List of conflicts in the Near East
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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "Multiple image". This is a list of conflicts in the Near East arranged chronologically from the epipaleolithic until the end of the late modern period (c. Template:TrimScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – c. AD 1945). The Near East is generally associated with Anatolia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, Egypt, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Caucasus.
Also listed might be any raid, strike, skirmish, siege, sacking, and/or battle (both land and naval) that occurred on the territories of a modern country occupying what may today be referred to as the "Middle East" (or the "Ancient Near East" when in reference to this region's military history during classical antiquity); however, was itself only part of an operation of a campaign in a theater of a greater, interregional war (e.g. any and/or all border, undeclared, colonial, proxy, liberation, world wars, etc.) There may also be periods of violent, civil unrest listed; such as, shootouts, spree killings, massacres, terrorist attacks, coups, assassinations, regicides, riots, rebellions, revolutions, and civil wars (as well as wars of succession and/or independence). The list might also contain episodes of human sacrifice, mass suicide, and ethnic cleansing/genocide.
Ancient times
Bronze Age
Egypt
- Early Dynastic Period of Egypt
- c. 3100 BC Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt
- Second Intermediate Period of Egypt
- 1580–1550 BC Hyksos-Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt wars in Lower Egypt
- New Kingdom of Egypt
- 1550/1549–1531 BC Conquest of Hyksos-ruled Lower Egypt by Ahmose I of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
- c.1537 BCE Ahmose I's campaigns to Syria and Nubia.
- 16 April 1457 BCE Battle of Megiddo – a battle between Ancient Egyptian forces under the pharaoh Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition.
- Battle of Kadesh, fought in May 1247 BCE between Ramses II and the Hittite Empire.
Mesopotamia
- Early Dynastic Period of Mesopotamia
- c. 2500 BC Enmebaragesi of Kish subdued Elam
- c. 2500 BC Aga of Kish, the son of Enmebaragesi of Kish, besieged Uruk
- c. 2500 BC Enmerkar of Uruk's year-long siege of Aratta
- c. 2500 BC Dumuzid of Uruk captured Enmebaragesi of Kish single-handed
- c. 2500 BC Enshakushanna of Uruk conquered Hamazi, Akkad, Kish, and Nippur, claiming hegemony over all of Sumer. Enshakushanna was succeeded in Uruk by Lugal-kinishe-dudu, but the hegemony seems to have passed to Eannatum of Lagash for a time
- c. 2500 BC Eannatum of Lagash conquered all of Sumer, including Ur, Nippur, Akshak, Larsa, and Uruk (controlled by Enshakushanna)
- c. 2500 BC En-anna-tum I of Lagash succeeded his brother Eannatum and defended Lagash against Ur-Lumma of Umma
- c. 2500 BC Entemena of Lagash succeeded his father En-anna-tum I and re-established Lagash as a power in Sumer. He defeated Illi of Umma, with the aid of Lugal-kinishe-dudu of Uruk (the successor to Enshakushanna)
- c. 2500 BC Lugal-Anne-Mundu of Adab subjected the "Four-Quarters" of the world – i.e., the entire Fertile Crescent region, from the Mediterranean to the Zagros Mountains
- c. 2355 BC – 2334 BC (middle chronology) Lugal-zage-si of Umma conquered several of the Sumerian city-states – including Kish, where he overthrew Ur-Zababa; Lagash, where he overthrew Urukagina; Ur, Nippur, and Larsa; as well as Uruk
- Akkadian Period
- c. 2334 – 2270 BC Sargon of Akkad established a vast empire which is thought to have included large parts of Mesopotamia, and included parts of modern-day Iran, Asia Minor and Syria
- Gutian period
- Ur III period
- c. 2112 BC – 2094 BC (Short chronology) Ur-Nammu of Ur conquered Lagash
- c. 2004 BC (Short chronology) Elamite Sack of Ur
- Isin-Larsa period
- c. 1830 BC – 1817 BC (Short chronology) The Amorite chieftain Sumu-abum won independence from the city-state Kazallu
- c. 1752 BC – 1730 BC (Short chronology) Damiq-ilishu of Isin, the last king mentioned in the Sumerian King List, is defeated by Sin-Muballit of Babylon
- Old Babylonian period
- c. 1792 BC – 1750 BC (Short chronology) Hammurabi of Babylon extended Babylon's control over Mesopotamia by winning a series of wars against neighboring kingdoms
- Kassite dynasty
- c. 1595 BC The Hittites sack Babylon
- c. 1507 BC (Short chronology) Kassite attacks on Babylon
Levant
- c. 2492 BC Battle between Haik and Nimrod
- c. 2300 BC Mari-Ebla's Hundred Years War
- c. 2300 BC Battle of Terqa
- c. 2000 BC Battle of Siddim
- c. 1900 BC Qatna-Yamhad conflict
- c. 1770 BC Yamhad kingdom conquests
- c. 1650 BC - 1600 BC Hittite-Syrian Wars
- Israelite Campaigns
- Early Israelite campaigns
- 1400 BC Battle of Ai (legendary)
- Battle of Hazor (legendary)
- Battle of Jericho (legendary)
- Lachish
- Battle of the Waters of Merom (legendary)
- Early Israelite campaigns
- c. 14th century BC "Syrian Wars"
- c. 1247 BC Battle of Kadesh
- c. 1012 BC-965 BC Davids wars of Conquest
Anatolia
- c. 1650 BC – 1600 BC Conquests of Hattusili I and Mursili I
- c. 1430 BC – 1350 BC Kaska invasions of Hatti
Early Iron Age
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- Ancient Egypt conflicts
- 1279 BC – 1213 BC Ramesses II campaigns in the Near East
- Third Intermediate Period of Egypt
- 925 BC Sack of Jerusalem
- 727 BC Kushite Invasion to Egypt
- 609 BC Battle of Megiddo – a battle between the Kingdom of Egypt and the Kingdom of Judah
- Ancient Anatolia conflicts
- 1260 BC – 1240 BC Trojan War
- Ancient Mesopotamia conflicts
- Kassite period
- c. 1232 BC – 1225 BC (Short chronology) Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria defeated Kashtiliash IV, the Kassite king of Babylon and captured the city of Babylon to ensure full Assyrian supremacy over Mesopotamia
- c. 1157 BC – 1155 BC (Short chronology) Enlil-nadin-ahi, the final king of the Kassite dynasty that had ruled over Babylon, was defeated by Kutir-Nahhunte of Elam, the successor of Shutruk-Nakhunte
- Fourth Babylonian Dynasty
- c. 1125 BC – 1104 BC (Short chronology) Nebuchadnezzar I of Isin's War with Elam
- Kassite period
- Israelite Campaigns
- Later Israelite Campaigns
- 1000 BC Siege of Jebus
- Later Israelite Campaigns
- Assyrian campaigns
- 853 BC Battle of Qarqar
- 721 BC Assyrian conquest of Israel
- Second Assyrian invasion to Southern Levant
- 701 BC Siege of Lachish
- 701 BC Assyrian Siege of Jerusalem by Sennacherib
- 693 BC Battle of Diyala River (Pyrrhic Assyrian victory)
- 693 BC Siege of Babylon
- 626 BC Revolt of Babylon (Decisive Babylonian victory; eviction of Assyrian troops)
- Neo-Babylonian campaigns
- 612 BC Battle of Nineveh
- 605 BC Battle of Carchemish – a battle between the Kingdom of Egypt and Assyrian allies against the Neo-Babylonian Empire
- Jewish–Babylonian war
- 597 BC Siege of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar II
- 587 BC Siege of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar II
- Median campaigns
- 28 May 585 BC Battle of Halys
- Achaemenid conquests of Cyrus the Great
- 552 BC Persian Revolt
- 552 BC Battle of Hyrba
- 551 BC Battle of the Persian Border
- 550 BC Battle of Pasargadae
- 547 BC Battle of Pteria
- 547 BC Battle of Thymbra
- 547 BC Siege of Sardis
- 539 BC Battle of Opis
Classical antiquity
Greco-Persian domination
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- Ionian Revolt 499–493 BC
- First Persian invasion of Greece 492–490 BC
- Egyptian Revolt 486 BC
- Second Persian invasion of Greece 480–478 BC
- Wars of Delian League 477–449 BC
- Wars of Alexander the Great
- Wars of the Diadochi 322–275 BC
- Syrian Wars 274–168 BC
- Seleucid–Parthian wars 238–129 BC
- Roman–Syrian War 192–188 BC
- Maccabean Revolt 167–160 BC
Roman, Parthian and Sassanid domination
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- Mithridatic Wars 88–63 BC
- First Mithridatic War 88–84 BC
- Second Mithridatic War 83–81 BC
- Third Mithridatic War 75–63 BC
- Roman–Parthian Wars
- Aelius Gallus campaign in Arabia 24 BC
- Alexandria pogroms 38 AD
- Jewish–Roman wars 66–136 AD
- Roman-Sassanid Wars
- Uprising of Syrian Legion 232 AD
- Palmyrene revolt 272
- Battle of Callinicum 296
- Jewish revolt against Gallus 351–352
- Isauria rebellion of 404
- Byzantine–Sasanian wars 421–628
- Roman–Sasanian War (421–422)
- Anastasian War (502–506)
- Iberian War (526–532)
- Roman–Persian War of 572–591
- Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
- Samaritan Revolts 484–573
- Samaritan revolt against Zeno 484
- Revolt against Anastasius I
- Third Samaritan revolt 529–531
- Fourth Samaritan Revolt 555–572
- Mazdak revolt in Persia 524 (or 528)
- Nika riots in Constantinople 532
- Battle of Dhi Qar – tribal rebellion in Sasanian Persia
Medieval times
- Muslim conquests
- Abbasid Caliphate conflicts
- Abbasid revolt
- Arab–Byzantine wars 780–1180
- Battle of Krasos 804/5
- Battle of Anzen 838
- Sack of Amorium 838
- Sack of Damietta (853)
- Battle of Lalakaon 863
- John Kourkouas' campaigns
- Sayf al-Dawla campaigns
- Conquest of Aleppo 944
- Battle of Marash (953)
- Battle of Raban 958
- Battle of Andrasos 960
- Siege of Aleppo 962
- Siege of Aleppo 964
- Mudhar-Yamani conflict 793-96
- Byzantine-Paulician Wars
- Battle of Bathys Ryax 872 (878?)
- Persian Zoroastrian Revolts 8th–9th centuries
- Behavarid revolt in Persia 8th century
- Babak's revolt 816-37
- Ahmad ibn al Junayd's campaign 823-24
- Muhammad ibn Humayd Tusi's campaign 827-29
- Afshin's campaign 835-837/838
- Maziar revolt 839
- Byzantine–Seljuq wars 1048–1308
- Battle of Manzikert 1071
- Nizari Ismaili uprising in Persia and Syria
- Nizari–Seljuk conflicts 1090–1194
- Crusades
- People's Crusade 1095–96
- First Crusade 1099
- Second Crusade 1145–49
- Battle of Inab 1149
- Baldwin's campaigns
- Siege of Ascalon (1153)
- Crusader invasions of Egypt 1154–69
- Third Crusade 1189–92
- Livonian Crusade
- German Crusade
- Fourth Crusade
- Children's Crusade
- Fifth Crusade
- Sixth Crusade
- Seventh Crusade
- Shepherds' Crusade (1251)
- Eighth Crusade
- Ninth Crusade
- Shepherds' Crusade (1320)
- Saladin's campaigns
- Egyptian revolt 1169
- Darum Siege 1170
- Yemen conquest 1174
- Battle of Hama 1175
- Capture of Damascus 1174
- Battle of Jacob's Ford 1179
- Fight for Mosul 1182
- Battle of Al-Fule (1183)
- Siege of Kerak 1183
- Battle of Cresson 1187
- Battle of Hattin 1187
- Siege of Jerusalem (1187)
- Mongol invasions to Middle East 13th century.
- Timur Conquests
- Battle of Ankara (Battle of Angora) 1402
- Ottoman Interregnum 1402–1413
- Sheikh Bedreddin revolt 1416
- Byzantine–Ottoman Wars 1265–1453
Modern times
Early modern period
Early Ottoman expansion
Ottoman era period conflicts 1453–1516
- Yazidi uprising against Safavids 1506–1510
- Şahkulu Rebellion 1511
Conflicts involving the Ottoman empire
- Ottoman–Persian Wars 16th–19th centuries
- Jelali revolts 1519–1659
- Conflicts between the Ottomans and the Druze of Mount Lebanon
- 1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze
- Battle of Majdel Anjar 1622
- 1633 conflict
- 1642 conflict
- 1660 conflict
- 1683–1699 conflict
- Battle of Ain Dara 1711
- Cretan War (1645–69)
Late modern period
Conflicts involving the Ottoman empire
- Edirne revolt 1703
- 1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain
- Patrona Halil uprising 1730
- Zahir al-Umar Revolt (Galilee) 1742–1743
- Ali Bey Al-Kabir Revolt (Egypt) 1769–1772
- Bajalan uprising 1775
- French campaign in Egypt and Syria 1798–1801
- Baban uprising 1806–1808
- Ottoman coups of 1807–08
- Kabakçı Mustafa revolt
- Muhammad Ali's campaigns
- Russo-Persian War (1826–28)
- Cizre uprising 1829
- Atçalı Kel Mehmet revolt 1829–30
- Prince Mohammad of Soran uprising 1833
- Yezidi uprising 1837
- Sîncar uprising 1837
Ottoman Tanzimat period
- First Botan uprising 1843
- Bedr Khan Bey uprising 1843
- Culemerg uprising 1843
- Bedirhan Bey uprising 1847[1]
- Massacre of Aleppo (1850)
- Yezdan Sher uprising 1855[2]
- 1860 Druze–Maronite conflict
- French expedition in Syria 1860–61
- Qatari–Bahraini War 1867–68
- Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)
- Urabi Revolt (Egypt) 1879–82
- Shaykh 'Ubaydullah of Nehri and Shemdinan uprising 1880–1881[3]
- Royal Civil War in Arabia 1887–91
- Battle of Mulayda 1891
- 1892 Tobacco Rebellion (Iran)
- Hamidian massacres 1894–96
- Unification of Saudi Arabia
- Saudi–Rashidi War 1903–06
- Persian Constitutional Revolution 1908–09
- Young Turk Revolution 1908–09
- 31 March Incident 1909
- Adana massacre 1909
- Hauran Druze Rebellion 1909
- Zaraniq rebellion 1909–1910 (c. 830+ fatalities)
- 1913 Ottoman coup d'état
- Middle Eastern theatre of World War I 1914–1918
Post-Ottoman era conflicts
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See also
- Conflicts in the Horn of Africa
- List of conflicts in Africa
- List of conflicts in Asia
- List of conflicts in Central America
- List of conflicts in Europe
- List of conflicts in North America
- List of conflicts in South America
- List of modern conflicts in North Africa
References
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- ↑ Ergil, Doğu, PKK: The Kurdistan Workers' Party, in Marianne Heiberg, Brendan O'Leary, John Tirman, eds., Terror, insurgency, and the state: ending protracted conflicts, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007, p.356
- ↑ Chaliand, Gérard, The Kurdish tragedy, Palgrave Macmillan, 1994, p.25
- ↑ Vanly, Ismet Chériff, The Kurds in the Soviet Union, in Philip G. Kreyenbroek, Stefan Sperl, eds., The Kurds: a contemporary overview, Routledge, 2000, p.196
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