Rasm
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Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists Template:Italic title Rasm (Template:Langx Script error: No such module "IPA".) is an Arabic writing script often used in the early centuries of Classical Arabic literature (7th centuryTemplate:Sndearly 11th century AD). It is the same as today's Arabic script except for the difference that the Arabic diacritics are omitted. These diacritics include consonant pointing or Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".), and supplementary diacritics or Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".). The latter include the Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".) short vowel marks—singular: Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".). As an example, in rasm, the two distinct letters Script error: No such module "Lang". are indistinguishable because Script error: No such module "lang". is omitted, or letters similar in shape Script error: No such module "Lang". may also become indistinguishable if the diacritics are omitted. Rasm is also known as Arabic skeleton script. This concept is somewhat similar to scriptio continua in the Latin script, where all spaces and other punctuations is omitted. The rasm form was common for writing Arabic until the early 2nd millennium.
History
In the early Arabic manuscripts that survive today (physical manuscripts dated 7th and 8th centuries AD), one finds dots but "putting dots was in no case compulsory".[1] The very earliest manuscripts have some consonantal diacritics, though use them only sparingly.[2] Signs indicating short vowels and the hamza are largely absent from Arabic orthography until the 2nd to 8th century. One might assume that scribes would write these few diacritics in the most textually ambiguous places of the rasm, so as to make the Arabic text easier to read. However, many scholars have noticed that this is not the case. By focusing on the few diacritics that do appear in early manuscripts, Adam Bursi "situates early Qurʾān manuscripts within the context of other Arabic documents of the first/seventh century that exhibit similarly infrequent diacritics. Shared patterns in the usages of diacritics indicate that early Qurʾān manuscripts were produced by scribes relying upon very similar orthographic traditions to those that produced Arabic papyri and inscriptions of the first/seventh century." He concludes that Quranic scribes "neither 'left out' diacritics to leave the text open, nor 'added' more to clarify it, but in most cases simply wrote diacritics where they were accustomed to writing them by habit or convention."[3]
Rasm means 'drawing', 'outline', or 'pattern' in Arabic. When speaking of the Qur'an, it stands for the basic text made of the 18 letters without the Arabic diacritics which mark vowels (Script error: No such module "lang".) and disambiguate consonants (Script error: No such module "lang".).
Letters
The rasm is the oldest part of the Arabic script; it has 18 elements, excluding the ligature of lām and alif. When isolated and in the final position, the 18 letters are visually distinct. However, in the initial and medial positions, certain letters that are distinct otherwise are not differentiated visually. This results in only 15 visually distinct glyphs each in the initial and medial positions.
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- <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^a This character may not display correctly in some fonts. The dot should not appear in all four positional forms and the initial and medial forms should join with following character. In other words the initial and medial forms should look exactly like those of a dotless bāʾ while the isolated and final forms should look like those of a dotless nūn.
- <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^b There is no hamzah in rasm writing, including hamzah-on-the-line (i.e., hamzah between letters).
At the time when the Script error: No such module "lang". was optional, letters deliberately lacking the points of Script error: No such module "lang".: Template:Angle bracket Script error: No such module "IPA"., Template:Angle bracket Script error: No such module "IPA"., Template:Angle bracket Script error: No such module "IPA"., Template:Angle bracket Script error: No such module "IPA"., Template:Angle bracket Script error: No such module "IPA"., Template:Angle bracket Script error: No such module "IPA"., Template:Angle bracket Script error: No such module "IPA"., Template:Angle bracket Script error: No such module "IPA"., Template:Angle bracket Script error: No such module "IPA". — could be marked with a small v-shaped sign above or below the letter, or a semicircle, or a miniature of the letter itself (e.g. a small Template:Script/Arabic to indicate that the letter in question is Template:Script/Arabic and not Template:Script/Arabic), or one or several subscript dots, or a superscript hamza, or a superscript stroke.[4] These signs, collectively known as Script error: No such module "lang"., are still occasionally used in modern Arabic calligraphy, either for their original purpose (i.e. marking letters without Script error: No such module "lang".), or often as purely decorative space-fillers. The small Template:Script/Arabic above the kāf in its final and isolated forms Template:Angle bracket was originally Script error: No such module "lang"., but became a permanent part of the letter. Previously this sign could also appear above the medial form of kāf, instead of the stroke on its ascender.[5]
Examples
Among the historical examples of rasm script are the Kufic Blue Qur'an and the Samarkand Qurʾan. The latter is written almost entirely in Kufic rasm.
The following is an example of rasm from Surah Al-A'raf (7), āyah 86 and 87, in the Samarkand Qur'an, and its digital equivalent rasm, rasm with normal spacing, and then fully vocalized with all diacretics:
| Digital rasm with spaces | Digital rasm | Fully vocalized |
|---|---|---|
| ا لله مں ا مں ٮه و ٮٮعو | الله مں امں ٮه وٮٮعو | ٱللَّٰهِ مَنْ آمَنَ بِهِ وَتَبْغُو |
| ٮها عو حا و ا د | ٮها عوحا واد | نَهَا عِوَجًا وَٱذْ |
| کر و ا ا د کٮٮم | کروا اد کٮٮم | كُرُوا۟ إِذْ كُنْتُمْ |
| ڡلٮلا ڡکٮر کم | ڡلٮلا ڡکٮرکم | قَلِيلًا فَكَثَّرَكُمْ |
| و ا ٮطر وا کٮڡ | واٮطروا کٮڡ | وَٱنْظُرُوا۟ كَيْفَ |
| کا ں عڡٮه ا لمڡسد | کاں عڡٮه المڡسد | كَانَ عَٰقِبَةُ الْمُفْسِدِ |
| ٮں و ا ں کا ں طا | ٮں واں کاں طا | ينَ وَإِنْ كَانَ طَا |
| ٮڡه مٮکم ا مٮو ا | ٮڡه مٮکم امٮوا | ئِفَةٌ مِنْكُمْ آمَنُوا۟ |
| ٮالد ى ا ر سلٮ | ٮالدى ارسلٮ | بِٱلَّذِي أُرْسِلْتُ |
| ٮه و طا ٮڡه لم ٮو | ٮه وطاٮڡه لم ٮو | بِهِ وَطَائِفَةٌ لَمْ يُؤْ |
| مٮو ا ڡا صٮر و ا | مٮوا ڡاصٮروا | مِنُوا۟ فَٱصْبِرُوا۟ |
| حٮى ٮحکم ا لله ٮٮٮٮا | حٮى ٮحکم الله ٮٮٮٮا | حَتَّىٰ يَحْكُمَ ٱللَّٰهُ بَيْنَنَا |
Digital examples
| Description | Example |
|---|---|
| Rasm | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| Short vowel diacritics omitted. This is the style used for most modern secular documents. | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| All diacritics. This style is used to show pronunciation unambiguously in dictionaries and modern Qurans. Script error: No such module "lang". (Template:Script/Arabic) is only used in Classical Arabic. | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| Transliteration and IPA | Script error: No such module "lang". Template:IPAc-ar |
Compare the Basmala (Template:Langx), the beginning verse of the Script error: No such module "lang". with all diacritics and with the rasm only. Note that when rasm is written with spaces, spaces do not only occur between words. Within a word, spaces also appear between adjacent letters that are not connected, and this type of rasm is old and not used lately.
| Rasm with spaces [c] |
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|---|---|---|
| Rasm only [c] | Script error: No such module "Lang". | |
| Iʿjām and all diacritics [c] |
Script error: No such module "Lang". | |
| Iʿjām and rasm [c] |
Script error: No such module "Lang". | |
| Basmala Unicode character U+FDFD |
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| Transliteration | bi-smi llāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīmi | |
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Examples of Common Phrases
| Qurʾanic Arabic with Iʿjam | Qurʾanic Arabic Rasm | Phrase |
|---|---|---|
| بِسْمِ ٱللَّٰهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ | ٮسم الله الرحمں الرحىم | In the name of God, the All-Merciful, the Especially-Merciful. |
| أَعُوذُ بِٱللَّٰهِ مِنَ ٱلشَّيْطَٰنِ ٱلرَّجِيمِ | اعود ٮالله مں السىطں الرحىم | I seek refuge in God from the pelted Satan. |
| أَعُوذُ بِٱللَّٰهِ ٱلسَّمِيعِ ٱلْعَلِيمِ مِنَ ٱلشَّيْطَٰنِ ٱلرَّجِيمِ | اعود ٮالله السمىع العلىم مں السىطں الرحىم | I seek refuge in God, the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing, from the pelted Satan. |
| ٱلسَّلَٰمُ عَلَيْکُمْ | السلم علىکم | Peace be upon you. |
| ٱلسَّلَٰمُ عَلَيْکُمْ وَرَحْمَتُ ٱللَّٰهِ وَبَرَکَٰتُهُ | السلم علىکم ورحمٮ الله وٮرکٮه | Peace be upon you, as well as the mercy of God and His blessings. |
| سُبْحَٰنَ ٱللَّٰهِ | سٮحں الله | Glorified is God. |
| ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّٰهِ | الحمد لله | All praise is due to God. |
| لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ | لا اله الا الله | There is no deity but God. |
| ٱللَّٰهُ أَکْبَرُ | الله اکٮر | God is greater [than everything]. |
| أَسْتَغْفِرُ ٱللَّٰهَ | اسٮعڡر الله | I seek the forgiveness of God. |
| أَسْتَغْفِرُ ٱللَّٰهَ رَبِّي وَأَتُوبُ إِلَيْهِ | اسٮعڡر الله رٮى واٮوٮ الىه | I seek the forgiveness of God and repent to Him. |
| سُبْحَٰنَکَ ٱللَّٰهُمَّ | سٮحںک اللهم | Glorified are you, O God. |
| سُبْحَٰنَ ٱللَّٰهِ وَبِحَمْدِهِ | سٮحں الله وٮحمده | Glorified is God and by His praise. |
| سُبْحَٰنَ رَبِّيَ ٱلْعَظِيمِ وَبِحَمْدِهِ | سٮحں رٮى العطىم وٮحمده | Glorified is my God, the Great, and by His praise. |
| سُبْحَٰنَ رَبِّيَ ٱلْأَعْلَىٰ وَبِحَمْدِهِ | سٮحں رٮى الاعلى وٮحمده | Glorified is my God, the Most High, and by His praise. |
| لَا حَوْلَ وَلَا قُوَّةَ إِلَّا بِٱللَّٰهِ ٱلْعَلِيِّ ٱلْعَظِيمِ | لا حول ولا ٯوه الا ٮالله العلى العطىم | There is no power no strength except from God, the Exalted, the Great. |
| لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا أَنْتَ سُبْحَٰنَکَ إِنِّي کُنْتُ مِنَ ٱلظَّٰلِمِينَ | لا اله الا اںٮ سٮحںک اںى کںٮ مں الطلمىں | There is no god except You, glorified are you! I have indeed been among the wrongdoers. |
| حَسْبُنَا ٱللَّٰهُ وَنِعْمَ ٱلْوَکِيلُ | حسٮںا الله وںعم الوکىل | God is sufficient for us, and He is an excellent Trustee. |
| إِنَّا لِلَّٰهِ وَإِنَّا إِلَيْهِ رَٰجِعُونَ | اںا لله واںا الىه رحعوں | Verily we belong to God, and verily to Him do we return. |
| مَا شَاءَ ٱللَّٰهُ کَانَ وَمَا لَمْ يَشَاءُ لَمْ يَکُنْ | ما سا الله کاں وما لم ىسا لم ىکں | What God wills will be, and what God does not will, will not be. |
| إِنْ شَاءَ ٱللَّٰهُ | اں سا الله | If God wills. |
| مَا شَاءَ ٱللَّٰهُ | ما سا الله | What God wills. |
| بِإِذْنِ ٱللَّٰهِ | ٮادں الله | By the permission of God. |
| جَزَاکَ ٱللَّٰهُ خَيْرًا | حراک الله حىرا | God reward you [with] goodness. |
| بَٰرَکَ ٱللَّٰهُ فِيکَ | ٮرک الله ڡىک | God bless you. |
| فِي سَبِيلِ ٱللَّٰهِ | ڡى سٮىل الله | On the path of God. |
| لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ | لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله | There is no deity but God, Muhammad is the messenger of God. |
| لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلِيٌّ وَلِيُّ ٱللَّٰهِ | لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله على ولى الله | There is no deity but God, Muhammad is the messenger of God, Ali is the vicegerent of God. (Usually recited by Shia Muslims)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
| أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ | اسهد اں لا اله الا الله واسهد اں محمدا رسول الله | I bear witness that there is no deity but God, and I bear witness that Muhammad is the messenger of God. |
| أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ عَلِيًّا وَلِيُّ ٱللَّٰهِ | اسهد اں لا اله الا الله واسهد اں محمدا رسول الله واسهد اں علىا ولى الله | I bear witness that there is no deity but God, and I bear witness that Muhammad is the messenger of God, and I bear witness that Ali is the vicegerent of God. (Usually recited by Shia Muslims)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
| ٱللَّٰهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَىٰ مُحَمَّدٍ وَآلِ مُحَمَّدٍ | اللهم صل على محمد وال محمد | O God, bless Muhammad and the Progeny of Muhammad. |
| ٱللَّٰهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَىٰ مُحَمَّدٍ وَآلِ مُحَمَّدٍ وَعَجِّلْ فَرَجَهُمْ وَٱلْعَنْ أَعْدَاءَهُمْ | اللهم صل على محمد وال محمد وعحل ڡرحهم والعں اعداهم | O God, bless Muhammad and the Progeny of Muhammad, and hasten their alleviation and curse their enemies. (Usually recited by Shia Muslims)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
| ٱللَّٰهُمَّ عَجِّلْ لِوَلِيِّکَ ٱلْفَرَجَ وَٱلْعَافِيَةَ وَٱلنَّصْرَ | اللهم عحل لولىک الڡرح والعاڡىه والںصر | O God, hasten the alleviation of your vicegerent (i.e. Imam Mahdi), and grant him vitality and victory. (Usually recited by Shia Muslims)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
| لَا سَيْفَ إِلَّا ذُو ٱلْفَقَارِ وَلَا فَتَىٰ إِلَّا عَلِيٌّ | لا سىڡ الا دو الڡٯار ولا ڡٮى الا على | There is no sword but the Zu al-Faqar, and there is no youth but Ali. (Usually recited by Shia Muslims)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
See also
- Kufic
- Abjad numerals
- History of the Arabic alphabet
- Qiraʾat
- Scriptio continua, an analogous concept in the Latin script where all spaces and other punctuations is omitted.
- Decimal separator
- Modern Arabic mathematical notation
- Book Pahlavi, an Iranian script with similar graphemic convergence.
References
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- ↑ "What Are Those Few Dots for? Thoughts on the Orthography of the Qurra Papyri (709–710), the Khurasan Parchments (755–777) and the Inscription of the Jerusalem Dome of the Rock (692)", by Andreas Kaplony, year 2008 in journal Arabica volume 55 pages 91–101.
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External links
- Some pages from the famous Saint Petersburg-Samerkand-Tashkent Koran. The fourth to seventh images are written in the Kufic script
- A page in the earliest script Template:Webarchive, known as ma'il