Filler (linguistics)

In linguistics, a filler, filled pause, hesitation marker or planner (sometimes called crutches) is a sound or word that participants in a conversation use to signal that they are pausing to think but are not finished speaking. These are not to be confused with placeholder names, such as thingamajig. Fillers fall into the category of formulaic language, and different languages have different characteristic filler sounds. The term filler also has a separate use in the syntactic description of wh-movement constructions (see below).

Usage

Every conversation involves turn-taking, which means that whenever someone wants to speak and hears a pause, they do so. Pauses are commonly used to indicate that someone's turn has ended, which can create confusion when someone has not finished a thought but has paused to form a thought; in order to prevent this confusion, they will use a filler word such as um, er, or uh. The use of a filler word indicates that the other person should continue listening instead of speaking.

Filler words generally contain little to no lexical content, but instead provide clues to the listener about how they should interpret what the speaker has said. The actual words that people use may change (such as the increasing use of like), but the meaning and the reasons for using them do not change.

In English

In American English, the most common filler sounds are uh Template:IPAc-en, ah Template:IPAc-en, and um Template:IPAc-en. In British English, the equivalents are er Template:IPAc-en and erm Template:IPAc-en. Among younger speakers, the fillers "like", "you know", "I mean", "okay", "so", "actually", "basically", and "right?" are among the more prevalent.

In other languages

• In Afrikaans, , , and are common fillers (um, and uh being in common with English).
• In American Sign Language, UM can be signed with open-8 held at chin, palm in, eyebrows down (similar to FAVORITE); or bilateral symmetric bent-V, palm out, repeated axial rotation of wrist (similar to QUOTE).
• In Arabic, ("means") and ("by God") are common fillers. In Moroccan Arabic, ("like") is a common filler, as well as (so). In Iraqi Arabic, ("what's its name") is a filler.
• In Armenian, ("thing"), , ("maybe"), ("c'mon") and ("as if") are common fillers.*
• In Bengali, ( and ("..er..that is")) are common fillers.
• In Bislama, is the common filler.
• In Bulgarian, common fillers are (), (, 'well'), (, 'so'), (, 'thus'), (, 'well'), (, 'this') and (, 'it means'), (, 'right').
• In Cantonese, speakers often say ("that is to say"; "meaning") and ("so; then") as fillers.
• In Catalan, , ("so"), ("therefore"), ("it means"), saps? ("you know"?) and ("say") are common fillers.
• In Croatian, the words (literally "this one", but the meaning is lost) and ("so"), and ("meaning", "it means") are frequent.
• In Czech, fillers are called , meaning "word cotton/padding", or , meaning "parasitic expressions". The most frequent fillers are , or ("so"), ("simply"), ("like").
• In Danish, and are among the most common fillers.
• In Dhivehi, , , , and ("aww") are some common fillers.
• In Dutch, , and ("thus") are some of the more common fillers. Also ("actually"), ("so"), ("come on") and ("so to say") in Netherlandic Dutch, ("well") or ("well") in Belgian Dutch, ("you know?") etc.
• In Esperanto, ("well") and ("so") are the most common fillers.
• In Estonian, ("so") is one of the most common fillers.
• In Filipino, , , , and ("what"), ("like"), ("isn't it right?"), ("that's") are the most common fillers.
• In Finnish, ("like"), , and are the most common fillers. Swearing is also used as a filler often, especially among youth. The most common swear word for that is , which is a word for female genitalia.
• In Metropolitan French, is most common; other words used as fillers include ("what"), , ("well"), ("you see"), ("you see what I mean?"), , ("you know"), (roughly "well", as in "Well, I'm not sure"), and (roughly "suddenly"). Outside France other expressions are ("y'know what I mean?"; Québec), or ("go one time"; especially in Brussels, not in Wallonia). Additional filler words used by youngsters include ("kinda", "like"), ("like"), and ("style"; "kind").
• In German, traditional filler words include , , , , , and ("actually"). So-called modal particles share some of the features of filler words, but they actually modify the sentence meaning.
• In Greek, (), (), (, "so") and (, "good") are common fillers.
• In Hebrew, אֶה‎ () is the most common filler. אֶם‎ () is also quite common. Millennials and the younger Generation X speakers commonly use כאילו‎ (, the Hebrew version of "like"). Additional filler words include זתומרת‎ (, short for זאת אומרת‎ "that means"), אז‎ (, "so") and בקיצור‎ (, "in short"). Use of fillers of Arabic origin such as יענו‎ (, a mispronunciation of the Arabic , ) is also common.
• In Hindi, (, "it means"), (, "what do you say"), (, "that") and (, "what it is") are some word fillers. Sound fillers include (, ), अ (a, [ə]), (, ).
• In Hungarian, filler sound is , common filler words include , (well...) and (a variant of , which means "it says here..."). Among intellectuals, (if you like) is used as filler.
• In Icelandic, a common filler is ("here"). , a contraction of ("you know"), is popular among younger speakers.
• In Indonesian, and are among the most common fillers.
• In Irish, ("say"), ("well"), and are common fillers, along with as in Hiberno-English.
• In Italian, common fillers include ("um", "uh"), ("well then", "so"), ("like"), ("there"), ("actually", "that is to say", "rather"), and ("well", "so"; most likely a shortening of or , which are themselves often used as filler words).
• In Japanese, common fillers include (, or "um"), (, literally "that over there", used as "um"), (, or "well"), (, used as "hmmm"), and (, used as "huh" as a response of surprise or confusion).
• In Kannada, for "also", for "the matter is" are common fillers.
• In Korean, (), (), (), and () are commonly used as fillers.
• In Kurdish, ("so, then") ( ( in Sorani and Palewani, mostly pronounced as "ija"), as well as ("well") (or ()) are common filler words. In Badinani, ("I said") and ("I say") (mostly shortened to "m'go'" and "e'd bê'm") are used similarly to "I mean". ("like, such as") ( () in others) is used similarly to "like".
• In Kyrgyz, (, "then", "so"), (, "that"), (, "that"), (, "this"), (, "um"), are common fillers.
• In Lithuanian, , , ("you know"), ("meaning"), ("like") are some of common fillers.
• In Malay, speakers often use words and phrases such as (literally, "what name") or ("that") as common fillers.
• In Malayalam, (, "that means...") and ("then...") are common.
• In Maltese and Maltese English, ("then"), or just , is a common filler.
• In Mandarin Chinese, speakers often say Template:Linktext; Template:Linktext (pronounced nàge/nèige), meaning 'that'. Other common fillers are Template:Lang-zh and Template:Lang-zh.
• In Mongolian, (, "now") and (, "that") are common fillers.
• In Nepali, (, "meaning"), (), (), (, "No?") are commonly used as fillers.
• In Norwegian, common fillers are , , ("in a way"), ("just") (literally "not true?", meaning "don't you agree?", "right?", "no kidding" or "exactly")l, ("well"), ("like") and ("is it", "it is"). In Bergen, ("true") is often used instead of . In the region of , (comes from Template:Wikt-lang which means "you see/understand)", "as you can see/understand") is also a common filler.
• In Persian, (, "look"), (, "thing"), and (, "for instance") are commonly used filler words. As well as in Arabic and Urdu, (, "I mean") is also used in Persian. Also, is a common filler in Persian.
• In Portuguese, , , ("so"), ("like") and ("well") are the most common fillers.
• In Polish, the most common filler sound is and also (both like English um) and while common, its use is frowned upon. Other examples include, (like English well), ("you know"). Among the younger generation new, often english-inspired, fillers are gaining popularity: generalnie/ogólnie ("generally"), jakby ("like"), w sensie ("in the sense that"), w sumie ("to sum it up").
• In Punjabi, (, , "it means") is a common filler.
• In Romanian, ("therefore") is common, especially in school, and is also very common (can be lengthened according to the pause in speech, rendered in writing as ), whereas is widely used by almost anyone. A modern filler has gained popularity among the youths – gen , analogous to the English "like", literally translated as "type".
• In Russian, fillers are called (, "parasite words"); the most common are (, "eh"), (, "here it is"), (, "this"), (, "that kind, sort of"), (, "some kind [of this]"), (, "well, so"), (, "I mean, kind of, like"), (, "so"), (, "what's it [called]"), (, "kinda"), (, "[just] like, sort of"), and (, "understand?, you know, you see").
• In Serbian, (, "means"), па (pa, "so"), мислим (mislim, "i think") and (, "this") are common fillers.
• In Slovak, ("that"), ("this"), ("simply"), or ("it's like...") are used as fillers. The Hungarian (or in its Slovak pronunciation) can also be heard, especially in parts of the country with a large Hungarian population. is a filler typical of Eastern Slovak and one of the most parodied features.
• In Slovene, ("indeed", "just", "merely"), ("right?"), ("well"), v bistvu ("in fact"), and pravzaprav ("actually") are some of the most common fillers.
• In Spanish, fillers are called . Some of the most common in American Spanish are , , (roughly equivalent to uhm, literally means "this"), and (roughly equivalent to "I mean", literally means "or be it"). In Spain the previous fillers are also used, but ("right?") and are very common too and ("well") is also used. Younger speakers there often use (meaning "as", "like" or "in [noun] mode"Template:Clarify). The Argentine filler word che became the nickname of rebel Ernesto "Che" Guevara, by virtue of his frequent use of it. Other possible filled pauses in Spanish are: a, am, bueno, como, and others.
• In Swedish, fillers are called ; some of the most common are or , ("yes"), or (for example ) or (comes from , which means "only"), or ("therefore", "thus"), (comes from , which means "what"), and and (both similar to the English "like").
• In Tamil, ("if you see...") and ("then...") are common.
• In Telugu, (, "what's here is...") and (, "then...") are common and there are numerous like this.
• In Turkish, ("meaning..."), ("thing"), ("that is"), and ("as such", "so on") are common fillers.
• In Ukrainian, (, similar to "um"), (, "well"), (, "and"), (, "this"), (, "this one") are common fillers.
• In Urdu, (, "meaning..."), (, "this and that" or "blah blah"), (, "yeah yeah") and (, "ok") are also common fillers.
• In Vietnamese (Tiếng Việt), "ơ" or "à" (surprise); "ý là" (I mean); ...
• In Welsh (Cymraeg), or , from – 'Is it not so?' – is used as a filler, and in a similar way, especially in southern dialects and (abbreviations of and – the singular and plural/respectful forms of 'you know') along with and (abbreviations of and – 'you see'); (from – 'so/such/like/in that way', used in northern dialects); ('alright/right') is used as a filler at the beginning, middle or end of sentences; Template:Langx – used loosely to mean 'alright'; , an abbreviation of – 'there we are'; and are used similarly to the English 'um…' and 'uh…'.

In syntax

The linguistic term "filler" has another, unrelated use in syntactic terminology. It refers to the pre-posed element that fills in the "gap" in a wh-movement construction. Wh-movement is said to create a long-distance or unbounded "filler-gap dependency". In the following example, there is an object gap associated with the transitive verb saw, and the filler is the wh-phrase how many angels: "I don't care [how many angels] she told you she saw."

See also

• Aizuchi
• Interjection
• Like: as a discourse particle
• Phatic expression
• So (word)
• Speech disfluency

External links

• Why do people say "um" and "er" when hesitating in their speech?, New Scientist, May 6, 1995 Template:Subscription required
• Citing
• Nino Amiridze, Boyd H. Davis, and Margaret Maclagan Template:Webarchive, editors. Fillers, Pauses and Placeholders. Typological Studies in Language 93, John Benjamins, Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 2010. Review