Utu-hengal

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Utu-hengal (Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "lang".; died c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 2112 BC), also written Utu-hegΜƒal, Utu-heĝal, and sometimes transcribed as Utu-hegal, Utu-hejal, Utu-Khengal, was one of the first native kings of Sumer after two hundred years of Akkadian and Gutian rule, and was at the origin of the foundation of the Third Dynasty of Ur by his governor of Ur,Template:Efn Ur-Nammu. He was officially "King of Uruk" in his inscriptions, and is therefore considered as the founder, and only member, of the "Fifth Dynasty of Uruk" (Uruk V).[1][2]

Early life

There are several theories regarding his background. The most common is that he was a governor of Uruk who revolted against the Gutian kings.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". He led the cities of Sumer against the last Gutian king Tirigan. After a battle at an unknown location, Utu-Hengal was victorious and forced Tirigan to flee back towards Gutium.[3] Tirigan fled to the city of Dubrum (location unknown) where the people treated him kindly. However, once the people of Dubrum heard that Utu-Hengal was marching towards the city, they took Tirigan and his family prisoner. He was brought before Utu-Hengal, and agreed to leave Sumer and retreat back to Gutium.[4]

Reign

File:Utu-hengal titles on his victory stele (photograph and transcription).jpg
Utu-hengal name and titles on his victory stele (photograph and transcription): "Utu-hengal, the great man, King of Uruk, King of the four quarters of the world".[5][6]

After defeating the Gutians, Utu-hengal established himself as the king of Sumer. In the seventh year of the kingship he tragically died in an accident when inspecting a dam (leading some to suspect foul play),Script error: No such module "Unsubst".[7] and was succeeded by the governor of Ur, Ur-Nammu, as the king of Sumer. He was thus the only king of the fifth dynasty of Uruk. In fact Sumerian people have always treated Utu-hengal's kingship and the Ur III dynasty together as a single continuous dynasty, with Utu-hengal as the founder. Utu-hengal has been praised as one of the greatest historical figures and heroes of Sumerian people.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Titulature

In his Victory Stele, Utu-hengal describes himself as:

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π’€­π’Œ“π’ƒΆπ’…… / 𒍑𒆗𒂡 / π’ˆ—π’€•π’† π’‚΅ / π’ˆ—π’€­π’Œ’π’• 𒐉𒁀
Dutu-he2-gal2 / nita kal-ga / lugal unuki-ga / lugal an-ub-da limmu5-ba

"Utu-hengal, the great man, King of Uruk, King of the four quarters of the world"

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Attestations

Utu-hengal is known through numerous inscriptions.[10]

Victory stele

File:Utu-Hengal victory stele AO 6018 (photograph and transcription of the obverse).jpg
Utu-Hengal victory stele AO 6018 (photograph and transcription of the obverse). Louvre Museum[11]

A victory stele was erected in Uruk by Utu-Hengal, a copy of which was made during the Dynasty of Isin, now in the Louvre Museum (AO 6018).[12] The stele described the victory of Utu-Hengal over the Gutians, particularly their king Tirigan. The beginning of the inscription reads:

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"Enlil! Gutium, the fanged snake of the mountain ranges, a people who acted violently against the gods, people who the kingship of Sumer to the mountains took away, who Sumer with wickedness filled, who from one with a wife his wife took away from him, who from one with a child his child took away from him, who wickedness and violence produced within the countryβ€” Enlil, the king of all the lands, to obliterate its name, UtuαΈ«egal, the mighty man, the king of Uruk, the king of the four world quarters, the king whose utterances cannot be countermanded, Enlil, the king of all the lands, issued to him a command about this. To Inanna his lady he went and prayed to her, (saying) β€œMy lady, lioness of battle, who the foreign lands batters, Enlil, the kingship of Sumer to return to its own control he commanded me. May you be my ally.” An army of many foreigners bore down upon the land everywhere. Tirigan, the king of Gutium, opened its (canal?) mouths, but no one came out against him. Both banks of the Tigris he had seized. To the south, in Sumer, the cultivated land he tied up, to the north, the roads he tied up. On the highways of the country he made tall grasses grow (....)
By the envoys of UtuαΈ«egal Tirigan and his wife and children in Dabrum were captured. They placed fetters on his hands and put a cloth (blindfold) over his eyes. UtuαΈ«egal before Utu made him lie at his (Utu’s) feet, and on his neck he set his foot. Gutium, the fanged snake of the mountain ranges, he made drink from the cracks in the earth."

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Copper-alloy vase

File:Vase inscribed with Sumerian text mentioning the name of Utu-hegal, king of Uruk, c. 2125 BCE, from Uruk, Iraq. British Museum.jpg
Inscribed copper-alloy vessel of Utu-hengal. British Museum.
File:Vase inscribed with Sumerian text mentioning the name of Utu-hegal, king of Uruk, c. 2125 BCE, from Uruk, Iraq. British Museum (transcription).jpg
Beginning of the inscription on the vase: π’€­π’Œ“π’ƒΆπ’…… / 𒍑𒆗𒂡 / π’ˆ—π’€•π’† π’‚΅ / π’ˆ—π’€­π’Œ’π’• 𒐉𒁀
Dutu-he2-gal2 / nita kal-ga / lugal unuki-ga / lugal an-ub-da limmu5-ba
"Utu-hengal, the great man, King of Uruk, King of the four quarters of the world"

A copper-alloy vase, now in the British Museum (BM 1999,0731.1), has an inscription by Utu-hengal:[15]

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[This is] Utu-hegal, Powerful male, King of Uruk, King of the four quarters. Whoever erases the inscription and writes his own name instead or who, on account of this curse, has someone else take hold of it and remove it, may his reign be cut short! May his progeny be wiped out! May An, king of the gods, And Inanna, lady of Uruk, ... curse him!

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Stone fragment

Another fragmentary inscription of Utu-hengal, also in the British Museum, only mentions his name and titulature: "Utu-hengal, the great man, King of Uruk, King of the four quarters of the world".[17]

References

  1. ↑ "Utu-hengal, king of Uruk" in Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"., p. 37
  4. ↑ As described in the document translated by Kramer, The Sumerians, pp. 325f
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Cbignore
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Full transcription and translation in: Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Full transcription and translation in: Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Full transcription: Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Full transcription: Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Full transcription: Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Regnal titles
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/check King of Uruk
c. 2119 – c. 2112 BC Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by

Template:Kings of UrukScript error: No such module "Navbox".

Template:Rulers of Sumer

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