Maithili language

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Maithili (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell,[1] Script error: No such module "IPA".) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in parts of India and Nepal. It is native to the Mithila region, which encompasses parts of the eastern Indian states of Bihar and Jharkhand as well as Nepal's Koshi and Madhesh Provinces. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India.[2][3][4] It is the second most commonly spoken native Nepalese language constitutionallyTemplate:Sfnp[5][6] registered as one of the fourteen provincial official languages of Nepal.[7]

It is spoken by 21.7 million people. Of those, 3.2 million are Nepalese speakers.[5] The language is predominantly written in Devanagari, but the historical Tirhuta and Kaithi scripts retained some use until today.[8]

Official status

In 2003, Maithili was included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution as a recognised Indian language, which allows it to be used in education, government, and other official contexts in India.[2] The Maithili language is included as an optional paper in the UPSC Exam. In March 2018, Maithili received the second official language status in the Indian state of Jharkhand.[9]

Gopal Jee Thakur of the Bharatiya Janata Party is the first Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha who speaks in the Maithili language in the Parliament of India.[10] He is currently the MP for Darbhanga.[11]

The Nepalese Languages Commission has made Maithili an official Nepalese language used for administration in Koshi province and Madhesh Province.[7]

On 26 November 2024, during the occasion of the Constitution Day, Maithili version of the Indian constitution was launched by the President of India Droupadi Murmu.[12]

Distribution

In India, it is mainly spoken in Darbhanga, Madhubani, Tirhut, Kosi, Purnia, Bhagalpur and Munger divisions of Bihar & in Santhal Pargana division of Jharkhand.[13][14]

In Nepal, Maithili is spoken in Madhesh Province and Koshi Province.[5]Template:Sfnp

Darbhanga, Madhubani, and Janakpur constitutes important cultural and linguistic centers of Maithili language.[5]

Classification

In 1870s, Beames considered Maithili a dialect of a Bengali. Hoernlé initially treated it as a dialect of Eastern Hindi, but after comparing it with the Gaudian languages, recognised that it shows more similarities with the Bengali language than with Hindi. Grierson recognised it as a distinct language, grouped under 'Bihari' and published its first grammar in 1881.[15][16]

Chatterji grouped Maithili with the Magadhi Prakrit.[17]

Dialects

Maithili varies greatly in dialects.[18]

Origin and history

The name Maithili is derived from the word Mithila, an ancient kingdom of which King Janaka was the ruler (see Ramayana). Maithili is also one of the names of Sita, the wife of King Rama and daughter of King Janaka. Scholars in Mithila used Sanskrit for their literary work and Maithili was the language of the common folk (Abahattha).Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

The beginning of Maithili language and literature can be traced back to the 'Charyapadas', a form of Buddhist mystical verses, composed during the period of 700-1300 AD. These padas were written in Sandhya bhasa by several Siddhas who belonged to Vajrayana Buddhism and were scattered throughout the territory of Assam, Bengal, Bihar and Odisha. Several of the Siddhas were from the Mithila region such as Kanhapa, Sarhapa etc. Prominent scholars like Rahul Sankrityanan, Subhadra Jha and Jayakant Mishra provided evidence and proved that the language of Charyapada is ancient Maithili or proto Maithili.[28] Apart from Charyapadas, there has been a rich tradition of folk culture, folk songs and which were popular among the common folks of the Mithila region.[29]

After the fall of the Pala Empire, disappearance of Buddhism, establishment of the Karnat dynasty and patronage of Maithili under Harisimhadeva (1226–1324) of Karnāta dynasty dates back to the 14th century (around 1327 AD). Jyotirishwar Thakur (1280–1340) wrote a unique work Varna Ratnakara in Maithili prose.[30] The Varna Ratnākara is the earliest known prose text, written by Jyotirishwar Thakur in Mithilakshar script,[16] and is the first prose work not only in Maithili but in any modern Indian language.[31]

In 1324, Ghyasuddin Tughluq, the emperor of Delhi invaded Mithila, defeated Harisimhadeva, entrusted Mithila to his family priest and a great Military Scholar Kameshvar Jha, a Maithil Brahmin of the Oiniwar Dynasty. But the disturbed era did not produce any literature in Maithili until Vidyapati Thakur (1360 to 1450), who was an epoch-making poet under the patronage of Shiva Simha Singh and his queen Lakhimadevi. He produced over 1,000 immortal songs in Maithili on the theme of love of Radha and Krishna and the domestic life of Shiva and Parvati as well as on the subject of suffering of migrant labourers of Morang and their families; besides, he wrote a number of treaties in Sanskrit. His love-songs spread far and wide in no time and enchanted saints, poets and youth. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu saw the divine light of love behind these songs, and soon these songs became themes of Vaishnavism in Bengal. Rabindranath Tagore, out of curiosity, imitated these songs under the pseudonym Bhanusimha Thakurer Padabali. Vidyapati influenced the religious literature of Assam, Bengal, Utkala Kingdom and gave birth to a new Brajavali dialect.[32][33]

The earliest reference to Maithili or Tirhutiya is in Amaduzzi's preface to Beligatti's Alphabetum Brammhanicum, published in 1771.[34] This contains a list of Indian languages among which is 'Tourutiana.' Colebrooke's essay on the Sanskrit and Prakrit languages, written in 1801, was the first to describe Maithili as a distinct dialect.[35]

Many devotional songs were written by Vaisnava saints, including in the mid-17th century, Vidyapati and Govindadas. Mapati Upadhyaya wrote a drama titled Pārijātaharaṇa in Maithili. Professional troupes, mostly from dalit classes known as Kirtanias, the singers of bhajan or devotional songs, started to perform this drama in public gatherings and the courts of the nobles. Lochana (c. 1575 – c. 1660) wrote Rāgatarangni, a significant treatise on the science of music, describing the rāgas, tālas, and lyrics prevalent in Mithila.[36]

During the Malla dynasty's rule Maithili spread far and wide throughout Nepal from the 16th to the 17th century.[37][38] During this period, at least seventy Maithili dramas were produced. In the drama Harishchandranrityam by Siddhinarayanadeva (1620–57), some characters speak pure colloquial Maithili, while others speak Bengali language, Sanskrit or Prakrit.[39] One notable Malla King who patronised Maithili was Bhupatindra Malla who composed 26 plays in the Maithili language during his lifetime.[40]

After the demise of Maheshwar Singh, the ruler of Darbhanga Raj, in 1860, the Raj was taken over by the British Raj as regent. The Darbhanga Raj returned to his successor, Maharaj Lakshmishvar Singh, in 1898. The Zamindari Raj had a lackadaisical approach toward Maithili. The use of Maithili language was revived through personal efforts of MM Parameshvar Mishra, Chanda Jha, Munshi Raghunandan Das and others.[41][42]

Publication of Maithil Hita Sadhana (1905), Mithila Moda (1906), and Mithila Mihir (1908) further encouraged writers. The first social organisation, Maithil Mahasabha,[43] was established in 1910 for the development of Mithila and Maithili. It blocked its membership for people outside of the Maithil Brahmin and Karna Kayastha castes. Maithil Mahasabha campaigned for the official recognition of Maithili as a regional language. Calcutta University recognised Maithili in 1917, and other universities followed suit.[44]

Babu Bhola Lal Das wrote Maithili Grammar (Maithili Vyakaran). He edited a book Gadya Kusumanjali and edited a journal Maithili.[45] In 1965, Maithili was officially accepted by Sahitya Academy, an organisation dedicated to the promotion of Indian literature.[46][47]

In 2002, Maithili was recognised on the VIII schedule of the Indian Constitution as a major Indian language; Maithili is now one of the twenty-two Scheduled languages of India.[48]

The publishing of Maithili books in Mithilakshar script was started by Acharya Ramlochan Saran.[49][50]

Phonology

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Vowels

Front Central Back
short long short long short long
Close Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme
Mid Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link~Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme
Open Template:IPA link~Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme
Diphthongs əɪ̯ Template:Grapheme əe̯ Template:Grapheme əʊ̯ Template:Grapheme əo̯ Template:Grapheme
  • All vowels have nasal counterparts, represented by "~" in IPA and ँ on the vowels, like आँ ãː .
  • All vowel sounds are realised as nasal when occurring before or after a nasal consonant.[51]
  • Sounds eː and oː are often replaced by diphthongs əɪ̯ and əʊ̯.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  • ɔ is replaced by ə in northern dialects and by o in southernmost dialects.
  • There are three short vowels that were described by Grierson, but are not counted by modern grammarians. But they could be understood as syllable break: ॳ Script error: No such module "IPA"., इ Script error: No such module "IPA"., उ Script error: No such module "IPA". . Or as syllable break ऺ in Devanagari and "." in IPA.
  • ꣾ is a Unicode letter in Devanagari, (IPA Script error: No such module "IPA".) which is not supported currently on several browsers and operating systems, along with its mātrā (vowel sign).

The following diphthongs are present:[52]

अय़(ꣾ) Script error: No such module "IPA". - अय़सन (ꣾ सन) Script error: No such module "IPA". 'like this'
अव़(ॵ) Script error: No such module "IPA".- चव़मुख(चॏमुख) Script error: No such module "IPA". 'four faced'
अयॆ Script error: No such module "IPA". - अयॆलाः Script error: No such module "IPA". 'came'
अवॊ (अऒ) Script error: No such module "IPA". - अवॊताः Script error: No such module "IPA". 'will come'
आइ Script error: No such module "IPA". - आइ Script error: No such module "IPA". 'today'
आउ Script error: No such module "IPA". - आउ Script error: No such module "IPA". 'come please'
आयॆ (आऎ) Script error: No such module "IPA". - आयॆल Script error: No such module "IPA". 'came'
आवॊ (आऒ) Script error: No such module "IPA". - आवॊब Script error: No such module "IPA". 'will come'
यु (इउ) Script error: No such module "IPA". - घ्यु Script error: No such module "IPA". 'ghee'
यॆ (इऎ) Script error: No such module "IPA". - यॆः Script error: No such module "IPA". 'only this'
यॊ (इऒ) Script error: No such module "IPA". - कह्यो Script error: No such module "IPA". 'any day'
वि (उइ) Script error: No such module "IPA". - द्वि Script error: No such module "IPA". 'two'
वॆ (उऎ) Script error: No such module "IPA". - वॆ: Script error: No such module "IPA". 'only that'

A peculiar type of phonetic change is recently taking place in Maithili by way of epenthesis, i.e. backward transposition of final /i/ and /u/ in all sort of words.[52] Thus:

Standard Colloquial - Common Pronunciation

अछि Script error: No such module "IPA". - अइछ Script error: No such module "IPA". 'is'
रवि Script error: No such module "IPA". - रइब Script error: No such module "IPA". 'Sunday'
मधु Script error: No such module "IPA". - मउध Script error: No such module "IPA". 'honey'
बालु Script error: No such module "IPA". - बाउल Script error: No such module "IPA". 'sand'

Consonants

Maithili has four classes of stops, one class of affricate, which is generally treated as a stop series, related nasals, fricatives and approximant.

Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme (Template:IPA link) Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiceless unaspirated Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme
aspirated Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme
voiced unaspirated Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme
aspirated Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme
Fricative voiceless (Template:IPA link~Template:IPA link) Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme (Template:IPA link) Template:Grapheme (Template:IPA link) Template:Grapheme (Template:IPA link) Template:Grapheme -(Template:IPA link)* Template:Grapheme
voiced (Template:IPA link) Template:Grapheme (Template:IPA link) Template:Grapheme Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme
Rhotic unaspirated Template:IPA link~Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme (Template:IPA link) Template:Grapheme
aspirated (Template:IPA link) Template:Grapheme
Lateral Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme
Approximant (Template:IPA link~Template:IPA link) Template:Grapheme (Template:IPA link) Template:Grapheme
  • Fricative sounds Script error: No such module "IPA". only occur marginally, and are typically pronounced as a dental fricative Script error: No such module "IPA". in most styles of pronunciation. Script error: No such module "IPA". ः is always added after a vowel.

Stops

There are four series of stops- bilabials, coronals, retroflex and velar, along with an affricate series. All of them show the four way contrast like most of the modern Indo-Aryan languages:

  • tenuis, as Script error: No such module "IPA"., which is like ⟨p⟩ in English spin
  • voiced, as Script error: No such module "IPA"., which is like ⟨b⟩ in English bin
  • aspirated, as Script error: No such module "IPA"., which is like ⟨p⟩ in English pin, and
  • murmured or aspirated voiced, as Script error: No such module "IPA"..

Apart from the retroflex series, all the rest four series show full phonological contrast in all positions. The retroflex tenius Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". show full contrast in all positions. Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". show phonological contrast mainly word-initially.[53] Both are defective phonemes, occurring intervocalically and word finally only if preceded by a nasal consonant. Word finally and postvocalically, Script error: No such module "IPA". surfaces as Script error: No such module "IPA"..[54] Non-initially, both are interchangeable with Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". respectively.[53]

Fricatives

Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". are most common fricatives. They show full phonological opposition. Script error: No such module "IPA"., which is present in tatsama words, is replaced by Script error: No such module "IPA". most of the time, when independent, and prevocalic Script error: No such module "IPA". is replaced by Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".[53] or Script error: No such module "IPA".. Script error: No such module "IPA". occurs before Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA".. Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". occurs in Perso-Arabic loanwords, generally replaced by Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". respectively. Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". also occurs in Sanskrit words (jihvamuliya and upadhmaniya), which is peculiar to Maithili.

Sonorants

Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". are present in all phonological positions. Script error: No such module "IPA". occurs only non-initially and is followed by a homorganic stop, which may be deleted if voiced, which leads to the independent presence of Script error: No such module "IPA".. Script error: No such module "IPA". occurs non-initially, followed by a homorganic stop, and is independent only in tatsama words, which is often replaced with Script error: No such module "IPA".. Script error: No such module "IPA". occurs only non-initially and is followed by a homorganic stop always. It is the only nasal which does not occur independently.

  • In most styles of pronunciation, the retroflex flap Script error: No such module "IPA". occurs marginally. It is usually pronounced as an alveolar tap Script error: No such module "IPA". sound, and is often interchanged with Script error: No such module "IPA"..[53]
  • Approximant sounds Script error: No such module "IPA". and fricative sounds Script error: No such module "IPA"., mainly occur in words that are borrowed from Sanskrit or in words of Perso-Arabic origin. The conjunct ष्प (IAST ṣp) is pronounced Script error: No such module "IPA". in Maithili e.g. पुष्प Script error: No such module "IPA".. The conjunct ह्य (IAST hy) is pronounced Script error: No such module "IPA". as in ग्रऻह्य (grahya) Script error: No such module "IPA"..[53]

There are four non-syllabic vowels in Maithili- i̯, u̯, e̯, o̯ written in Devanagari as य़, व़, य़ॆ, व़ॊ. Most of the times, these are written without nukta.

Morphology

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Nouns

An example declension:

Case name Singular Inflection Plural Inflection
Feminine Masculine Neuter Feminine Masculine Neuter
Nominative -इ ɪ -आ/अ꣱ aː/ɔ -इन ɪn -अन, -अनि

ən, ənɪ̆

-अन, -अनि

ən, ənɪ̆

Accusative

(Indefinite)

-ई iː -ई iː -आ aː
Instrumental Postposition used
 -एँ ẽː Postposition used -अन्हि

ənʰɪ̆

Dative Postposition used
-इल ɪlə -अल ələ No forms
Ergative -इएँ ɪẽː -एँ ẽː
Ablative -इतः ɪtəh -अतः

ətəh

Genitive -इक ɪk, इर ɪr -अक ək, -अर ər -ईंक ĩːk -आँँक

ãːk

Locative Postposition used -ए eː Postposition used -आँ

ãː

Vocative -इ ɪ/ई iː -आ/अऽ aː/əː -इन ɪn -अन, -अनि

ən, ənɪ̆

Adjectives

The difference between adjectives and nouns is very minute in Maithili. However, there are marked adjectives there in Maithili.

Masculine Feminine Neuter
Definite -का/क꣱ kaː/kɔ -कि/कि kɪ/kɪ̆ का/कऽ kaː/kəː
Indefinite -आ/अ꣱ aː/ɔ -इ/इ ɪ/ɪ̆ अ/अऽ ᵊ/əː

Pronouns

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Pronouns in Maithili are declined in similar way to nominals, though in most pronouns the genitive case has a different form. The lower forms below are accusative and postpositional. The plurals are formed periphrastically.

Person First Grade Honour Honorofic High Honorofic
First Person हम ɦəm

अपना ɐpᵊnaː (Inclusive)

हमरा ɦəmᵊraː

अपना ɐpᵊnaː (Inclusive)

Second Person तोँह tõːɦᵊ अहाँ ɐɦãː अपने ɐpᵊneː
तोँहरा tõːɦᵊraː
Third Person Proximate ई iː ए eː
ऎकरा ekᵊraː हिनका ɦɪnᵊkaː
ए eː (Neuter)
ऎहि, ऍ, अथि eɦɪ, æ, ɐtʰɪ (Neuter)
Non-Proximate ऊ, वा uː, ʋaː ओ oː
ऒकरा okᵊraː हुनका ɦʊnᵊkaː
ऒ o (Neuter)
ऒहि, ॵ oɦɪ, əʊ (Neuter)

Orthography

File:The consonants of the Mithilakshar script and the corresponding Devnagari.jpg
Consonants in Tirhuta script

Beginning in the 14th century, the language was written in the Tirhuta script (also known as Mithilakshara or Maithili), which is related to the Bengali-Assamese script.[55] By the early 20th century, this script was largely associated with the Mithila Brahmans, with most others using Kaithi, and Devanagari spreading under the influence of the scholars at Banaras.[56] Throughout the course of the century, Devanagari grew in use eventually replacing the other two, and has since remained the dominant script for Maithili.[57][55][56] Tirhuta retained some specific uses (on signage in north Bihar as well as in religious texts, genealogical records and letters), and has seen a resurgence of interest in the 21st century.[55]

The Tirhuta and Kaithi scripts are both currently included in Unicode.

Consonants
Devanagari Tirhuta Transcription
Image Text IAST IPA
क File:Тірхутська буква КА. Tirhuta letter КA.png Template:Script ka /kə/
ख File:Тірхутська буква КHА. Tirhuta letter КHA.png Template:Script kha /kʰə/
ग File:Тірхутська буква GА. Tirhuta letter GA.png Template:Script ga /gə/
घ File:Тірхутська буква GHА. Tirhuta letter GHA.png Template:Script gha /gʱə/
ङ File:Тірхутська буква NGА. Tirhuta letter NGA.png Template:Script ṅa /ŋə/
च File:Тірхутська буква СА. Tirhuta letter CA.png Template:Script ca /t͡ɕə/
छ File:Тірхутська буква CHА. Tirhuta letter CHA.png Template:Script cha /t͡ɕʰə/
ज File:Тірхутська буква JА. Tirhuta letter JA.png Template:Script ja /d͡ʑə/
झ File:Тірхутська буква JHА. Tirhuta letter JHA.png Template:Script jha /d͡ʑʱə/
ञ File:Тірхутська буква NYА. Tirhuta letter NYA.png Template:Script ña (/ɲə/) /nə/
ट File:Тірхутська буква TTА. Tirhuta letter TTA.png Template:Script ṭa /ʈə/
ठ File:Тірхутська буква TTHА. Tirhuta letter TTHA.png Template:Script ṭha /ʈʰə/
ड File:Тірхутська буква DDА. Tirhuta letter DDA.png Template:Script ḍa /ɖə/
ढ File:Тірхутська буква DDHА. Tirhuta letter DDHA.png Template:Script ḍha /ɖʱə/
ण File:Тірхутська буква NNА. Tirhuta letter NNA.png Template:Script ṇa /ɳə/ or /nə/
त File:Тірхутська буква TА. Tirhuta letter TA.png Template:Script ta /t̪ə/
थ File:Тірхутська буква THА. Tirhuta letter THA.png Template:Script tha /t̪ʰə/
द File:Тірхутська буква DА. Tirhuta letter DA.png Template:Script da /d̪ə/
ध File:Тірхутська буква DHА. Tirhuta letter DHA.png Template:Script dha /d̪ʱə/
न File:Тірхутська буква NА. Tirhuta letter NA.png Template:Script na /nə/
प File:Тірхутська буква PА. Tirhuta letter PA.png Template:Script pa /pə/
फ File:Тірхутська буква PHА. Tirhuta letter PHA.png Template:Script pha /pʰə/
ब File:Тірхутська буква BА. Tirhuta letter BA.png Template:Script ba /bə/
भ File:Тірхутська буква BHА. Tirhuta letter BHA.png Template:Script bha /bʱə/
म File:Тірхутська буква MА. Tirhuta letter MA.png Template:Script ma /mə/
य File:Тірхутська буква YА. Tirhuta letter YA.png Template:Script ya (/jə/) /d͡ʑə/ or /e̯/
र File:Тірхутська буква RА. Tirhuta letter RA.png Template:Script ra /rə/
ल File:Тірхутська буква LА. Tirhuta letter LA.png Template:Script la /lə/
व File:Тірхутська буква VА. Tirhuta letter VA.png Template:Script va (/ʋə/) or /bə/ /o̯/
श File:Тірхутська буква SHА. Tirhuta letter SHA.png Template:Script śa (/ɕə/) /sə/
ष File:Тірхутська буква SSА. Tirhuta letter SSA.png Template:Script ṣa /ʂə/ or /sə/ or /kʰə/
स File:Тірхутська буква SА. Tirhuta letter SA.png Template:Script sa /sə/
ह File:Тірхутська буква HА. Tirhuta letter HA.png Template:Script ha /ɦə/
Vowels[58][59]
Devanagari Tirhuta Devanagari Tirhuta Transcription
Independent Dependent
Phonetic Traditional Image Text Phonetic Traditional Image Text Romanisation IPA
अ File:Тірхутська буква А. Tirhuta letter A.png Template:Script Template:Efn Template:Efn aTemplate:Efn/∅Template:Efn /ə/ or /ɐ/ or /ə̆/Template:Efn or ∅Template:Efn
अ꣱/अऽ/अ' अऽTemplate:Efn ◌꣱/◌ऽ/◌' ◌'Template:Efn/ ◌ऽTemplate:Efn å /ɔ/ ~/ʌ/
ॴ आ File:Тірхутська буква АА. Tirhuta letter AА.png Template:Script ऻ ा File:Тірхутський залежний знак для голосної АА. Tirhuta vowel sign AA.png Template:Script a/ă /a/
आ ा ā /аː/
इ File:Тірхутська буква І. Tirhuta letter І.png Template:Script ि File:Тірхутський залежний знак для голосної І. Tirhuta vowel sign І.png Template:Script і /ɪ/
not possible in initial position or independent (after vowel) ि'Template:Efn ि ĭ/i /ɪ̆/
ई File:Тірхутська буква ІІ. Tirhuta letter ІІ.png Template:Script ी File:Тірхутський залежний знак для голосної ІІ. Tirhuta vowel sign ІІ.png Template:Script ī /іː/
उ File:Тірхутська буква У. Tirhuta letter U.png Template:Script ु File:Тірхутський залежний знак для голосної U. Tirhuta vowel sign U.png Template:Script u /ʊ/
not possible in initial position (after vowel) ु'Template:Efn ु ŭ/u /ʊ̆/
ऊ File:Тірхутська буква УУ. Tirhuta letter UU.png Template:Script ू File:Тірхутський залежний знак для голосної UU. Tirhuta vowel sign UU.png Template:Script ū /uː/
ऋ File:Тірхутська буква складове Р. Tirhuta letter vocalic R.png Template:Script ृ File:Тірхутський залежний знак для голосної складове R. Tirhuta vowel sign vocalic R.png Template:Script ṛ /r̩/ or /rɪ/
ॠ File:Тірхутська буква складове РР. Tirhuta letter vocalic RR.png Template:Script ॄ File:Тірхутський залежний знак для голосної складове RR. Tirhuta vowel sign vocalic RR.png Template:Script ṝ /r̩ː/ or /riː/
ऌ File:Тірхутська буква складове Л. Tirhuta letter vocalic L.png Template:Script ॢ File:Тірхутський залежний знак для голосної складове L. Tirhuta vowel sign vocalic L.png Template:Script ḷ /l̩/ or /lɪ/
ऍ ऍ/ऐ ॅTemplate:Efn ॅ/ै æ/ê /æ/ ~/ɛ/Template:Efn
ऎ ए ॆ े File:Тірхутський залежний знак для голосної коротке E. Tirhuta vowel sign short E.png Template:Script e /е/
ए File:Тірхутська буква Е. Tirhuta letter Е.png Template:Script े File:Тірхутський залежний знак для голосної E. Tirhuta vowel sign E.png Template:Script ē /еː/
ꣾ ऐ File:Тірхутська буква АІ. Tirhuta letter AІ.png Template:Script ◌ꣿ ै File:Тірхутський залежний знак для дифтонга АІ. Tirhuta vowel sign АІ.png Template:Script ai /ai/
ऐ ै āі /аːі/
ऒ ओ ॊ ो File:Тірхутський залежний знак для голосної коротке О. Tirhuta vowel sign short О.png Template:Script о /о/
ओ File:Тірхутська буква О. Tirhuta letter О.png Template:Script ो File:Тірхутський залежний знак для голосної О. Tirhuta vowel sign О.png Template:Script ō /оː/
ॵ औ File:Тірхутська буква АУ. Tirhuta letter AU.png Template:Script ॏ ौ File:Тірхутський залежний знак для дифтонга АU. Tirhuta vowel sign АU.png Template:Script au /au/
औ ौ āu /aːu/

Literature

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Sample Text

The following sample text is Maithili translation of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

Maithili in the Tirhuta alphabet Template:Block indent Maithili in the Devanagari alphabet Template:Block indent Maithili in IAST Template:Block indent Translation Template:Block indent

See also

Notes

Template:Notelist

Citations

Template:Reflist

Further reading

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

External links

Template:Sister project Template:Sister project Template:Wikivoyage

Template:Bihari languages Template:Languages of India Template:Languages of Nepal Template:Maithili language Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ Template:OED
  2. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b c d e Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named e27
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b Template:Cite report
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Chatterji, S. K. (1926). The origin and development of the Bengali language. University Press, Calcutta.
  18. ↑ Brass, P. R. (2005). Language, Religion, and Politics in North India. iUniverse, Lincoln, NE.
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Ray, K. K. (2009). Reduplication in Thenthi Dialect of Maithili Language. Nepalese Linguistics 24: 285–290.
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Singh, P. & Singh, A. N. (2011). Finding Mithila between India's Centre and Periphery. Journal of Indian Law & Society 2: 147–181.
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Template:Cite tweet
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ a b c Template:Cite report.
  56. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Yadava, Y. P. (2013). Linguistic context and language endangerment in Nepal. Nepalese Linguistics 28 Template:Webarchive: 262–274.
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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