Voiceless velar fricative

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox IPA/core1Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

A voiceless velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It was part of the consonant inventory of Old English and can still be found in some dialects of English, most notably in Scottish English, e.g. in loch, broch or saugh (willow).

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA, the Latin letter x. It is also used in broad transcription instead of the symbol Template:Angbr IPA, the Greek chi, for the voiceless uvular fricative.

There is also a voiceless post-velar fricative (also called pre-uvular) in some languages, which can be transcribed as Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA. For voiceless pre-velar fricative (also called post-palatal), see voiceless palatal fricative.

Features

File:Voiceless velar fricative articulation.svg
Voiceless velar fricative (x)

Features of a voiceless velar fricative:

Template:Fricative Template:Velar Template:Voiceless Template:Oral Template:Median articulation Template:Pulmonic

Occurrence

A voiceless velar fricative and its labialized variety are postulated to have occurred in Proto-Germanic, the ancestor of the Germanic languages, as the reflex of the Proto-Indo-European voiceless palatal and velar stops and the labialized voiceless velar stop. Thus Proto-Indo-European Script error: No such module "Lang". "horn" and Script error: No such module "Lang". "what" became Proto-Germanic *hurnan and *hwat, where *h and *hw were likely Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA".. This sound change is part of Grimm's law.

In Modern Greek, a voiceless velar fricative originated from the Ancient Greek voiceless aspirated stop Script error: No such module "IPA". in a sound change that lenited all Greek aspirated stops to fricatives.

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abaza Script error: No such module "Lang". /xzë Script error: No such module "IPA". 'name'
Adyghe Script error: No such module "Lang". /xë Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'six'
Afrikaans Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'big' More often realized as uvular [[[:Template:IPAlink]] ~ Template:IPAlink]. See Afrikaans phonology
Albanian Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'language' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA".. See Albanian phonology
Aleut Atkan dialect Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'two'
Arabic Modern Standard Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'green' (f.) May be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.Template:Sfnp See Arabic phonology
Assamese Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'Assamese'
Assyrian ܚܡܫܐ Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'five'
Avar Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'belly'
Azerbaijani Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'pleasant'
Basque Some speakersTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'to eat' Either velar or post-velar.Template:Sfnp For other speakers it's Script error: No such module "IPA"..Template:Sfnp
Blackfoot[1] Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'my grandparents' Sometimes /x/ becomes allophone /h/ in beginning of words like "hánnia!" Really! Or becomes allphone /ç/ after i/ii like ihkitsika seven.
BrahuiTemplate:Sfnp ﺧﻦ/xan Script error: No such module "IPA". 'eye' Corresponds to /x/ in Kurukh and /q/ in Malto.
Breton Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'our dog'
Bulgarian Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'quietly' Described as having "only slight friction" (Script error: No such module "IPA".).[2]
Catalan Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'kharja' Found in loanwords and interjections. See Catalan phonology
Chechen Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'time'
Chinese Mandarin Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'river' See Standard Chinese phonology
Czech Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'guy' See Czech phonology
Danish Southern Jutlandic Script error: No such module "Lang". [ˈkʰaːx] 'cake' See Sønderjysk dialect
Dutch Standard Belgian[3][4] Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'deny' May be post-palatal Template:IPAblink instead. In dialects spoken above the rivers Rhine, Meuse and Waal the corresponding sound is a postvelar-uvular fricative trill Template:IPAblink.[4] See Dutch phonology and Hard and soft G in Dutch
Southern Netherlands accents[4][5]
English Scottish loch Script error: No such module "IPA". 'loch' Younger speakers may merge this sound with Template:IPAslink.[6][7] See Scottish English phonology
Irish lough Script error: No such module "IPA". 'lough' Occurs only in Gaelic borrowings. See Irish English phonology
Scouse[8] book Script error: No such module "IPA". 'book' A syllable-final allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". (lenition).
Esperanto Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'monk' See Esperanto phonology
Estonian Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'yes' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA".. See Estonian phonology
Eyak Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'traps'
Finnish Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'coffee' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA".. See Finnish phonology
French Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'jota' Occurs only in loanwords (from Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, etc.). See French phonology
GeorgianTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'stick'
German Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'book' See Standard German phonology
Greek Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'art' See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew Biblical Script error: No such module "Lang"./Michael Script error: No such module "IPA". 'Michael' See Biblical Hebrew phonology
Hindustani Hindi Script error: No such module "Lang"./xuśī Script error: No such module "IPA". 'happiness' Occurs only in loanwords. May be replaced in Hindi with Script error: No such module "IPA".. Can be retracted. See Hindustani phonology
Urdu Script error: No such module "Lang"./xuśī
Hungarian Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'with a shah' See Hungarian phonology
Icelandic Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'October' See Icelandic phonology
Indonesian Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'typical' Occurs in Arabic loanwords. Often pronounced as [h] or [k] by some Indonesians. See Indonesian phonology
Irish Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'drink' See Irish phonology
Japanese Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'Mach' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA"..[9] See Japanese phonology
Kabardian Script error: No such module "Lang". / khy Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'sea'
Kazakh ханзада / Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'prince'
Korean Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'bargaining' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA".. See Korean phonology
Kurdish Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'house' See Kurdish phonology
KurukhTemplate:Sfnp कुँड़ुख़/kũṛux Script error: No such module "IPA". 'Kurukh' Corresponds to /x/ in Brahui and /q/ in Malto.
Limburgish[10][11] Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'air' The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. See Maastrichtian dialect phonology and Hard and soft G in Dutch
Lishan Didan Urmi Dialect חלבא / xalwa Script error: No such module "IPA". 'milk' Generally post-velar
Lithuanian Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'choir' Occurs only in loanwords (usually international words)
Lojban Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'letter'
Macedonian Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'Ohrid' See Macedonian phonology
Malay اﺧير / Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'last', 'end' Occurs in Arabic loanwords. Often pronounced as [h] or [k]. See Malay phonology
khidmat Script error: No such module "IPA". 'service' Allophone of /kʰ/. See Malay phonology
Manx Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'easy'
Nepali Script error: No such module "Lang"./ā̃khā Script error: No such module "IPA". 'eye' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA".. See Nepali phonology
Norwegian Urban EastTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'hate' Possible allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". near back vowels; can be voiced Template:IPAblink between two voiced sounds.Template:Sfnp See Norwegian phonology
Pashto Script error: No such module "Lang". / axta Script error: No such module "IPA". 'occupied' See Pashto phonology
Persian Script error: No such module "Lang". / doxtär Script error: No such module "IPA". 'daughter' See Persian phonology
PolishTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'bread' Also (in great majority of dialects) represented orthographically by Template:Angbr. See Polish phonology
Portuguese Fluminense Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'art' In free variation with Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink before voiceless consonants
General BrazilianTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'rose' Some dialects. An allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA".. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi Gurmukhi Script error: No such module "Lang"./xabar Script error: No such module "IPA". 'news' Less frequent and may merge with /kʰ/ in Gurmukhi varieties.
Shahmukhi Script error: No such module "Lang"./xabar
Romanian Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'patronal feast of a church' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA".. See Romanian phonology
RussianTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'good' See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic[12] Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'bridge' See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'oak' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'guy'
Slovene Standard Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'greed' See Slovene phonology
Some dialects Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'god' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before voiceless obstruents or pause. See Slovene phonology
Somali Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'ink' Also occurs allophone of /q/ in Arabic loan words. See Somali phonology
SpanishTemplate:Sfnp Latin AmericanTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'eye' May be glottal instead;Template:Sfnp in northern and central Spain it is often post-velarTemplate:Sfnp[13]Template:Sfnp or uvular /χ/.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Spanish phonology
Southern SpainTemplate:Sfnp
Sylheti Script error: No such module "Lang"./xobor Script error: No such module "IPA". 'news'
Tachelhit ixf [ixf] 'head'
Taqbaylit axaṭar [ɑχɑtˤɑr] 'because'
Tagalog Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'why' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". in intervocalic positions. See Tagalog phonology
Tamil Brahmin Tamil, Sri Lankan Tamil (non-standard) பகை/pakai Script error: No such module "IPA". 'hate' Intervocalic singular /k/ has debuccalized for most except in Brahmin and Sri Lankan Tamil. In total it can be [kʰ x ɡ ɣ ɣʰ h][14]
TodaTemplate:Sfnp pax Script error: No such module "IPA". 'smoke'
Turkish[15] Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'linden' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA"..[15] See Turkish phonology
Turkmen Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'cunning' (noun)
Tyap Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 1. 'calabash'; 2. 'prostitute'
Xhosa Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'to cancel'
Ukrainian Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'boy' See Ukrainian phonology
UzbekTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'last' Post-velar. Occurs in environments different from word-initially and pre-consonantally, otherwise it is pre-velar.Template:Sfnp
VietnameseTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'no', 'not', 'zero' See Vietnamese phonology
Yaghan Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'here'
Yi Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'good'
Zapotec TilquiapanTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'better' Used primarily in loanwords from Spanish

See also

Notes

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  4. ↑ a b c Template:Harvcoltxt
  5. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  11. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  12. ↑ Oftedal, M. (1956) The Gaelic of Leurbost. Oslo. Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap.
  13. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Template:Harvcoltxt
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ a b Template:Harvcoltxt

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References

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External links

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