Kaithi

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use Indian English Template:Otheruses Template:Infobox Writing system Template:Contains special characters Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists Kaithi (Template:Script/Kaithi, Template:Ipa), also called Kayathi (Template:Script/Kaithi), Kayasthi (Template:Script/Kaithi, Template:Ipa), or Kayastani, is a Brahmic script historically used across parts of Northern and Eastern India. It was prevalent in regions corresponding to modern-day Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Jharkhand. The script was primarily utilized for legal, administrative, and private records and was adapted for a variety of Indo-Aryan languages, including Angika, Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Hindustani, Maithili, Magahi, and Nagpuri.

File:Kaithi handwritten.svg

This table sets out the handwritten form of the vowels and consonants of the Kaithi script, as of the middle of the 19th century

File:Kaithi2.png

Bhojpuri story written in Kaithi script by Babu Rama Smaran Lal in 1898

Etymology

The name Kaithi script is derived from the term Kayastha, a socio-professional group historically linked to writing, record-keeping and administration. This community served in royal courts and later in British colonial administration, maintaining revenue records, legal documents, title deeds, and general correspondence. The script they utilized was thus named Kaithi, reflecting their association with written documentation.

History

File:Kaithi printed.jpg

A printed form of the Kaithi script, as of the mid-19th century

File:Sher shah's rupee.jpg

Kaithi script (left side bottom-most line) on the coins of Sher Shah Suri

Documents in Kaithi are traceable to at least the 16th century. The script was widely used during the Mughal period. In the 1880s, during the British Raj, the script was recognised as the official script of the law courts of Bihar. Kaithi was the most widely used script of North India west of Bengal. In 1854, 77,368 school primers were in Kaithi script, as compared to 25,151 in Devanagari and 24,302 in Mahajani. Among the three scripts widely used in the 'Hindi Belt', Kaithi was widely perceived to be neutral, as it was used by both Hindus and Muslims alike for day-to-day correspondence, financial and administrative activities, while Devanagari was used by Hindus and Persian script by Muslims for religious literature and education. This made Kaithi increasingly unfavorable to the more conservative and religiously inclined members of society who insisted on Devanagari-based and Persian-based transcription of Hindi dialects. As a result of their influence and due to the wide availability of Devanagari type as opposed to the incredibly large variability of Kaithi, Devanagari was promoted, particularly in the Northwest Provinces, which covers present-day Uttar Pradesh.

In the late 19th century, John Nesfield in Oudh, George Campbell of Inverneill in Bihar and a committee in Bengal all advocated for the use of Kaithi script in education. Many legal documents were written in Kaithi, and from 1950 to 1954 it was the official legal script of Bihar district courts. Present day Bihar courts struggle to read old Kaithi documents.

Classes

On the basis of local variants Kaithi can be divided into three classes viz. Bhojpuri, Magahi and Trihuti.

Bhojpuri

File:Kaithi signboard.jpg

Signboard at Purbi Gumti, Arrah, with English (top), Bhojpuri Kaithi (bottom-left), and Urdu (bottom-right)

This was used in Bhojpuri speaking regions and was considered as the most legible style of Kaithi.

Magahi

Native to Magah or Magadh it lies between Bhojpuri and Trihuti.

Tirhuti

It was used in Maithili speaking regions and was considered as the most elegant style.

Consonants

All Kaithi consonants have an inherent a vowel:

Occlusives

	[[Voicelessness|Template:Sc]] Template:Sc		[[Voice (phonetics)|Template:Sc]] Template:Sc		[[Nasal consonant|Template:Sc]]
	Unaspirated	Aspirated	Unaspirated	Aspirated
Velar	Template:Letter	Template:Letter	Template:Letter	Template:Letter	Template:Letter
Palatal	Template:Letter	Template:Letter	Template:Letter	Template:Letter	Template:Letter
Retroflex	Template:Letter	Template:Letter	Template:Letter	Template:Letter	Template:Letter
			Template:Letter	Template:Letter
Dental	Template:Letter	Template:Letter	Template:Letter	Template:Letter	Template:Letter
Labial	Template:Letter	Template:Letter	Template:Letter	Template:Letter	Template:Letter

Sonorants and fricatives

	Palatal	Retroflex	Dental	Labial
Sonorants	Template:Letter	Template:Letter	Template:Letter	Template:Letter
Sibilants	Template:Letter	Template:Letter	Template:Letter
Other	Template:Letter

Vowels

Kaithi vowels have independent (initial) and dependent (diacritic) forms:

Vowels

	Trans.	Shown with Template:Angbr	Trans.	Shown with Template:Angbr
Guttural	Template:Letter	Template:Script/Kaithi	Template:Letter	Template:Script/Kaithi
Palatal	Template:Letter	Template:Script/Kaithi	Template:Letter	Template:Script/Kaithi
Rounded	Template:Letter	Template:Script/Kaithi	Template:Letter	Template:Script/Kaithi
Palatoguttural	Template:Letter	Template:Script/Kaithi	Template:Letter	Template:Script/Kaithi
Labioguttural	Template:Letter	Template:Script/Kaithi	Template:Letter	Template:Script/Kaithi

Diacritics

File:Diacritics of kaithi script.jpg

Kaithi diacritics with kha (𑂎)

Several diacritics are employed to change the meaning of letters:

Diacritic	Name	Function
Template:Letter	chandrabindu	A chandrabindu denotes nasalisation although it is not normally used with Kaithi.
Template:Letter	anusvara	An anusvara in Kaithi represents true vowel nasalisation. For example, Template:Script/Kaithi, kaṃ.
Template:Letter	visarga	Visarga is a Sanskrit holdover originally representing /h/. For example, Template:Script/Kaithi kaḥ.
Template:Letter	halanta	A virama removes a consonant's inherent a and in some cases forms consonant clusters. Compare Template:Script/Kaithi maba with Template:Script/Kaithi mba.
Template:Letter	nuqta	A nuqta is used to extend letters to represent non-native sounds. For example, Template:Script/Kaithi ja + nuqta = Template:Script/Kaithi, which represents Arabic zayin.

Vowel diacritics

The following table shows the list of vowel diacritics on consonants. The vowel diacritics on consonants are called kakahārā (𑂍𑂍𑂯𑂰𑂩𑂰).

्	𑂃	𑂄	𑂅	𑂆	𑂇	𑂈	𑂉	𑂊	𑂋	𑂌	𑂃𑂁	𑂃𑂂
𑂹𑂍	𑂍	𑂍𑂰	𑂍𑂱	𑂍𑂲	𑂍𑂳	𑂍𑂴	𑂍𑂵	𑂍𑂶	𑂍𑂷	𑂍𑂸	𑂍𑂁	𑂍𑂂
𑂹𑂎	𑂎	𑂎𑂰	𑂎𑂱	𑂎𑂲	𑂎𑂳	𑂎𑂴	𑂎𑂵	𑂎𑂶	𑂎𑂷	𑂎𑂸	𑂎𑂁	𑂎𑂂
𑂹𑂏	𑂏	𑂏𑂰	𑂏𑂱	𑂏𑂲	𑂏𑂳	𑂏𑂴	𑂏𑂵	𑂏𑂶	𑂏𑂷	𑂏𑂸	𑂏𑂁	𑂏𑂂
𑂹𑂐	𑂐	𑂐𑂰	𑂐𑂱	𑂐𑂲	𑂐𑂳	𑂐𑂴	𑂐𑂵	𑂐𑂶	𑂐𑂷	𑂐𑂸	𑂐𑂁	𑂐𑂂
𑂑𑂹	𑂑	𑂑𑂰	𑂑𑂱	𑂑𑂲	𑂑𑂳	𑂑𑂴	𑂑𑂵	𑂑𑂶	𑂑𑂷	𑂑𑂸	𑂑𑂁	𑂑𑂂
𑂹𑂒	𑂒	𑂒𑂰	𑂒𑂱	𑂒𑂲	𑂒𑂳	𑂒𑂴	𑂒𑂵	𑂒𑂶	𑂒𑂷	𑂒𑂸	𑂒𑂁	𑂒𑂂
𑂓𑂹	𑂓	𑂓𑂰	𑂓𑂱	𑂓𑂲	𑂓𑂳	𑂓𑂴	𑂓𑂵	𑂓𑂶	𑂓𑂷	𑂓𑂸	𑂓𑂁	𑂓𑂂
𑂹𑂔	𑂔	𑂔𑂰	𑂔𑂱	𑂔𑂲	𑂔𑂳	𑂔𑂴	𑂔𑂵	𑂔𑂶	𑂔𑂷	𑂔𑂸	𑂔𑂁	𑂔𑂂
𑂕𑂹	𑂕	𑂕𑂰	𑂕𑂱	𑂕𑂲	𑂕𑂳	𑂕𑂴	𑂕𑂵	𑂕𑂶	𑂕𑂷	𑂕𑂸	𑂕𑂁	𑂕𑂂
𑂹𑂖	𑂖	𑂖𑂰	𑂖𑂱	𑂖𑂲	𑂖𑂳	𑂖𑂴	𑂖𑂵	𑂖𑂶	𑂖𑂷	𑂖𑂸	𑂖𑂁	𑂖𑂂
𑂗𑂹	𑂗	𑂗𑂰	𑂗𑂱	𑂗𑂲	𑂗𑂳	𑂗𑂴	𑂗𑂵	𑂗𑂶	𑂗𑂷	𑂗𑂸	𑂗𑂁	𑂗𑂂
𑂘𑂹	𑂘	𑂘𑂰	𑂘𑂱	𑂘𑂲	𑂘𑂳	𑂘𑂴	𑂘𑂵	𑂘𑂶	𑂘𑂷	𑂘𑂸	𑂘𑂁	𑂘𑂂
𑂙𑂹	𑂙	𑂙𑂰	𑂙𑂱	𑂙𑂲	𑂙𑂳	𑂙𑂴	𑂙𑂵	𑂙𑂶	𑂙𑂷	𑂙𑂸	𑂙𑂁	𑂙𑂂
𑂛𑂹	𑂛	𑂛𑂰	𑂛𑂱	𑂛𑂲	𑂛𑂳	𑂛𑂴	𑂛𑂵	𑂛𑂶	𑂛𑂷	𑂛𑂸	𑂛𑂁	𑂛𑂂
𑂹𑂝	𑂝	𑂝𑂰	𑂝𑂱	𑂝𑂲	𑂝𑂳	𑂝𑂴	𑂝𑂵	𑂝𑂶	𑂝𑂷	𑂝𑂸	𑂝𑂁	𑂝𑂂
𑂹𑂞	𑂞	𑂞𑂰	𑂞𑂱	𑂞𑂲	𑂞𑂳	𑂞𑂴	𑂞𑂵	𑂞𑂶	𑂞𑂷	𑂞𑂸	𑂞𑂁	𑂞𑂂
𑂹𑂟	𑂟	𑂟𑂰	𑂟𑂱	𑂟𑂲	𑂟𑂳	𑂟𑂴	𑂟𑂵	𑂟𑂶	𑂟𑂷	𑂟𑂸	𑂟𑂁	𑂟𑂂
𑂹𑂠	𑂠	𑂠𑂰	𑂠𑂱	𑂠𑂲	𑂠𑂳	𑂠𑂴	𑂠𑂵	𑂠𑂶	𑂠𑂷	𑂠𑂸	𑂠𑂁	𑂠𑂂
𑂹𑂡	𑂡	𑂡𑂰	𑂡𑂱	𑂡𑂲	𑂡𑂳	𑂡𑂴	𑂡𑂵	𑂡𑂶	𑂡𑂷	𑂡𑂸	𑂡𑂁	𑂡𑂂
𑂹𑂢	𑂢	𑂢𑂰	𑂢𑂱	𑂢𑂲	𑂢𑂳	𑂢𑂴	𑂢𑂵	𑂢𑂶	𑂢𑂷	𑂢𑂸	𑂢𑂁	𑂢𑂂
𑂹𑂣	𑂣	𑂣𑂰	𑂣𑂱	𑂣𑂲	𑂣𑂳	𑂣𑂴	𑂣𑂵	𑂣𑂶	𑂣𑂷	𑂣𑂸	𑂣𑂁	𑂣𑂂
𑂹𑂤	𑂤	𑂤𑂰	𑂤𑂱	𑂤𑂲	𑂤𑂳	𑂤𑂴	𑂤𑂵	𑂤𑂶	𑂤𑂷	𑂤𑂸	𑂤𑂁	𑂤𑂂
𑂹𑂥	𑂥	𑂥𑂰	𑂥𑂱	𑂥𑂲	𑂥𑂳	𑂥𑂴	𑂥𑂵	𑂥𑂶	𑂥𑂷	𑂥𑂸	𑂥𑂁	𑂥𑂂
𑂹𑂦	𑂦	𑂦𑂰	𑂦𑂱	𑂦𑂲	𑂦𑂳	𑂦𑂴	𑂦𑂵	𑂦𑂶	𑂦𑂷	𑂦𑂸	𑂦𑂁	𑂦𑂂
𑂹𑂧	𑂧	𑂧𑂰	𑂧𑂱	𑂧𑂲	𑂧𑂳	𑂧𑂴	𑂧𑂵	𑂧𑂶	𑂧𑂷	𑂧𑂸	𑂧𑂁	𑂧𑂂
𑂹𑂨	𑂨	𑂨𑂰	𑂨𑂱	𑂨𑂲	𑂨𑂳	𑂨𑂴	𑂨𑂵	𑂨𑂶	𑂨𑂷	𑂨𑂸	𑂨𑂁	𑂨𑂂
𑂹𑂩	𑂩	𑂩𑂰	𑂩𑂱	𑂩𑂲	𑂩𑂳	𑂩𑂴	𑂩𑂵	𑂩𑂶	𑂩𑂷	𑂩𑂸	𑂩𑂁	𑂩𑂂
𑂹𑂪	𑂪	𑂪𑂰	𑂪𑂱	𑂪𑂲	𑂪𑂳	𑂪𑂴	𑂪𑂵	𑂪𑂶	𑂪𑂷	𑂪𑂸	𑂪𑂁	𑂪𑂂
𑂹𑂫	𑂫	𑂫𑂰	𑂫𑂱	𑂫𑂲	𑂫𑂳	𑂫𑂴	𑂫𑂵	𑂫𑂶	𑂫𑂷	𑂫𑂸	𑂫𑂁	𑂫𑂂
𑂹𑂬	𑂬	𑂬𑂰	𑂬𑂱	𑂬𑂲	𑂬𑂳	𑂬𑂴	𑂬𑂵	𑂬𑂶	𑂬𑂷	𑂬𑂸	𑂬𑂁	𑂬𑂂
𑂹𑂭	𑂭	𑂭𑂰	𑂭𑂱	𑂭𑂲	𑂭𑂳	𑂭𑂴	𑂭𑂵	𑂭𑂶	𑂭𑂷	𑂭𑂸	𑂭𑂁	𑂭𑂂
𑂹𑂮	𑂮	𑂮𑂰	𑂮𑂱	𑂮𑂲	𑂮𑂳	𑂮𑂴	𑂮𑂵	𑂮𑂶	𑂮𑂷	𑂮𑂸	𑂮𑂁	𑂮𑂂
𑂹𑂯	𑂯	𑂯𑂰	𑂯𑂱	𑂯𑂲	𑂯𑂳	𑂯𑂴	𑂯𑂵	𑂯𑂶	𑂯𑂷	𑂯𑂸	𑂯𑂁	𑂯𑂂

Signs and punctuation

Kaithi has several script-specific punctuation marks:

Sign	Description
Template:Script/Kaithi	The abbreviation sign is one method of representing abbreviations in Kaithi. For example, Template:Script/Kaithi can be abbreviated as Template:Script/Kaithi.
Template:Script/Kaithi	The number sign is used with digits for enumerated lists and numerical sequences. It can appear above, below, or before a digit or sequence of digits. For example, Template:Script/Kaithi.
Template:Script/Kaithi	The enumeration sign is a spacing version of the number sign. It always appears before a digit or sequence of digits (never above or below).
Template:Script/Kaithi	The section sign indicates the end of a sentence.
Template:Script/Kaithi	The double section sign indicates the end of a larger section of text, such as a paragraph.
Template:Script/Kaithi	Danda is a Kaithi-specific danda, which can mark the end of a sentence or line.
Template:Script/Kaithi	Double danda is a Kaithi-specific double danda.

General punctuation is also used with Kaithi:

• Template:Script/Kaithi plus sign can be used to mark phrase boundaries
• Template:Script/Kaithi hyphen and Template:Script/Kaithi hyphen-minus can be used for hyphenation
• Template:Script/Kaithi word separator middle dot can be used as a word boundary (as can a hyphen)

Numerals

Kaithi uses stylistic variants of Devanagari numeral. It also uses common Indic number signs for fractions and unit marks.

File:Kaithi Numbers.png

Kaithi Numbers (0 to 9)

Unicode

Kaithi script was added to the Unicode Standard in October 2009 with the release of version 5.2.

The Unicode block for Kaithi is U+11080–U+110CF:

Publications

The first Bhojpuri quarterly Bagsar Samāchar was published in this script in 1915.

See also

• Devanagari
• Urdu alphabet