Country code top-level domain

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Redirect hatnote". Script error: No such module "For". A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is an Internet top-level domain generally used or reserved for a country, sovereign state, or dependent territory identified with a country code. All ASCII ccTLD identifiers are two letters long, and all two-letter top-level domains are ccTLDs.

In 2018, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) began implementing internationalized country code top-level domains, consisting of language-native characters when displayed in an end-user application. Creation and delegation of ccTLDs is described in RFC 1591, corresponding to ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes. While gTLDs have to obey international regulations, ccTLDs are subjected to requirements that are determined by each country's domain name regulation corporation. With over 150 million domain name registrations as of 2022, ccTLDs make up about 40% of the total domain name industry.[1]

Country code extension applications began in 1985. The registered country code extensions in that year included .us (United States), .uk (United Kingdom) and .il (Israel). The registered country code extensions in 1986 included .au (Australia), .de (Germany), .fi (Finland), .fr (France), .is (Iceland), .jp (Japan), .kr (South Korea), .nl (Netherlands) and .se (Sweden). The registered country code extensions in 1987 included .nz (New Zealand), .ch (Switzerland) and .ca (Canada).[2] The registered country code extensions in 1988 included .ie (Ireland) .it (Italy), .es (Spain) and .pt (Portugal). The registered country code extensions in 1989 included .in (India) and .yu (Yugoslavia). In the 1990s, .cn (People's Republic of China) and .ru (Russian Federation) were first registered.

There are 308 delegated ccTLDs. The .cn, .tk, .de, .uk, .nl and .ru ccTLDs contain the highest number of domains. The top ten ccTLDs account for more than five-eighths of registered ccTLD domains. There were about 153 million ccTLD domains registered at the end of March 2022.[1]

Delegation and management

IANA is responsible for determining an appropriate trustee for each ccTLD. Administration and control are then delegated to that trustee, which is responsible for the policies and operation of the domain. The delegation can be determined from IANA's list of ccTLDs.[3] Individual ccTLDs may have varying requirements and fees for registering subdomains. There may be a local-presence requirement (for instance, citizenship or other connection to the ccTLD), as, for example, the American (us), Japanese (jp), Canadian (ca), French (fr) and German (de) domains, or registration may be open.

History

The first registered ccTLD was .us, which was registered in 1985. Later ccTLDs registered in that year included .uk and .il. Then, .au, .de, .fi, .fr, .is, .jp, .kr, .nl and .se were also registered in 1986.[3] In 1987, .nz, .ch, .my and .ca were registered. Later on, in 1988, .ie, .it, .es and .pt were also registered.

Lists

As of 20 May 2017, there were 255 country-code top-level domains, purely in the Latin alphabet, using two-character codes. The number was 316 Template:As of, with the addition of internationalized domains.[3]

Latin Character ccTLDs

  1. REDIRECT Template:Large
Template:Redirect category shell
Name  DNS name of the two-letter country-code top-level domain. They follow ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, with some exceptions such as ".ac" for Ascension Island, ".eu" for the European Union, or ".uk" for United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland instead of ".gb". ISO codes bv, bl, mf, sj, gb, and um are not used for country code top-level domains.
Entity  Country, dependency, or region
Explanation  English name of the country. These are usually domains that arise from native name of the country (e.g. .de for Deutschland, German name for Germany).
Notes  General remarks
Registry  Domain name registry operator, sometimes called a network information center (NIC)
IDN  Support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
DNSSEC  Presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions
SLD  Second level domain; that is, whether names may be registered directly under the TLD
IPv6  Registry fully supports IPv6 access
Overview of Latin-character country-code TLDs

After clicking a letter, possibly scroll up to see rows hidden by sticky table headers. Template:Compact TOC Template:Sticky header

scope="col" Template:Verth Entity scope="col" Template:Verth Notes Registry[3]Template:Update inline IDN DNSSEC SLD IPv6 Introduction Date
.ac Template:Country data Ascension Island (United Kingdom) Ascension Island In ISO 3166-1, Ascension Island falls under Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha's code SH. AC is an exceptionally reserved ISO 3166-1 code. Commonly used for academic websites, such as universities. However, .ac is not to be confused with the official academic domains used by several countries such as the United Kingdom (.ac.uk), India (.ac.in) or Indonesia (.ac.id). Also used in the accounting, consulting, and air-conditioning industries. Ascension Island Network Information Centre (run by Internet Computer Bureau) Yes Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.ad Template:Country data Andorra Andorra Local trademark, trade name or citizenship required.[4] Nic.ad No Yes Yes Template:Dts
.ae Template:Country data United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates .aeDA No No Yes Template:Dts
.af Template:Country data Afghanistan Afghanistan No Yes Yes Template:Dts
.ag Template:Country data Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda Also unofficially used by German businesses (where AG is an abbreviation of Aktiengesellschaft). No Yes Yes Template:Dts
.ai Template:Country data Anguilla (United Kingdom) Anguilla Also unofficially used by tech companies specializing in AI (Artificial Intelligence). No Yes Yes Template:Dts
.al Template:Country data Albania Albania Citizenship no longer required. No No Yes Template:Dts
.am Template:Country data Armenia Armenia Also unofficially used by AM radio stations, podcasts or related business. No Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.ao Template:Country data Angola Angola No No ? Template:Dts
.aq Template:Country data Antarctica Antarctique (French) Defined by the Antarctic Treaty as everything south of latitude 60°S. AQ domain names are available to government organizations who are signatories to the Antarctic Treaty and to other registrants who have a physical presence in Antarctica. Domain names can be registered and renewed free of charge. No No Yes Yes Template:Dts
.ar Template:Country data Argentina Argentina nic.ar SpanishTemplate:Efn-ua Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.as Template:Country data American Samoa (United States) American Samoa In some countries, like Norway and Denmark, "AS" or "A/S" is used as an abbreviation for stock-based or limited companies. Such companies will often make use of the domain. Also unofficially used by the Principality of Asturias, Spain. Yes No Yes Template:Dts
.at Template:Country data Austria Austria Nic.at YesTemplate:Efn-ua Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.au Template:Country data Australia Australia Restrictions apply. In general, registrants must have an "Australian presence", and can be registered anywhere between 1 and 5 years.[5] Includes Ashmore and Cartier Islands and Coral Sea Islands. Direct second-level domain registration (marketed as ".au Direct") has been available since the 24th of March, 2022.[6] auDA No Yes Yes (*From 24 Mar 2022)[6] Yes Template:Dts
.aw Template:Country data Aruba (Kingdom of the Netherlands) Aruba, West Indies Restricted to registered Aruban companies, organisations and citizens. No Yes Yes Template:Dts
.ax Template:Country data Åland (Finland) .al and .ad already allocated No Yes Yes Template:Dts
.az Template:Country data Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Only for Residents. Has a WHOIS-Server. No Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.ba Template:Country data Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina University of Sarajevo - University tele-informatic Centre https://www.utic.unsa.ba https://www.nic.ba No No Yes Template:Dts
.bb Template:Country data Barbados Barbados No No Yes Template:Dts
.bd Template:Country data Bangladesh Bangladesh For individuals, registrant must have a valid NID. For companies, registrant must have company or trademark registered in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Telecommunications Company Limited Yes No Yes Yes Template:Dts
.be Template:Country data Belgium Belgium Used for YouTube-related domains. Also unofficially used in the Canton of Bern, Switzerland. DNS Belgium Latin[7] Yes Yes Yes[8] Template:Dts (added to root zone)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
.bf Template:Country data Burkina Faso Burkina Faso No No Yes Template:Dts
.bg Template:Country data Bulgaria Bulgaria See also .бг (.bg in Cyrillic) for IDN ccTLD. Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.bh Template:Country data Bahrain Bahrain No Yes Yes Template:Dts
.bi Template:Country data Burundi Burundi No No Yes Template:Dts
.bj Template:Country data Benin .be, .bn, and .bi already allocated No No Yes Template:Dts
.bm Template:Country data Bermuda (United Kingdom) Bermuda Local corporate registration required. No Yes Yes Template:Dts
.bn Template:Country data Brunei Brunei No No No Template:Dts
.bo Template:Country data Bolivia Bolivia No No Yes Template:Dts
.bq Template:Country data Caribbean Netherlands (Template:BON, Template:SAB, and Template:EUS) .be and .bs already allocated Template:Dts
.br Template:Country data Brazil Brasil (Portuguese) Restricted. Registration is done under several categories (i.e.: .edu.br for higher education institutions, .gov.br for government agencies, etc.).[9] Portuguese[10] Yes NoTemplate:Efn-ua Template:Dts
.bs Template:Country data Bahamas Bahamas Also unofficially used in the Canton of Basel-Stadt, Switzerland. No No Yes Template:Dts
.bt Template:Country data Bhutan Bhutan Must have local presence in Bhutan, and valid trade license.[11] No Yes No Template:Dts
.bw Template:Country data Botswana Botswana May also be used for the Province of Walloon Brabant, Wallonia, Belgium. No No[12] Yes Template:Dts
.by Template:Country data Belarus Byelorussia (Russian) Also unofficially used to denote Bayern (Bavaria), Germany. No Yes Yes Template:Dts
.bz Template:Country data Belize Belize Also unofficially used in the province of Bozen (or South Tyrol, see .st). No Yes Yes Template:Dts
.ca Template:Country data Canada Canada Subject to Canadian Presence Requirements. Also unofficially used by some websites in the U.S. state of California. CIRA French[13] Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.cc Template:Country data Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cocos Islands Australian territory: not to be confused with Cocos Island in Guam. Marketed as a global domain, registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required; the domain is operated by eNIC, a VeriSign company. Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.cd Template:Country data Democratic Republic of the Congo Congo, Democratic Republic Also unofficially used for Compact disc-related domains. No No Yes Template:Dts
.cf Template:Country data Central African Republic Central African Republic Was previously used as a free domain service to the public. SOCATEL Yes No Yes Template:Dts
.cg Template:Country data Republic of the Congo Congo No No Yes Template:Dts
.ch Template:Country data Switzerland Confoederatio Helvetica (Latin) SWITCH YesTemplate:Efn-ua Yes Yes Template:Dts
.ci Template:Country data Ivory Coast Côte d'Ivoire (French) No No Yes Template:Dts
.ck Template:Country data Cook Islands Cook Islands No No Yes Template:Dts
.cl Template:Country data Chile Chile NIC Chile Yes Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.cm Template:Country data Cameroon Cameroon A local entity or company in Cameroon is required to register a domain name. No No Yes Template:Dts
.cn Template:Country data People's Republic of China China A local company in China is required to register a domain name, or for personal registrations a valid Resident Identity Card. See ICP license for more information regarding registrations. Hong Kong and Macau also maintain TLDs.

Also unofficially used for Cartoon Network-related domains.

Yes Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.co Template:Country data Colombia Colombia Marketed as a global domain. Anyone can register. No Yes Yes Template:Dts
.cr Template:Country data Costa Rica Costa Rica No Yes Yes Template:Dts
.cu Template:Country data Cuba Cuba No No Yes Template:Dts
.cv Template:Country data Cape Verde Cape Verde Also unofficially used for curriculum vitae-related domains. No No Yes Template:Dts
.cw Template:Country data Curaçao (Kingdom of the Netherlands) Curaçao, West Indies No ? Template:Dts
.cx Template:Country data Christmas Island Christmas, Xmas Made infamous from Goatse.cx. No Yes Yes Template:Dts
.cy Template:Country data Cyprus Cyprus No YesTemplate:Efn-ua Yes Template:Dts
.cz Template:Country data Czech Republic Czechia NoTemplate:Efn-ua Yes Yes Template:Dts
.de Template:Country data Germany Deutschland (German) German postal address for administrative contact (admin-c) required. Proxy registrations are allowed. DENIC YesTemplate:Efn-ua Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.dj Template:Country data Djibouti Djibouti Also unofficially used by disc jockeys. No No Yes Template:Dts
.dk Template:Country data Denmark Dansk (Danish) Punktum DK YesTemplate:Efn-ua Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.dm Template:Country data Dominica Dominica No No Yes Template:Dts
.do Template:Country data Dominican Republic Dominican No No Yes Template:Dts
.dz Template:Country data Algeria Dzayer (Algerian Arabic) DZ NIC No Yes Yes Template:Dts
.ec Template:Country data Ecuador Ecuador In Japan, "EC" is used as an acronym for "electronic commerce". Because of that, it's used unofficially by companies dedicated to provide online stores like BASE, a company that has two domains related to e-commerce: "base.in" and "official.ec". Nic.ec No No Yes Template:Dts
.ee Template:Country data Estonia Eesti (Estonian) YesTemplate:Efn-ua Yes Yes Template:Dts
.eg Template:Country data Egypt Egypt No No Yes Template:Dts
.eh Template:Country data Western Sahara Español Sahara and Saguía el Hamra (Spanish) Unassigned. No No No
.er Template:Country data Eritrea Eritrea No Yes Template:Dts
.es Template:Country data Spain España (Spanish) Red.es Yes[14] Yes Yes Template:Dts
.et Template:Country data Ethiopia Ethiopia No No No Template:Dts
.eu Template:Country data European Union European Union EU is an exceptionally reserved ISO 3166-1 code. Restricted to legal and natural persons in European Union member states. Previously unofficially used for sites in the Basque language, but now .eus is in official use. EURid YesTemplate:Efn-ua Yes Yes Yes[15] Template:Dts
.fi Template:Country data Finland Finland Registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required. Traficom YesTemplate:Efn-ua Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.fj Template:Country data Fiji Fiji No No Yes Template:Dts
.fk Template:Country data Falkland Islands (United Kingdom) Falkland No No No Template:Dts
.fm Template:Country data Federated States of Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia Also unofficially used by FM radio stations, podcasts or related business. Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.fo Template:Country data Faroe Islands (Kingdom of Denmark) Føroyar (Faroese) FO Council No Yes Yes Template:Dts
.fr Template:Country data France France Restricted to individuals and companies in the European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.Template:Efn-ua AFNIC Yes[16] Yes Yes Template:Dts
.ga Template:Country data Gabon Gabon Must have presence in Gabon or justify any other direct or indirect link with Gabon. Geographical names and names associated with public/government entities prohibited.

Was previously used as a free domain service to the public.

ANINF Yes No Yes Template:Dts
.gd Template:Country data Grenada Grenada No Yes Yes Template:Dts
.ge Template:Country data Georgia Georgia Available for registration for residents of Georgia (unlimited) or for foreign companies via representation of any local legal person (one domain name per registrant).[17] No No Yes Template:Dts
.gf Template:Country data French Guiana (France) Guyane Française (French) No No Template:Dts
.gg Template:Country data Bailiwick of Guernsey .gu, .gs, and .gy already allocated Also unofficially used by video game-related websites (see GG (gaming)). Island Networks Ltd. Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.gh Template:Country data Ghana Ghana No No No Template:Dts
.gi Template:Country data Gibraltar (United Kingdom) Gibraltar No Yes Yes Template:Dts
.gl Template:Country data Greenland (Kingdom of Denmark) Greenland Previously also unofficially used in Galicia, Spain, but .gal has now been approved for such use and was implemented in mid-2014. No Yes Yes Template:Dts
.gm Template:Country data The Gambia Gambia Domain name should match the domain owner's name or trademarks. Common nouns are blocked. No No Yes Template:Dts
.gn Template:Country data Guinea Guinea A local contact is required. No Yes No Template:Dts
.gp Template:Country data Guadeloupe (France) Guadeloupe Still used for Saint-Barthélemy and Saint-Martin. No No Yes Template:Dts
.gq Template:Country data Equatorial Guinea Guinée équatoriale (French) Was previously used as a free domain service to the public. GETESA Yes No Template:Dts
.gr Template:Country data Greece Greece YesTemplate:Efn-ua Yes Yes Template:Dts
.gs Template:Country data South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (United Kingdom) South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands No Yes Yes Template:Dts
.gt Template:Country data Guatemala Guatemala Yes No Yes Yes Template:Dts
.gu Template:Country data Guam (United States) Guam No No No Template:Dts
.gw Template:Country data Guinea-Bissau Gine-Bisaawo (Fula) No Yes Yes Template:Dts
.gy Template:Country data Guyana Guyana No Yes Yes Template:Dts
.hk Template:Country data Hong Kong Hong Kong Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.hm Template:Country data Heard Island and McDonald Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Unused for its intended purposes (islands are uninhabited and government sites instead use .aq); registry open to the public. No No Yes Template:Dts
.hn Template:Country data Honduras Honduras No Yes Yes Template:Dts
.hr Template:Country data Croatia Hrvatska (Serbo-Croatian) No Yes Yes Template:Dts (in root zone)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
March 1993[18]
.ht Template:Country data Haiti Haiti Yes No Yes Template:Dts
.hu Template:Country data Hungary Hungary Limited to citizens of the European Union or entities established by law within the territory of the EU. Yes[19] Yes Yes Template:Dts
.id Template:Country data Indonesia Indonesia Restricted to Indonesian companies (co.id), organisations (or.id), academic (ac.id & sch.id) and citizens (biz.id, my.id & web.id). Second-level domains are becoming available now and opened to general registration on 17 August 2014.[20] PANDI Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.ie Template:Country data Ireland Ireland In 2002, registration was expanded to include persons or businesses with a "real and substantive" connection with the island of Ireland (including Northern Ireland).[21][22] Yes Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts[23]
.il Template:Country data Israel Israel Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.im Template:Country data Isle of Man Isle of Man No No Yes Template:Dts
.in Template:Country data India India Under INRegistry since April 2005 (except for gov.in, nic.in, mil.in, ac.in, edu.in, and res.in). NIXI[24] Yes[25] Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.io Template:Country data British Indian Ocean Territory (United Kingdom) Indian Ocean Used unofficially by technology companies, startups, browser games, and web applications as IO can be an acronym for "input/output" that is useful for domain hacks. NIC.IO (run by Internet Computer Bureau) Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.iq Template:Country data Iraq Iraq No PartialTemplate:Efn-ua Yes Template:Dts (in root zone)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
.ir Template:Country data Iran Iran IRNIC Yes No Yes Template:Dts
.is Template:Country data Iceland Ísland (Icelandic) Also unofficially used and marketed as a domain hack (for example it.is, that.is, etc.). ISNIC Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.it Template:Country data Italy Italy Restricted to companies and individuals in the European Union. Yes[26] Yes[27] Yes Yes Template:Dts (in root zone)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
1 January 1988 (fully active)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
.je Template:Country data Jersey Jersey Island Networks Ltd. Yes No Yes Template:Dts
.jm Template:Country data Jamaica Jamaica No No No Template:Dts
.jo Template:Country data Jordan Jordan MoDEE is the registry and registrar for domain names under .jo at both the first level and second level.[28] Ministry of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship No Yes Template:Dts (in root zone)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
.jp Template:Country data Japan Japan Restricted to individuals or companies with a physical address in Japan. Japan Registry Services Yes Yes Yes Yes[29] Template:Dts
.ke Template:Country data Kenya Kenya No No[30] No Template:Dts
.kg Template:Country data Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan No Yes Yes Template:Dts
.kh Template:Country data Cambodia Khmer No No No Template:Dts
.ki Template:Country data Kiribati Kiribati No Yes Yes Template:Dts
.km Template:Country data Comoros Komori (Comorian) No No Yes Template:Dts
.kn Template:Country data Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis No No Yes Template:Dts
.kp Template:Country data North Korea Korea, Democratic People's Republic Restricted to companies, organizations, or government entities based in North Korea. Despite this, few domains are actually registered because of internet censorship in North Korea. No No No No Template:Dts
.kr Template:Country data South Korea Korea, Republic Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.kw Template:Country data Kuwait Kuwait Yes No Template:Dts
.ky Template:Country data Cayman Islands (United Kingdom) .ci and .cy already allocated No Yes Yes Template:Dts
.kz Template:Country data Kazakhstan Kazakhstan "A prerequisite for server hardware is its physical location on the territory of the Republic of

Kazakhstan."[31]

KAZNIC Yes No Yes Template:Dts
.la Template:Country data Laos Laos Also marketed as the unofficial domain for Los Angeles.[32] Yes Yes Template:Dts
.lb Template:Country data Lebanon Lebanon Restricted to registration with companies in Lebanon. Yes No Template:Dts
.lc Template:Country data Saint Lucia Saint Lucia Yes Yes Template:Dts
.li Template:Country data Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Also unofficially used by entities on Long Island, New York or people with the last name Li. In Russian, li can be used to create domain names that mean a verb with a past tense plural ending li . SWITCH Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.lk Template:Country data Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.lr Template:Country data Liberia Liberia PartialTemplate:Efn-ua No Template:Dts
.ls Template:Country data Lesotho Lesotho No No Template:Dts
.lt Template:Country data Lithuania Lithuania Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.lu Template:Country data Luxembourg Luxembourg Also unofficially used in Lucerne, Switzerland. Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.lv Template:Country data Latvia Latvia IMCS UL Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.ly Template:Country data Libya Libya Used unofficially as a domain hack for words ending in -ly. Yes Yes Template:Dts
.ma Template:Country data Morocco Maroc (French) PartialTemplate:Efn-ua Yes Template:Dts
.mc Template:Country data Monaco Monaco Only for companies with a trademark registered in Monaco. Yes Yes Template:Dts
.md Template:Country data Moldova Moldova Restricted to individuals or companies with a physical address in Moldova. Yes Yes Template:Dts
.me Template:Country data Montenegro Montenegro Also unofficially used and marketed as a domain hack (for example love.me, meet.me, etc.). Yes Yes Template:Dts
.mg Template:Country data Madagascar Madagascar Restricted to registration with companies in Madagascar. NIC-MG No Yes Template:Dts
.mh Template:Country data Marshall Islands Marshall Inactive. No Template:Dts
.mk Template:Country data North Macedonia Makedonija (Macedonian) No Yes Template:Dts
.ml Template:Country data Mali Mali Was previously used as a free domain service to the public. AGETIC Yes No Yes Template:Dts
.mm Template:Country data Myanmar Myanmar No No Template:Dts
.mn Template:Country data Mongolia Mongolia The second-level domains .gov.mn, .org.mn, and .edu.mn are reserved for special use. See .mn for more information. Yes Yes Template:Dts
.mo Template:Country data Macau Macao Registrants must have a registered business in Macau, with the same name as the domain they wish to register. No Yes Template:Dts
.mp Template:Country data Northern Mariana Islands (United States) Marianas Pacific No Yes Template:Dts
.mq Template:Country data Martinique (France) Martinique (French) No No Template:Dts
.mr Template:Country data Mauritania Mauritania Yes Yes Template:Dts
.ms Template:Country data Montserrat (United Kingdom) Montserrat Also unofficially used for Microsoft-related domains. No Yes Template:Dts
.mt Template:Country data Malta Malta No No Template:Dts
.mu Template:Country data Mauritius Mauritius No Yes Template:Dts
.mv Template:Country data Maldives Maldives No Yes Template:Dts
.mw Template:Country data Malawi Malawi No Yes Template:Dts
.mx Template:Country data Mexico Mexico Yes Yes Template:Dts
.my Template:Country data Malaysia Malaysia Restricted to registration by individuals or companies in Malaysia. MYNIC Yes[33] Yes Yes Template:Dts
.mz Template:Country data Mozambique Mozambique No No Template:Dts
.na Template:Country data Namibia Namibia Yes Yes Template:Dts
.nc Template:Country data New Caledonia (France) New Caledonia Restricted to companies that have a New Caledonian Business Registration Certificate or individuals living in New Caledonia for at least 6 months. Yes Yes Template:Dts
.ne Template:Country data Niger Niger No Yes Template:Dts
.nf Template:Country data Norfolk Island Norfolk Yes Yes Template:Dts
.ng Template:Country data Nigeria Nigeria No Yes Template:Dts
.ni Template:Country data Nicaragua Nicaragua No No Template:Dts
.nl Template:Country data Netherlands Nederland (Dutch) First active country-code domain outside the US.[34] Stichting Internet Domeinregistratie Nederland No Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.no Template:Country data Norway Norway Businesses and professionals must be registered as an approved type of organization in the Brønnøysund Register Centre. Individual applicants must be of age (18 years) and be registered in Folkeregisteret. All applicants must have a Norwegian postal address. Norid Yes Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.np Template:Country data Nepal Nepal All .np domains are free to register for individuals and registered businesses but documents are necessary for verification. Foreign businesses must provide proof of local presence in Nepal.[35] Mercantile Communications No No Template:Dts
.nr Template:Country data Nauru Nauru Was previously used as a free domain service to the public as co.nr.[36] No Yes Template:Dts
.nu Template:Country data Niue Niue Commonly used by Danish, Dutch, Norwegian and Swedish websites, as in their respective languages "nu" means or implies "now". The Swedish Internet Foundation Yes[37] Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.nz Template:Country data New Zealand New Zealand Māori[38] Yes Yes[39] Yes Template:Dts
.om Template:Country data Oman Oman Registrant must have company or trademark registered in Oman as well as a local administrative contact. No No Template:Dts
.pa Template:Country data Panama Panama Some use in Pennsylvania. No No Template:Dts
.pe Template:Country data Peru Peru Also unofficially used for Private Equity-related businesses. Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.pf Template:Country data French Polynesia (France) Polynésie française (French) With Clipperton Island. No Yes Template:Dts
.pg Template:Country data Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea No No Template:Dts
.ph Template:Country data Philippines Philippines Yes Yes Template:Dts
.pk Template:Country data Pakistan Pakistan Operated by PKNIC since 1992. No Yes Template:Dts
.pl Template:Country data Poland Poland Yes[40] Yes Yes Template:Dts
.pm Template:Country data Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (France) Saint Pierre and Miquelon Restricted to individuals and companies in the European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.Template:Efn-ua AFNIC Yes Yes Template:Dts
.pn Template:Country data Pitcairn Islands (United Kingdom) Pitcairn As a part of a marketing campaign, Lionsgate used the TLD for some (now defunct) sites related to The Hunger Games franchise, presenting it as the "official" country code of the fictional nation of Panem; notable sites included thecapitol.pn and revolution.pn. No Yes Template:Dts
.pr Template:Country data Puerto Rico (United States) Puerto Rico Yes Yes Template:Dts
.ps Template:Country data Palestine[41] Palestine No Yes Template:Dts
.pt Template:Country data Portugal Portugal Portuguese Yes Yes Yes[42] Template:Dts
.pw Template:Country data Palau Pelew (archaic English spelling) Yes Yes Yes Yes[43] Template:Dts
.py Template:Country data Paraguay Paraguay No No Template:Dts
.qa Template:Country data Qatar Qatar No No Template:Dts
.re Template:Country data Réunion (France) Réunion Restricted to individuals and companies in the European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.Template:Efn-ua AFNIC Yes[16] Yes Yes Template:Dts
.ro Template:Country data Romania Romania Yes[44] Yes[44] Yes Yes[44] Template:Dts
.rs Template:Country data Serbia Republic of Serbia See also .срб (.srb in Cyrillic). Also unofficially used for Rust (programming language)-related domains. Yes Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts (in root zone)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
10 March 2008 (registrations)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
.ru Template:Country data Russia Russia See also .su, still in use, and .рф, for IDN. No Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.rw Template:Country data Rwanda Rwanda RICTA No Yes Template:Dts
.sa Template:Country data Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Registrant must have a registered trademark in Saudi Arabia matching the domain name to register or provide company incorporation documents of a company in Saudi Arabia or for personal registrations a copy of valid ID. A letter on the official letterhead of your organization addressed to SaudiNIC requesting the domain name registration is also required. Local administrative contact required. 2LD registrations rolled out in 2011.[45] Arabic[7] Yes[46] Yes Yes[47] Template:Dts
.sb Template:Country data Solomon Islands Solomon Islands, British Yes No Template:Dts
.sc Template:Country data Seychelles Seychelles Also unofficially used for Snapchat-related domains. Yes Yes Template:Dts
.sd Template:Country data Sudan Sudan No Yes Template:Dts
.se Template:Country data Sweden Sverige (Swedish) The Swedish Internet Foundation YesTemplate:Efn-ua Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.sg Template:Country data Singapore Singapore Also unofficially used in the Canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland. Yes Yes Template:Dts
.sh Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Saint Helena

Also unofficially used by Canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland

NIC.SH (run by Internet Computer Bureau) Yes[48] Yes Yes Template:Dts
.si Template:Country data Slovenia Slovenia YesTemplate:Efn-ua Yes Yes Template:Dts
.sk Template:Country data Slovakia Slovensko (Slovak) Restricted to individuals and companies in the European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.Template:Efn-ua Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.sl Template:Country data Sierra Leone Sierra Leone No Yes Template:Dts
.sm Template:Country data San Marino San Marino Domain name must be same as company name or trademark. No Yes Template:Dts
.sn Template:Country data Senegal Senegal Registration allowed for companies only. Individuals are not allowed to register. Yes Yes Template:Dts
.so Template:Country data Somalia Somalia Relaunched on 1 November 2010. SONIC No No Yes Template:Dts
.sr Template:Country data Suriname Suriname No Yes Template:Dts
.ss Template:Country data South Sudan South Sudan SSNIC[49] Yes Template:Dts (allocated)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
2 February 2019 (root zone)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
.st Template:Country data São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé Also unofficially used in South Tyrol (or province of Bozen, see .bz) and Styria. Yes No Yes Template:Dts
.su Template:Country data Soviet Union Soviet Union Still in use. Also unofficially used by Student Unions. YesTemplate:Efn-ua Yes Yes Yes[50] Template:Dts
.sv Template:Country data El Salvador Salvador No No Template:Dts
.sx Template:Country data Sint Maarten (Kingdom of the Netherlands) .sm, .ma, and .mt already allocated; airport code is SXM. CIRA Yes No Template:Dts
.sy Template:Country data Syria Syria No Yes Template:Dts
.sz Template:Country data Eswatini Swaziland Registration is restricted to Eswatini organizations with Eswatini Trading Licenses. No No Template:Dts
.tc Template:Country data Turks and Caicos Islands (United Kingdom) Turks and Caicos Also marketed in Turkey. The official abbreviation of 'Türkiye Cumhuriyeti' (Republic of Turkey) is TC. No Yes Template:Dts
.td Template:Country data Chad Tchad (French) Available for registration to entities connected with Chad only. No Yes Template:Dts
.tf Template:Country data French Southern and Antarctic Lands Terres australes et antarctiques françaises (French) Seldom used. Restricted to individuals and companies in the European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein. The domain also sees frequent use for community-run sites related to the video game Team Fortress 2.Template:Efn-ua AFNIC Yes[16] Yes Yes Template:Dts
.tg Template:Country data Togo Togo No Yes Template:Dts
.th Template:Country data Thailand Thai THNIC Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.tj Template:Country data Tajikistan Tajik No Yes Template:Dts
.tk Template:Country data Tokelau Tokelau Was previously used as a free domain service to the public. Dot TK Yes No Yes Template:Dts
.tl Template:Country data East Timor Timor-Leste Previous code .tp has been deactivated since 2015. Yes Yes Template:Dts
.tm Template:Country data Turkmenistan Turkmen Yes[51] Yes Yes Template:Dts
.tn Template:Country data Tunisia Tunisia Yes Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.to Template:Country data Tonga Tonga Often used unofficially for Torrent, Turin (Torino in Italian), Toronto, Tokyo, or Tocantins, and also as a domain hack in Slavic languages (to meaning it). Yes No Yes Template:Dts
.tr Template:Country data Turkey Turkey .ct.tr and .nc.tr used by Northern Cyprus. YesTemplate:Efn-ua No Yes YesTemplate:Efn-ua Template:Dts
.tt Template:Country data Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago Yes Yes Template:Dts
.tv Template:Country data Tuvalu Tuvalu Used as an abbreviation of television, the domain is operated by GoDaddy; with sponsorship of the Tuvalu government. Yes Yes Template:Dts
.tw Script error: No such module "flag". Taiwan Registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required. In line with ISO 3166-1, IANA's official position is that "TW" is "designated for use to represent Taiwan, Province of China".[52] YesTemplate:Efn-ua Yes Yes Template:Dts
.tz Template:Country data Tanzania Tanzania TLD registrations allowed as of July 2022, no local presence in Tanzania required. TCRA Yes No Template:Dts
.ua Template:Country data Ukraine Ukraine Registrations in TLD are restricted to trademark holders only; SLD registrations are open Hostmaster Ltd. YesTemplate:Efn-ua YesTemplate:Efn-ua Yes Yes Template:Dts
.ug Template:Country data Uganda Uganda Uganda Online Ltd. Yes Yes Template:Dts
Script error: No such module "anchor"..uk Template:Country data United Kingdom United Kingdom The ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB (for Great Britain). UK is an exceptionally reserved ISO 3166-1 code. However, the creation of the .uk TLD predates the ISO 3166-1 list of ccTLDs and is the primary TLD for the United Kingdom.[53] Nominet UK Yes Yes Yes Template:Dts
.us Template:Country data United States of America United States Registrants must be United States citizens, residents, or organizations, or a foreign entity with a presence in the United States. Formerly commonly used by U.S. State and local governments; see also .gov TLD. Go Daddy Yes Yes Template:Dts
.uy Template:Country data Uruguay Uruguay 2LD rollout began on 10 July 2012.[54] Yes Yes Template:Dts
.uz Template:Country data Uzbekistan Uzbekistan Uzinfocom Yes Yes Template:Dts
.va Template:Country data Vatican City Vatican Limited to the official sites of the Holy See (including those of the Vatican City State). No No Template:Dts (root zone)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
.vc Template:Country data Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Vincent PartialTemplate:Efn-ua Yes Template:Dts
.ve Template:Country data Venezuela Venezuela Registration is at the third level. Yes No Template:Dts
.vg Template:Country data British Virgin Islands (United Kingdom) Virgin Islands No Yes Template:Dts
.vi Template:Country data United States Virgin Islands (United States) Virgin Islands No Yes Template:Dts
.vn Template:Country data Vietnam Viet Nam (Vietnamese) Yes[55] Yes Yes Template:Dts
.vu Template:Country data Vanuatu Vanuatu Yes Yes Template:Dts
.wf Template:Country data Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna Restricted to individuals and companies in the European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.Template:Efn-ua AFNIC Yes[16] Yes Yes Template:Dts
.ws Template:Country data Samoa Western Samoa Marketed for use in general websites. Yes Yes[56] Yes Template:Dts
.ye Template:Country data Yemen Yemen No No Template:Dts
.yt Template:Country data Mayotte Mayotte Restricted to individuals and companies in the European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.Template:Efn-ua Also unofficially used for YouTube-related domains. AFNIC Yes[16] Yes Yes Template:Dts
.za Template:Country data South Africa Zuid-Afrika (Dutch) .za derives from the Dutch name of the country, even though Dutch is no longer an official language of South Africa. ZA Domain Name Authority[57][58][59] Yes Yes Template:Dts
.zm Template:Country data Zambia Zambia No YesTemplate:Efn-ua Template:Dts
.zw Template:Country data Zimbabwe Zimbabwe No No Template:Dts
Table Notes

Template:Notelist-ua

Internationalized ccTLDs

Internationalized country code top-level domains[60]
DNS name IDN ccTLD Country/Region Language Script Transliteration Comments Other ccTLD DNSSEC
xn--lgbbat1ad8j .الجزائر Template:Country data Algeria Arabic Arabic (Arabic) al-Jazā'ir .dz No
xn--y9a3aq .հայ Template:Country data Armenia Armenian Armenian hay .am Yes
xn--mgbcpq6gpa1a .البحرين Template:Country data Bahrain Arabic Arabic al-Baḥrain Not in use .bh Yes
xn--54b7fta0cc .বাংলা Template:Country data Bangladesh Bengali Bengali Bangla .bd No
xn--90ais .бел Template:Country data Belarus Belarusian Cyrillic bel .by Yes
xn--90ae .бг[61] Template:Country data Bulgaria Bulgarian Cyrillic bg .bg Yes
xn--fiqs8s .中国 Template:Country data China Chinese Chinese (Simplified) Zhōngguó .cn Yes
xn--fiqz9s .中國 Template:Country data China Chinese Chinese (Traditional) Zhōngguó .cn Yes
xn--wgbh1c .مصر Template:Country data Egypt Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Miṣr / Maṣr[62] .eg Yes
xn--e1a4c .ею Template:Country data European Union Bulgarian Cyrillic eyu .eu Yes
xn--qxa6a .ευ Template:Country data European Union Greek Greek ey In use since 2022 .eu Yes
xn--node .გე Template:Country data Georgia Georgian Georgian (Mkhedruli) GE .ge No
xn--qxam Script error: No such module "Lang".[61] Template:Country data Greece Greek Greek el In use since July 2018 .gr Yes
xn--j6w193g .香港 Template:Country data Hong Kong Chinese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) Hoeng1 gong2 / Xiānggǎng .hk Yes
xn--h2brj9c .भारत Template:Country data India Hindi Devanagari Bhārat Became available 27 August 2014[63] .in Yes
xn--mgbbh1a71e .بھارت Template:Country data India Urdu Arabic (Urdu) Bhārat Became available 2017 .in Yes
xn--fpcrj9c3d .భారత్ Template:Country data India Telugu Telugu Bhārat Became available 2017 .in Yes
xn--gecrj9c .ભારત Template:Country data India Gujarati Gujarati Bhārat Became available 2017 .in Yes
xn--s9brj9c .ਭਾਰਤ Template:Country data India Punjabi Gurmukhī Bhārat Became available 2017 .in Yes
xn--xkc2dl3a5ee0h .இந்தியா Template:Country data India Tamil Tamil Intiyā Became available 2015 .in Yes
xn--45brj9c .ভারত Template:Country data India Bengali Bengali Bharôt Became available 2017 .in Yes
xn--2scrj9c .ಭಾರತ Template:Country data India Kannada Kannada Bhārata Became available 2020 .in Yes
xn--rvc1e0am3e .ഭാരതം Template:Country data India Malayalam Malayalam Bhāratam Became available 2020 .in Yes
xn--45br5cyl .ভাৰত Template:Country data India Assamese Bengali Bharatam Became available 2022 .in Yes
xn--3hcrj9c .ଭାରତ Template:Country data India Oriya Oriya Bhārat Became available 2021 .in Yes
xn--mgbbh1a .بارت Template:Country data India Kashmiri Arabic (Kashmiri) Bārat Became available 2022 .in Yes
xn--h2breg3eve .भारतम् Template:Country data India Sanskrit Devanagari Bhāratam Became available 2022 .in Yes
xn--h2brj9c8c .भारोत Template:Country data India Santali Devanagari Bharot Became available 2022 .in Yes
xn--mgbgu82a .ڀارت Template:Country data India Sindhi Arabic (Sindhi) Bhārat Became available 2022 .in Yes
xn--mgba3a4f16a .ایران Template:Country data Iran Persian Arabic (Persian) Īrān .ir No
xn--mgbtx2b .عراق Template:Country data Iraq Arabic Arabic (Arabic) ʿIrāq Not in use .iq No
xn--4dbrk0ce .ישראל Template:Country data Israel Hebrew Hebrew Israel Became available 2022 .il Yes
xn--mgbayh7gpa .الاردن Template:Country data Jordan Arabic Arabic (Arabic) al-Urdun .jo No
xn--80ao21a .қаз Template:Country data Kazakhstan Kazakh Cyrillic (Kazakh) qaz .kz No
xn--q7ce6a .ລາວ Template:Country data Laos Lao Lao Lao Became available 2020 .la Yes
xn--mgbb7fyab .ليبيا Template:Country data Libya Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Not delegated[60] .ly No
xn--mix082f .澳门 Template:Country data Macao Chinese Chinese (Simplified) Ou3 mun4 / Àomén Not in use .mo No
xn--mix891f .澳門 Template:Country data Macao Chinese Chinese (Traditional) Ou3 mun4 / Àomén Became available 2020 .mo No
xn--mgbx4cd0ab .مليسيا Template:Country data Malaysia Malay Arabic (Jawi) Malaysīyā .my Yes
xn--mgbah1a3hjkrd .موريتانيا Template:Country data Mauritania Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Mūrītāniyā .mr Yes
xn--l1acc .мон Template:Country data Mongolia Mongolian Cyrillic (Mongolian) mon .mn Yes
xn--mgbc0a9azcg .المغرب Template:Country data Morocco Arabic Arabic (Arabic) al-Maġrib .ma No
xn--d1alf .мкд Template:Country data North Macedonia Macedonian Cyrillic (Macedonian) mkd .mk No
xn--mgb9awbf .عمان Template:Country data Oman Arabic Arabic (Arabic) ʿUmān .om No
xn--mgbai9azgqp6j .پاکستان Template:Country data Pakistan Urdu Arabic (Urdu) Pākistān .pk Yes
xn--ygbi2ammx .فلسطين Template:Country data Palestinian Authority Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Filasṭīn .ps No
xn--wgbl6a .قطر Template:Country data Qatar Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Qaṭar .qa No
xn--p1ai .рф Template:Country data Russia Russian Cyrillic (Russian) rf .ru Yes
xn--mgberp4a5d4ar .السعودية Template:Country data Saudi Arabia Arabic Arabic (Arabic) as-Suʿūdīya .sa Yes
xn--90a3ac .срб Template:Country data Serbia Serbian Cyrillic (Serbian) srb .rs Yes
xn--yfro4i67o .新加坡 Template:Country data Singapore Chinese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) Xīnjiāpō .sg Yes
xn--clchc0ea0b2g2a9gcd .சிங்கப்பூர் Template:Country data Singapore Tamil Tamil Cinkappūr .sg Yes
xn--3e0b707e .한국 Template:Country data South Korea Korean Hangul Hanguk .kr Yes
xn--fzc2c9e2c .ලංකා Template:Country data Sri Lanka Sinhala Sinhala Lanka .lk No
xn--xkc2al3hye2a .இலங்கை Template:Country data Sri Lanka Tamil Tamil Ilaṅkai .lk No
xn--mgbpl2fh .سودان Template:Country data Sudan Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Sūdān .sd No
xn--ogbpf8fl .سورية Template:Country data Syria Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Sūriyya .sy No
xn--kprw13d .台湾 Template:Country data Taiwan Chinese Chinese (Simplified) Táiwān .tw Yes
xn--kpry57d .台灣 Template:Country data Taiwan Chinese Chinese (Traditional) Táiwān .tw Yes
xn--o3cw4h .ไทย Template:Country data Thailand Thai Thai Thai .th Yes
xn--pgbs0dh .تونس Template:Country data Tunisia Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Tūnis .tn Yes
xn--j1amh .укр Template:Country data Ukraine Ukrainian Cyrillic (Ukrainian) ukr .ua No
xn--mgbaam7a8h .امارات Template:Country data United Arab Emirates Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Imārāt .ae No
xn--mgb2ddes .اليمن Template:Country data Yemen Arabic Arabic (Arabic) al-Yaman Not delegated .ye No

Proposed internationalized ccTLDs

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Internationalised domain names have been proposed for Japan and Libya.

Relation to ISO 3166-1

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<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

The IANA is not in the business of deciding what is and what is not a country. The selection of the ISO 3166 list as a basis for country code top-level domain names was made with the knowledge that ISO has a procedure for determining which entities should be and should not be on that list.

— Template:Comma separated entries

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Unused ISO 3166-1 codes

Almost all ISO 3166-1 codes have been assigned and do exist in DNS. However, some of these are effectively unused. In particular, the ccTLDs for the Norwegian dependency Bouvet Island (bv) and the designation Svalbard and Jan Mayen (sj) do exist in DNS, but no subdomains have been assigned, and it is Norid policy to not assign any at present. Two French territories—bl (Saint Barthélemy) and mf (Saint Martin)—Template:As of await local assignment by France's government.

The code eh, although eligible as ccTLD for Western Sahara, has never been assigned and does not exist in DNS. Only one subdomain is still registered in gb[65] (ISO 3166-1 for the United Kingdom), and no new registrations are being accepted for it. Sites in the United Kingdom generally useuk (see below).

The former .um ccTLD for the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands was removed in April 2008. Under RFC 1591 rules, .um is eligible as a ccTLD on request by the relevant governmental agency and local Internet user community.

ASCII ccTLDs not in ISO 3166-1

Several ASCII ccTLDs are in use that are not ISO 3166-1 two-letter codes. Some of these codes were specified in older versions of the ISO list.

  • uk (United Kingdom): The ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB (Great Britain). However, the JANET network had already selected uk as a top-level identifier for its pre-existing Name Registration Scheme, and this was incorporated into the DNS root. gb was assigned with the intention of a transition, but this never occurred and the use of uk is now entrenched.[66]
  • su This obsolete ISO 3166 code for the Soviet Union was assigned when the Soviet Union still existed; moreover, new su registrations are accepted.
  • ac (Ascension Island): This code is a vestige of IANA's decision in 1996 to allow the use of codes reserved in the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 reserve list for use by the Universal Postal Union. The decision was later reversed, with Ascension Island now the sole outlier. (Three other ccTLDs, gg (Guernsey), im (Isle of Man) and je (Jersey) also fell under this category from 1996 until they received corresponding ISO 3166 codes in March 2006.)
  • eu (European Union): On September 25, 2000, ICANN decided to allow the use of any two-letter code in the ISO 3166-1 reserve list that is reserved for all purposes. Only EU meets this criterion. Following a decision by the EU's Council of Telecommunications Ministers in March 2002, progress was slow, but a registry (named EURid) was chosen by the European Commission, and criteria for allocation set: ICANN approved eu as a ccTLD, and it opened for registration on 7 December 2005 for the holders of prior rights. Since 7 April 2006, registration is open to all in the European Economic Area.

Historical ccTLDs

ccTLDs may be removed if that country ceases to exist. There are three ccTLDs that have been deleted after the corresponding 2-letter code was withdrawn from ISO 3166-1: cs (for Czechoslovakia), zr (for Zaire) and tp (for East Timor). There may be a significant delay between withdrawal from ISO 3166-1 and deletion from the DNS; for example, ZR ceased to be an ISO 3166-1 code in 1997, but the zr ccTLD was not deleted until 2001. Other ccTLDs corresponding to obsolete ISO 3166-1 codes have not yet been deleted. In some cases they may never be deleted due to the amount of disruption this would cause for a heavily used ccTLD. In particular, the Soviet Union's ccTLD su remains in use more than twenty years after SU was removed from ISO 3166-1.

The historical country codes dd for the German Democratic Republic and yd for South Yemen were eligible for a ccTLD, but not allocated; see also de and ye.

The temporary reassignment of country code cs (Serbia and Montenegro) until its split into rs and me (Serbia and Montenegro, respectively) led to some controversies[67][68] about the stability of ISO 3166-1 country codes, resulting in a second edition of ISO 3166-1 in 2007 with a guarantee that retired codes will not be reassigned for at least 50 years, and the replacement of RFC 3066 by RFC 4646 for country codes used in language tags in 2006.

The previous ISO 3166-1 code for Yugoslavia, YU, was removed by ISO on 23 July 2003, but the yu ccTLD remained in operation. Finally, after a two-year transition to Serbian rs and Montenegrin me, the .yu domain was phased out in March 2010.

Australia was originally assigned the oz country code, which was later changed to au with the .oz domains moved to .oz.au.

Internationalized ccTLDs

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". An internationalized country code top-level domain (IDN ccTLD) is a top-level domain with a specially encoded domain name that is displayed in an end user application, such as a web browser, in its native language script or a non-alphabetic writing system, such as Latin script (.us, .uk and .br), Indic script (.Script error: No such module "Lang".) and Korean script (.Script error: No such module "Lang".), etc. IDN ccTLDs are an application of the internationalized domain name (IDN) system to top-level Internet domains assigned to countries, including the United Kingdom, or independent geographic regions.

ICANN started to accept applications for IDN ccTLDs in November 2009,[69] and installed the first set into the Domain Names System in May 2010. The first set was a group of Arabic names for the countries of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. By May 2010, 21 countries had submitted applications to ICANN, representing 11 languages.[70]

ICANN requires all potential international TLDs to use at least one letter that does not resemble a Latin letter, or have at least three letters, in an effort to avoid IDN homograph attacks. Nor shall the international domain name look like another domain name, even if they have different alphabets. Between Cyrillic and Greek alphabets, for example, this could happen.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Generic ccTLDs

Generic Country Code Top-Level Domain or gccTLD refers to those TLDs which are technically "non-restricted ccTLDs" but used like traditional generic TLDs (gTLDs) rather than "country"-targeted ones.[71][72][73] Most of the gccTLDs are primarily used as domain hacks:

gccTLD Country/Region Domain hacks
.ac Ascension Island Template:Unbulleted list
.ad Andorra advertising
.ag Antigua and Barbuda Aktiengesellschaft (German for corporation)
.ai Anguilla Artificial intelligence
.al Albania Alabama
.am Armenia Template:Unbulleted list
.ar Argentina Template:Unbulleted list
.as American Samoa Template:Unbulleted list
.az Azerbaijan Template:Unbulleted list
.bz Belize Template:Unbulleted list
.ca Canada California
.cc Cocos (Keeling) Islands Template:Unbulleted list
.cd Congo Compact disc
.co Colombia Template:Unbulleted list
.cu Cuba "see you"
.cv Cape Verde curriculum vitae
.de Germany Delaware
.dj Djibouti Disc jockey
.fm Federated States of Micronesia Template:Unbulleted list
.ga Gabon Georgia
.gl Greenland Google (using .goo.gl)
.gg Bailiwick of Guernsey Template:Unbulleted list
.io British Indian Ocean Territory Template:Unbulleted list
.il Israel Illinois
.in India Indiana
.is Iceland it.is, that.is, etc.
.it Italy Information technology
.kg Kyrgyzstan Keygen
.ky Cayman Islands Kentucky
.la Laos Template:Unbulleted list
.ly Libya words ending in -ly
.ma Morocco Massachusetts
.md Moldova Template:Unbulleted list
.me Montenegro Template:Unbulleted list
.mn Mongolia Minnesota
.ms Montserrat Template:Unbulleted list
.mt Malta Montana
.ne Niger Nebraska
.nu Niue Template:Unbulleted list
.pa Panama Template:Unbulleted list
.pe Peru Private equity
.pn Pitcairn Phone number
.pr Puerto Rico Public relations
.pw Palau Professional web
.re Réunion Reverse engineering
.rs Serbia Rust
.sc Seychelles Template:Unbulleted list
.sd Sudan Template:Unbulleted list
.sh Saint Helena Template:Unbulleted list
.sx Sint Maarten "sex"
.tf French Southern and Antarctic Lands Template:Unbulleted list
.tk Tokelau Template:Unbulleted list
.tm Turkmenistan Trademark
.tn Tunisia Tennessee
.to Tonga link-to
.tv Tuvalu television and broadcasts
.vc Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Template:Unbulleted list
.ws Western Samoa Template:Unbulleted list
.yt Mayotte YouTube

Unconventional usage

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Template:More citations needed section Lenient registration restrictions on certain ccTLDs have resulted in various domain hacks. Domain names such as I.am, tip.it, start.at and go.to form well-known English phrases, whereas others combine the second-level domain and ccTLD to form one word or one title, creating domains such as blo.gs of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (gs), youtu.be of Belgium (be), del.icio.us of the United States (us), and cr.yp.to of Tonga (to). The .co domain of Colombia has been cited since 2010 as a potential competitor to generic TLDs for commercial use, because it may be an abbreviation for company.[74]

Several ccTLDs allow the creation of emoji domains.

Some ccTLDs may also be used for typosquatting. The domain cm of Cameroon has generated interest due to the possibility that people might miss typing the letter o for sites in the com.[75]

Commercial use

Some of the world's smallest countries and non-sovereign or colonial entities with their own country codes have opened their TLDs for worldwide commercial use, some of them free like .tk.

See also

References

Template:Reflist

External links

  • Template:Official website
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  17. ↑ Template:Cite report Recent Georgian version has some updates not affecting this article.
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  23. ↑ IANA - .ie
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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