Close back rounded vowel
(Redirected from High back rounded vowel)
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Template:Infobox IPA/core1Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPA vowels
The close back rounded vowel, or high back rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA.
In most languages, this rounded vowel is pronounced with protruded lips ('endolabial'). However, in a few cases the lips are compressed ('exolabial').
Script error: No such module "IPA". alternates with labio-velar approximant Script error: No such module "IPA". in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, Script error: No such module "IPA". with the non-syllabic diacritic and Script error: No such module "IPA". are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound.
Close back protruded vowel
The close back protruded vowel is the most common variant of the close back rounded vowel. It is typically transcribed in IPA simply as Template:Angbr IPA (the convention used in this article). As there is no dedicated IPA diacritic for protrusion, the symbol for the close back rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, Template:Angbr IPA, can be used as an ad hoc symbol Template:Angbr IPA. Another possible transcription is Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA (a close back vowel modified by endolabialization), but that could be misread as a diphthong.
Features
Template:Close vowel Template:Back vowel Template:Velar Template:Protruded vowel
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | StandardTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'book' | Only weakly rounded.Template:Sfnp See Afrikaans phonology |
| Arabic | StandardTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'south' | See Arabic phonology |
| Armenian | EasternTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'door' | |
| Bengali | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'still' | See Bengali phonology | |
| Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[2] | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'and' | Contrasts close Script error: No such module "IPA"., near-close Template:IPAblink, close-mid Template:IPAblink and open-mid Template:IPAblink back rounded vowels in addition to the open central unrounded Template:IPAblink.[2] |
| BulgarianTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'crazy' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
| CatalanTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'juice' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | MandarinTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'earth' | See Standard Chinese phonology |
| CantoneseTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler | 'man' | See Cantonese phonology | |
| ShanghaineseTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'melon' | Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back compressed vowel.Template:Sfnp | |
| Chuvash | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'street' | ||
| Danish | StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'you' | See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler | 'foot' | Somewhat fronted in Belgian Standard Dutch.Template:Sfnp |
| English | AustralianTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp | book | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'book' | Corresponds to Template:IPAblink in other accents. See Australian English phonology |
| Cape FlatsTemplate:Sfnp | May be advanced to Template:IPAblink, or lowered and unrounded to Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See South African English phonology | ||||
| Cultivated South AfricanTemplate:Sfnp | boot | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'boot' | Typically more front Script error: No such module "IPA". than cardinal Script error: No such module "IPA".. See White South African English phonology and American English phonology. | |
| General AmericanTemplate:Sfnp | |||||
| GeordieTemplate:Sfnp | May be central Template:IPAblink instead. | ||||
| Irish[3] | Realized as central Template:IPAblink in Ulster. | ||||
| Some Multicultural London speakersTemplate:Sfnp | More commonly front Template:IPAblink. | ||||
| Conservative Received PronunciationTemplate:Sfnp | Realized as central Template:IPAblink in modern RP. | ||||
| WelshTemplate:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp | |||||
| PakistaniTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||||
| Greater New York City[4] | Script error: No such module "IPA".[5] | ||||
| New Zealand[6]Template:Sfnp | treacle | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'treacle' | Possible realization of the unstressed vowel Script error: No such module "IPA"., which is variable in rounding and ranges from central to (more often) back and close to close-mid.[6]Template:Sfnp Corresponds to Script error: No such module "IPA". in other accents. See New Zealand English phonology | |
| EstonianTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'feather' (gen. sg.) | See Estonian phonology | |
| FinnishTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'flower' | See Finnish phonology | |
| FaroeseTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'yellow' | See Faroese phonology | |
| FrenchTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler | 'where' | See French phonology | |
| GeorgianTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'leather bag' | ||
| German | StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler | 'foot' | See Standard German phonology |
| Many speakersTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'hour' | The usual realization of Script error: No such module "IPA". in Switzerland, Austria and partially also in Western and Southwestern Germany (Palatinate, Swabia).Template:Sfnp See Standard German phonology | |
| Greek | Modern StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'where' | See Modern Greek phonology |
| Hindustani | Hindi | ख़ून(khoon) | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'blood' | See Hindustani phonology. |
| Urdu | خون(khoon) | ||||
| HungarianTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'way' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| IcelandicTemplate:Sfnp[7] | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'you' | See Icelandic phonology | |
| Indonesian[8] | Standard Indonesian | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'camel' | See Indonesian phonology |
| ItalianTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'all', 'everything' | See Italian phonology | |
| KaingangTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'in the belly' | |||
| Kazakh | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'native' | Transcribed phonemically as Template:Angbr IPA. | |
| Khmer | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'village' | See Khmer phonology | |
| Korean | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'snow' | See Korean phonology | |
| KurdishTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp[9] | Kurmanji (Northern) | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'wood' | See Kurdish phonology |
| Sorani (Central) | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | ||||
| Palewani (Southern) | |||||
| Latin | ClassicalTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'pig' | |
| LimburgishTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'beautiful' | BackTemplate:Sfnp or near-back,Template:Sfnp depending on the dialect. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. | |
| Lower SorbianTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'tooth' | ||
| LuxembourgishTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'air' | See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Malay | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'medicine' | See Malay phonology | |
| Malayalam | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'salt' | See Malayalam phonology | |
| MongolianTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'nest' | ||
| MpadeTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'mouse' | ||
| Nogai | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'water' | ||
| Persian | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'far' | See Persian phonology | |
| PolishTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler | 'beech tree' | Also represented orthographically by Template:Angbr. See Polish phonology | |
| PortugueseTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'you' | See Portuguese phonology | |
| RomanianTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'one' | See Romanian phonology | |
| RussianTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler | 'narrow' | See Russian phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'apples' | Normal realisation of Script error: No such module "IPA". in most dialects. In Lewis and Wester Ross as an allophone in proximity to broad sonorants; Script error: No such module "IPA". elsewhere fronted to Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink.[10]Template:Sfnp | |
| Serbo-CroatianTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'rainbow' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| ShiwiarTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Unsubst". | ||||
| SpanishTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'curable' | See Spanish phonology | |
| SothoTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'fame' | Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid back rounded vowels.Template:Sfnp See Sotho phonology | |
| Swahili | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'brain' | ||
| Tagalog | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'debt' | ||
| Thai | StandardTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler | 'Chonburi' | |
| TurkishTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'far' | See Turkish phonology | |
| UdmurtTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'to divide' | ||
| UkrainianTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'motion' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Upper SorbianTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'beetle' | ||
| Urdu | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'far' | See Urdu phonology | |
| Welsh | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'smoke' | See Welsh phonology | |
| West Frisian | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'evening, tonight' | See West Frisian phonology | |
| YorubaTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||
| Zapotec | TilquiapanTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'all' | |
Close back compressed vowel
Template:Infobox IPA/core1Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Some languages, such as Japanese and Swedish, have a close back vowel that has a distinct type of rounding, called compressed or exolabial.Template:Sfnp Only Shanghainese is known to contrast it with the more typical protruded (endolabial) close back vowel, but the height of both vowels varies from close to close-mid.Template:Sfnp
As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, Template:Angbr IPA (the opposite of Template:Angbr IPA), will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for compressed back vowels. It was only added to Unicode in 2025, however, and it may take some time for font support to catch up. Compression of the lips can be shown with the letter Template:IPAalink as Template:Angbr IPA (simultaneous Script error: No such module "IPA". and labial compression) or Template:Angbr IPA (Script error: No such module "IPA". modified with labial compression), though that can suggest that the vowel is a diphthong (as indeed it is in Swedish).
Features
Template:Close vowel Template:Back vowel Template:Velar Template:Compressed vowel
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | ShanghaineseTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang"./tub | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'capital' | Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back protruded vowel.Template:Sfnp |
| JapaneseTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler | 'air' | Near-back; may be realized as central Template:IPAblink by younger speakers.Template:Sfnp See Japanese phonology | |
| LizuTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "IPA".Script error: No such module "Unsubst". | 'feather' | Near-back.Template:Sfnp | ||
| NorwegianTemplate:Sfnp[11] | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'courage' | The example word is from Urban East Norwegian, in which the vowel can be diphthongized to Script error: No such module "IPA"..Template:Sfnp See Norwegian phonology | |
| Swedish | Central StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'unease' | Often realized as a sequence Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA".Template:Sfnp (hear the word: Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler). See Swedish phonology |
See also
Citations
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- ↑ Template:Vowel terminology
- ↑ a b Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Template:Harvcoltxt
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". chpt. 17
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Fattah describes the sound as being voyelle longue centrale arrondie (p. 116).
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ While Template:Harvcoltxt does not describe the exact type of rounding of this vowel, some other sources (e.g. Template:Harvcoltxt and Template:Harvcoltxt) state explicitly that it is compressed.
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References
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