Phonology of Czech. s’ Gravenhage: Mouton & Co.
  44. ↑ Кызласов И. Л., Рунические письменности евразийских степей (Kyzlasov I.L. Runic scripts of Eurasian steppes), Восточная литература (Eastern Literature), Moscow, 1994, pp. 80 on, Template:ISBN, with further bibliography.
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt

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Bibliography

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Bauer, Michael Blas na Gàidhlig - The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation (2011), Akerbeltz. Template:ISBN
  • Beyer, Klaus (1986). The Aramaic language: its distribution and subdivisions. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. Template:ISBN.
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • An Introduction to Syriac Studies. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. Template:ISBN.
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Kyzlasov I.L. Runic scripts of Eurasian steppes, Восточная литература (Eastern Literature), Moscow, 1994, pp. 80 on, Template:ISBN
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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