Jawi script: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 09:35, 19 December 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Distinguish". Template:EngvarB Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Script error: No such module "Infobox".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:Writing systems in Indonesia Template:Islamic Culture

Jawi (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Script error: No such module "IPA".) is a writing system used for writing several languages of Southeast Asia, such as Acehnese, Banjarese, Betawi, Iranun, Kutainese, Maguindanao, Malay, Mëranaw, Minangkabau, Tausūg, Ternate, and many others. Jawi is based on the Arabic script, consisting of all 31 original Arabic letters, six letters constructed to fit phonemes native to Malay, and one additional phoneme used in foreign loanwords, but not found in Classical Arabic, which are ca (Template:Angbr Script error: No such module "IPA".), nga (Template:Angbr Script error: No such module "IPA".), pa (Template:Angbr Script error: No such module "IPA".), ga (Template:Angbr Script error: No such module "IPA".), va (Template:Angbr Script error: No such module "IPA".), and nya (Template:Angbr Script error: No such module "IPA".).

Jawi was developed during the advent of Islam in Maritime Southeast Asia, supplanting the earlier Brahmic scripts used during Hindu-Buddhist era. The oldest evidence of Jawi writing can be found on the 14th century Terengganu Inscription Stone, a text in Classical Malay that contains a mixture of Malay, Sanskrit and Arabic vocabularies. However, the script may have used as early as the 9th century, when Peureulak Sultanate has been established by the son of a Persian preacher. There are two competing theories on the origins of the Jawi alphabet. Popular theory suggests that the system was developed and derived directly from the Arabic script, while scholars like R. O. Windstedt suggest it was developed with the influence of the Perso-Arabic alphabet.^[1]

The ensuing trade expansions and the spread of Islam to other areas of Southeast Asia from the 15th century carried the Jawi alphabet beyond the traditional Malay-speaking world. Until the 20th century, Jawi was the standard script of the Malay language, and gave birth to traditional Malay literature when it featured prominently in official correspondences, religious texts, and literary publications. With the arrival of Western influence through colonization and education, Jawi was relegated to religious education, with the Malay language eventually adopting a form of the Latin alphabet called Rumi that is currently in general usage.

Today, Jawi is one of two official scripts in Brunei. In Malaysia, the position of Jawi is protected under Section 9 of the National Language Act 1963/67, as it retains a degree of official use in religious and cultural contexts. In some states, most notably Kelantan, Terengganu, and Pahang, Jawi has co-official script status as businesses are mandated to adopt Jawi signage and billboards. Jawi is also used as an alternative script among Malay communities in Indonesia and Thailand.^[2]

Until the early 20th century, there was no standard spelling system for Jawi. The earliest orthographic reform towards a standard system was in 1937 by The Malay Language and Johor Royal Literary Book Pact. This was followed by another reform by Za'aba, published in 1949. The final major reform was the Enhanced Guidelines of Jawi Spelling issued in 1986, which was based on the Za'aba system. Jawi can be typed using the Jawi keyboard.

Etymology

The word Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".) is a shortening of the term in Template:Langx, which is the term used by Arabs for Nusantara.^[3]^[4]

According to Kamus Dewan, Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".) is a term synonymous to 'Malay'.^[5] The term has been used interchangeably with 'Malay' in other terms including Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". (Kelantan-Pattani Malay, a Malayan language used in Southern Thailand), Script error: No such module "Lang".^[6] (literally "to become Malay", referring to the practice of circumcision to symbolise the coming of age), and Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". (literally 'Malay of the town' or 'Malay born of', referring to the Malay-speaking Muslims of mixed Malay and Indian ancestry).^[7] With verb-building circumfixes Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". (literally Template:Gloss), also refers to the act of translating a foreign text into Malay language. The phrase Script error: No such module "Lang". that means Template:Gloss is another derivative that carries the meaning 'Malay script'.^[5]

Early history

File:Batu nisan beraksara Jawi di Aceh.jpg

A tombstone in Aceh with Jawi inscription dated from 16th or 17th century. The inscription are:
1st row: bahwasanya inilah nisan kubur
2nd row: yang mulia bernama Meurah Meukuta
3rd row: bergelar orang kaya kapai^[8]

Prior to the onset of Islamisation, the Pallava script, Nagari, and old Sumatran scripts were used in writing the Malay language. This is evidenced from the discovery of several stone inscriptions in Old Malay, notably the Kedukan Bukit inscription and Talang Tuo inscription. The spread of Islam in Southeast Asia and the subsequent introduction of Arabic writing system began with the arrival of Muslim merchants in the region since the seventh century. Among the oldest archaeological artefacts inscribed with Arabic script are; a tombstone of Syeikh Rukunuddin dated 48 AH (668/669 CE) in Barus, Sumatra; a tombstone dated 290 AH (910 CE) on the mausoleum of Syeikh Abdul Qadir Ibn Husin Syah Alam located in Alor Setar, Kedah; a tombstone found in Pekan, Pahang dated 419 AH (1026 CE); a tombstone discovered in Phan Rang, Vietnam dated 431 AH (1039 CE); a tombstone dated 440 AH (1048 CE) found in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei; and a tombstone of Fatimah Binti Maimun Bin Hibat Allah found in Gresik, East Java dated 475 AH (1082 CE).^[9]^[10] Islam was spread from the coasts to the interior of the island and generally in a top-down process in which rulers were converted and then introduced more or less orthodox versions of Islam to their peoples. The conversion of King Phra Ong Mahawangsa of Kedah in 1136 and King Merah Silu of Samudra Pasai in 1267 were among the earliest examples.

At the early stage of Islamisation, the Arabic script was taught to the people who had newly embraced Islam in the form of religious practices, such as the recitation of Quran as well as salat. The Arabic script was accepted by the Malay community together with their acceptance of Islam and was adapted to suit spoken Classical Malay. Six letters were added for sounds not found in Arabic: ca, pa, ga, nga, va and nya. Some Arabic letters are rarely used as they represent sounds not present in modern Malay however may be used to reflect the original spelling of Arabic loanwords. The sounds represented by these letters may be assimilated into sounds found in Malay's native phoneme inventory or in some instances appear unchanged. Like the other Arabic scripts, some letters are obligatorily joined while some are never joined.^[11]^[12] This was the same for the acceptance of Arabic writing in Turkey, Persia and India which had taken place earlier and thus, the Jawi script was then deemed as the writing of the Muslims.^[13]

The oldest remains of Malay using the Jawi script have been found on the Terengganu Inscription Stone, dated 702 AH (1303 CE), nearly 600 years after the date of the first recorded existence of Arabic script in the region. The inscription on the stone contains a proclamation issued by the "Sri Paduka Tuan" of Terengganu, urging his subjects to "extend and uphold" Islam and providing 10 basic Sharia laws for their guidance. This has attested the strong observance of the Muslim faith in the early 14th century Terengganu specifically and the Malay world as a whole.^[9]

The development of Jawi script was different from that of Pallava writing which was exclusively restricted to the nobility and monks in monasteries. The Jawi script was embraced by the entire Muslim community regardless of class. With the increased intensity in the appreciation of Islam, scriptures originally written in Arabic were translated in Malay and written in the Jawi script. Additionally local religious scholars later began to elucidate the Islamic teachings in the forms of original writings. Moreover, there were also individuals of the community who used Jawi for the writing of literature which previously existed and spread orally. With this inclusion of written literature, Malay literature took on a more sophisticated form. This was believed to have taken place from the 15th century and lasted right up to the 19th century.^[13] Other forms of Arabic-based scripts existed in the region, notably the Pegon alphabet used for Javanese in Java and the Serang alphabet used for Buginese in South Sulawesi. Both writing systems applied extensive use of Arabic diacritics and added several letters which were formed differently from Jawi letters to suit the languages. Due to their fairly limited usage, the spelling system of both scripts did not undergo similar advanced developments and modifications as experienced by Jawi.^[14]

The spread and extent of Jawi script

The script became prominent with the spread of Islam, supplanting the earlier writing systems. The Malays held the script in high esteem, believing it was a gateway to understanding Islam and its Holy Book, the Quran. The use of Jawi script was a key factor driving the emergence of Malay as the lingua franca of the region.^[15]

File:Undang-Undang Melaka.jpg

A copy of Undang-Undang Melaka ('Laws of Malacca'). The Malacca system of justice as enshrined in the text was the legal source for other major regional sultanates like Johor, Perak, Brunei, Pattani, and Aceh.^[16]^[17]

Jawi was widely used in the Sultanate of Malacca, Sultanate of Johor, Sultanate of Maguindanao, Sultanate of Brunei, Sultanate of Sulu, Sultanate of Pattani, the Sultanate of Aceh to the Sultanate of Ternate in the east as early as the 15th century. It was even used by the Muslim population in Manila Bay, under the pre-colonial state Rajahnate of Maynila rule in the 15th to 16th centuries, it was used to write Tagalog.^[18] It was used in royal correspondences, decrees, poems and was widely understood by the merchants in the port of Malacca as the main means of communication. Early legal digests such as the Undang-Undang Melaka Code and its derivatives including the Codes of Johor, Perak, Brunei, Kedah, Pattani, and Aceh were written in this script.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Jawi is a traditional symbol of Malay culture and civilisation, used not only amongst the ruling class, but also the common people. The Islamisation and Malayisation of the region popularised Jawi into a dominant script.^[19]

Examples of royal correspondences in Jawi are the letter between Sultan Hayat of Ternate and King John III of Portugal (1521), the letter from Sultan Iskandar Muda of Acèh Darussalam to King James I of England (1615), and the letter from Sultan Abdul Jalil IV of Johor to King Louis XV of France (1719).^[19] Many literary works such as epics, poetry and prose use the Jawi script. Historical epics such as the Malay Annals, as listed by UNESCO under Memories of the World, are among the countless epics written by the Malay people. The Sufic poems by Hamzah Fansuri and many others contributed to the richness and depth of the Malay civilisation.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Jawi script was the official script for the Unfederated Malay States when they were British protectorates.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The growth of the printing industry in early 20th century Malaysia saw the development of a wide range of Jawi literature. The primary topics of Jawi books were religious and political. From the 1940s to the 1960s, erotica (Script error: No such module "Lang".) began to be printed in Jawi, although many authors later switched to Rumi.^[20] A 1954 meeting of the Template:Ill saw Rumi officially adopted as a Malay script alongside Jawi in the Federation of Malaya, and government policy over the next few decades favoured Rumi in education, resulting in Jawi literacy becoming less common. Jawi was removed from the national curriculum in the mid-1980s.^[21]

As the public educational system stopped producing Jawi texts, Jawi literature printed by private companies became dominant. Most privately produced Jawi textbooks were targeted at Islamic schools, and their contents were more conservative than in the former public school textbooks. This shift in usage led to Jawi becoming closely associated with Islam and Malay identity, with Rumi replacing its use for non-religious purposes. Over time, the use of Jawi in Malaysia became a sensitive issue. Some view attempts to promote Jawi as Islamisation or Malay chauvinism. Conversely, some view Jawi as a religious script that should not be used by non-Muslims.^[21]

Jawi today

File:Sign of Jalan Tasik Kenyir U4-20 in Seksyen U4 Shah Alam 20231104 115926.jpg

Street name signs in Shah Alam, Malaysia include both Jawi and Latin script.

File:201906 Jalan Tanjung Puteri street sign.jpg

A similarly biscriptal street sign in Johor Bahru.

File:Supa Save (Panaga).jpg

A supermarket in Brunei with Jawi and Latin script.

File:Ade Irma Suryani St.JPG

Street name signs in Pekanbaru, Riau, Indonesia used both Jawi and Latin script.

Today, Jawi is one of the official scripts of Brunei.^[15] In Malaysia, it is used for religious and cultural administration in the states of Terengganu, Kelantan, Kedah, Perlis, Penang, Pahang and Johor.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Various efforts were in place to revive the Jawi script in Malaysia and Brunei due to its role in the Malay and Islamic spheres. Jawi is also seen on the reverse of Malaysian ringgit and Brunei dollar banknotes. Malays in Patani still use Jawi today for the same reasons.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Despite its decline in usage, Malay in Jawi script is available as a language option on some technology platforms and video games developed outside of Malaysia, including MediaWiki^[22] (United States), and Minecraft^[23]^[24] (Sweden).

In Malaysia

In August 2019, the Malaysian Government's plans to introduce the teaching of Jawi at the most basic level in ethnic Chinese and Tamil vernacular schools attracted opposition from ethnic Chinese and Indian education groups, which claimed that the move would lead to an Islamization of the Malaysian education system.^[25]^[26]^[27] The Chinese educationist group Dong Jiao Zong organised a conference calling on the Malaysian Government to rescind its decision in late December 2019. Perhaps fearing violence, the Royal Malaysia Police obtained a court injunction against it on the grounds it would trigger ethnic tensions.^[28]^[29]

The state government of Kedah in Malaysia has long defended the use of Jawi in the state.^[30]^[31]^[32] The Menteri Besar of Kedah has denied the allegation that the state government was trying to create an Islamic state ambience by promoting the use of Jawi in 2008, saying that it is a normal occurrence evidenced by Chinese coffeeshops and pawnshops having signboards written in Jawi.^[30] This can further be seen later on when the Kedah state government has shown its support with Johor state government's move to use Jawi in official matters in 2019.^[32] The exco of local authority of the state of Kedah had also stated that the Jawi script in billboards in Kedah is not forbidden, but rather recommended.^[31] He claims that the recommendation to use Jawi script has been gazetted in the state law, and that it has been part of the state identity to have billboards in Jawi script in addition to other scripts.^[31] He also stated that there are high demands in incorporating Jawi script in billboards in Kedah.^[31]

Kuantan, the state capital of Pahang in Malaysia has introduced the usage of Jawi on all signage across the city from 1 August 2019.^[33] This was done after a recommendation from the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, who was then the Regent of Pahang, to uphold usage of the writing system.^[34] The Pahang state government has since expanded the order and made it mandatory for every signage statewide including road signs to display Jawi alongside other scripts from 1 January 2020 after being delayed a few times.^[35] Premises that fail to comply with this order will be fined up to a maximum of RM250, with the possibility of revocation of their business licences if they still do not comply afterwards.^[36] In the early stage, usage of Jawi stickers are allowed to put on existing signage instead of replacing the whole signage.^[37]

In Johor, the test required to become a lawyer in a Syariah Court is written in Jawi. A lack of Jawi literacy is thought to be a contributing factor to a lack of Syariah lawyers in the state.^[38]

In Indonesia

Indonesia, having multiple regional and native languages, uses the Latin script for writing its own standard of Malay in general. Nonetheless, the Jawi script does have a regional status in native Malay areas such as Riau, Riau archipelago, Jambi, South Sumatra (i.e Palembang Malay language), Aceh, and Kalimantan (i.e. Banjar language).^[39]^[40] This is due to the fact that regional and native languages are compulsory studies in the basic education curriculum of each region (examples include Javanese for Javanese regions, Sundanese for Sundanese regions, Madurese for Maduranese regions, and Jawi for Malay regions).^[39] Jawi script is widely used in Riau and Riau Island province, where road signs and government building signs are written in this script.^[41] A sister variant called Pegon is used to write Javanese, Sundanese, and Madurese and is still widely used in traditional religious schools across Java, but has been supplanted in common writing by the Latin alphabet and, in some cases, Javanese script and Sundanese script.

Letters

Jawi alphabet^[42]
Name	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial	Sound represented	Rumi equivalent	Notes	Unicode
alif <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />اليف‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ا‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـا‎			Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA".	a, e- pepet (ĕ)	Also represent the digit "1"	U+0627
ba <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />باء‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ب‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـب‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـبـ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />بـ‎	Script error: No such module "IPA".	b		U+0628
ta <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />تاء‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ت‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـت‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـتـ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />تـ‎	Script error: No such module "IPA".	t		U+062A
ta marbutah <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />تاء مربوطة‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ة‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـة‎			Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA".	-t, -h	Mainly used in Arabic loanwords	U+0629
sa (tha) <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ثاء‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ث‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـث‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـثـ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ثـ‎	Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA".	s	Mainly used in Arabic loanwords	U+062B
jim <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />جيم‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ج‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـج‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـجـ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />جـ‎	Script error: No such module "IPA".	j		U+062C
ca <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />چا‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />چ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـچ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـچـ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />چـ‎	Script error: No such module "IPA".	c	Additional letter not present in Arabic Similar to Persian "چ" (Che)	U+0686
ha <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />حاء‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ح‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـح‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـحـ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />حـ‎	Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA".	h	Also known as ha kecil (<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />حاء کچيل‎‎) or ha pedas (<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />حاء ڤدس‎‎) Mainly used in Arabic loanwords	U+062D
kha (khO) <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />خاء‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />خ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـخ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـخـ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />خـ‎	Script error: No such module "IPA".	kh	Mainly used in Arabic loanwords	U+062E
dal <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />دل‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />د‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـد‎			Script error: No such module "IPA".	d		U+062F
zal <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ذال‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ذ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـذ‎			Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA".	z	Mainly used in Arabic loanwords	U+0630
ra (rO) <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />راء‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ر‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـر‎			Script error: No such module "IPA".	r		U+0631
zai <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />زاي‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ز‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـز‎			Script error: No such module "IPA".	z	Mainly used in loanwords of European origin	U+0632
sin <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />سين‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />س‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـس‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـسـ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />سـ‎	Script error: No such module "IPA".	s		U+0633
syin <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />شين‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ش‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـش‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـشـ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />شـ‎	Script error: No such module "IPA".	sy, sh	Mainly used in loanwords of European origin	U+0634
sad (sOd) <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />صاد‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ص‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـص‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـصـ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />صـ‎	Script error: No such module "IPA".	s	Mainly used in Arabic loanwords	U+0635
dad (dOd) <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ضاد‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ض‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـض‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـضـ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ضـ‎	Script error: No such module "IPA".	d	Mainly used in Arabic loanwords	U+0636
ta (tO) <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />طاء‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ط‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـط‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـطـ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />طـ‎	Script error: No such module "IPA".	t	Mainly used in Arabic loanwords	U+0637
za (zO) <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ظاء‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ظ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـظ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـظـ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ظـ‎	Script error: No such module "IPA".	z	Mainly used in Arabic loanwords	U+0638
ain <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />عين‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ع‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـع‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـعـ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />عـ‎	Script error: No such module "IPA".	a, i, u, -k	Mainly used in Arabic loanwords	U+0639
ghain <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />غين‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />غ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـغ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـغـ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />غـ‎	Script error: No such module "IPA".	gh	Mainly used in Arabic loanwords	U+063A
nga <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ڠا‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ڠ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـڠ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـڠـ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ڠـ‎	Script error: No such module "IPA".	ng	Additional letter not present in Arabic	U+06A0
fa <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />فاء‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ف‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـف‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـفـ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />فـ‎	Script error: No such module "IPA".	f	Mainly used in loanwords of European origin	U+0641
pa <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ڤا‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ڤ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـڤ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـڤـ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ڤـ‎	Script error: No such module "IPA".	p	Additional letter not present in Arabic Similar to Persian "پ" (Pe) in pronunciation	U+06A4
qaf <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />قاف‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ق‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـق‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـقـ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />قـ‎	Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA".	q, k		U+0642
kaf <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />کاف‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ک‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـک‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـکـ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />کـ‎	Script error: No such module "IPA".	k		U+06A9
ga <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ݢا‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ݢ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـݢ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـݢـ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ݢـ‎	Script error: No such module "IPA".	g	Additional letter not present in Arabic Similar to Persian "گ" (Gaf)	U+0762
lam <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />لام‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ل‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـل‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـلـ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />لـ‎	Script error: No such module "IPA".	l		U+0644
mim <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ميم‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />م‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـم‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـمـ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />مـ‎	Script error: No such module "IPA".	m		U+0645
nun <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />نون‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ن‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـن‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـنـ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />نـ‎	Script error: No such module "IPA".	n		U+0646
wau <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />واو‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />و‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـو‎			Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA".	w, u, o		U+0648
va <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ۏا‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ۏ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـۏ‎			Script error: No such module "IPA".	v	Additional letter not present in Arabic Mainly used in loanwords of European origin	U+06CF
ha <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />هاء‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ه‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـه‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـهـ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />هـ‎	Script error: No such module "IPA".	h	Also known as ha besar (<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />هاء بسر‎) or ha simpul (<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />هاء سيمڤول‎)	U+0647
hamzah <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />همزة‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ء‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ء‎			Script error: No such module "IPA".	∅		U+0621
ya <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ياء‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ي‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـي‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـيـ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />يـ‎	Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA".	y, i, e taling (é)		U+064A
ye <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />يى‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ى‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـى‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـىـ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ىـ‎	Script error: No such module "IPA".	-e pepet (ĕ), a	Also known as alif maqsurah (<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />الف مقصورة‎) Mainly used in loanwords of European origin	U+0649
nya <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ڽا‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ڽ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـڽ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ـڽـ‎	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ڽـ‎	Script error: No such module "IPA".	ny	Additional letter not present in Arabic	U+06BD

Letters with no initial and middle forms adopt either isolated or final form, because they cannot be joined with suffixing letter. (<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ا‎, <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />د‎, <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ذ‎, <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ر‎, <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ز‎, <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />و‎, <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />ۏ‎)
The letter hamzah may also appear in its three-quarter form "Template:Jawi-HamzaThreeQuarter" (hamzah tiga suku), above alif "أ", below alif "إ" or housed (above ya "ئ" or wau "ؤ").^[e]

Spelling

Modern Jawi spelling is based on the Script error: No such module "Lang". dictionary. Older texts may use different spellings for some words.^[43] Nonetheless, even different modern sources^[44] may use different spelling conventions; they may differ especially in the usage of the matres lectionis (Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".) and the Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., as well as in the spelling of vowels and consonant clusters in loanwords from English.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". One source^[45] tends to use the following conventions;^[46] there are numerous exceptions to them nonetheless.

Loanwords may be spelled differently. Particularly, loanwords from Arabic often keep their original spellings.

The letters Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., and Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". are mostly used to spell Arabic loanwords, e.g., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".. The letter Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". is mostly used to spell English loanwords, e.g., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".. The letters Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., and Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". are mostly used to spell loanwords from English, Arabic or Dutch, e.g., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., and Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"..

The letter Script error: No such module "Lang"., used to spell loanwords from English, may be spelled using different Jawi letters, depending on pronunciation, e.g., disjointed Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". in Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". in Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"..

The letter Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". is also used to represent Template:Angbr especially for words derived from Classical Malay language, e.g., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".; and loanwords, e.g., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"..

Native Malay root morphemes with Rumi Script error: No such module "Lang". in the syllable coda are glottal stops (pronounced Template:IPAblink) and are written with Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., e.g., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".. Loanwords where the Rumi Script error: No such module "Lang". is derived from Western languages are spelled with Script error: No such module "Lang".: the initial and medial forms use the glyph Script error: No such module "Lang"., e.g., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".; the final Script error: No such module "Lang". form dominantly uses Script error: No such module "Lang". instead of Script error: No such module "Lang"., although the latter Arabic glyph is alternatively found often in some old writings and signages (e.g. variant spelling of Script error: No such module "Lang". as Script error: No such module "Lang".).

The letter Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". was historically used to represent Template:IPAslink (Jawi: Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".) and such usage may still be found in archaic Jawi spellings. This is because Template:IPAslink is a non-native consonant in Malay found only in loanwords and in the past was often approximated as a Script error: No such module "IPA"..

Though there are exceptions,^[a] vowels and diphthongs tend to be spelled this way:

IPA		First letter of a root morpheme		Middle of a root morpheme, in an open syllable		Middle of a root morpheme, in a closed syllable		Last letter of a root morpheme
IPA		Rumi	Jawi	Rumi	Jawi	Rumi	Jawi	Rumi	Jawi
Script error: No such module "IPA"., Template:IPAblink in open final syllables of root morphemes, or in the penult if followed by Script error: No such module "IPA"., e.g., in Script error: No such module "Lang".	Spelling	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".^[b]	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".^[b]	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang". or omitted^[b]^[c]	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang". or omitted^[b]^[c]
	Example	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:IPAslink mostly, Template:IPAslink in some words, i.e., Script error: No such module "Lang".	Spelling	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".^[b]	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".^[b]	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".^[b]	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".^[b]
	Example	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA"., i.e., Script error: No such module "Lang".	Spelling	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".^[b]	Script error: No such module "Lang".	(omitted)^[b]	Script error: No such module "Lang".	(omitted)^[b]	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".,^[d] Script error: No such module "Lang".^[b]
	Example	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAblink in closed final syllables of root morphemes	Spelling	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".^[b]	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".^[b]	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".^[b]	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".
	Example	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:IPAslink mostly, Template:IPAslink in some words	Spelling	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".^[b]	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".^[b]	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".^[b]	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".^[b]
Template:IPAslink mostly, Template:IPAslink in some words	Example	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAblink in closed final syllables of root morphemes	Spelling	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".^[b]	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".^[b]	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".^[b]	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".^[b]
	Example	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:IPAslink	Spelling	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".^[e]	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:IPAslink	Example	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:IPAslink	Spelling	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".^[e]	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:IPAslink	Example	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:IPAslink	Spelling	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:IPAslink	Example	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".

<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^a When spelling vowels, there are many exceptions to the conventions stated above and below. Common exceptions include Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., and Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"..
<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^b Some words spelled distinctly in Rumi may be homographs in Jawi, e.g., Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". are both Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". are both Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". are both Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". are both Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". are both Script error: No such module "Lang"., and Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". are both Script error: No such module "Lang"..
<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^c Using or omitting Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". when representing Script error: No such module "IPA". in closed syllables and in the last letter of a root morpheme:

When representing Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". is mostly omitted in C V C-syllables.

However, it is usually not omitted in monosyllabic words that start with Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., e.g., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"..

It is also usually not omitted in root morphemes which first syllable is open and contains Script error: No such module "IPA". and which second syllable is closed and begins with Script error: No such module "IPA"., e.g., words with a /Ce.waC/ structure (where each C is a consonant) like Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"..

Final Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". is generally kept to represent Template:IPAslink Template:IPAblink at the end of a word.

However, in native Malay disyllabic root morphemes with the form /Ca.C*a/ [Ca.C*ə], where /C*/ is any of the following 12 consonants Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". (mnemonic: Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".), final Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". is not written, e.g., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., and Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"..

Some native Malay trisyllabic root morphemes ending with Template:IPAslink Template:IPAblink, with three open syllables and which include the abovementioned 12 consonants, may also omit the final Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"..

<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^d As the final letter of a word, root morpheme-final Template:IPAslink that is spelled with Script error: No such module "Lang". in Rumi may be represented by Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". in Jawi. In the middle of a word, root morpheme-final Script error: No such module "IPA". that is spelled with Script error: No such module "Lang". in Rumi may be represented by Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". in Jawi instead, e.g., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". → Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". → Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"..
<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^e The Script error: No such module "Lang". may be used to spell some diphthongs. Sources differ as to whether and when it should be on the line Script error: No such module "Lang"., or placed above the previous mater lectionis, such as in Script error: No such module "Lang". with Script error: No such module "Lang". above Script error: No such module "Lang"., or even if it should be used at all in some words.

Furthermore, it may be used to represent a hiatus, or a glottal stop Template:IPAblink, especially when (but not limited to) separating vowels at the boundary of a root morpheme and an affix, e.g., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"..

Arabic numerals are the preferred form for writing numerals in Jawi script, Eastern Arabic numerals are generally not used (except when indicating plural words, i.e., Script error: No such module "Lang". = Script error: No such module "Lang".).

Arabic numerals	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9

Full reduplication of a base word is represented with the numeral Script error: No such module "Lang"., e.g., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., while the suffixed reduplication of a base word is represented with the hyphen "-", e.g., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., and Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"..

Punctuation marks used in written Jawi are as follows:

Punctuation mark	Malay name		Rumi	Jawi
Punctuation mark	Rumi	Jawi	Rumi	Jawi
Comma	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	,	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />⹁‎
Semicolon	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	;	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />⁏‎
Question mark	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Script error: No such module "Lang".	?	<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />؟‎

Examples

Akin to the Arabic script, Jawi is constructed from right-to-left. Below is an exemplification of the Jawi script extracted from the first and second verse of the notable Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". (English: A Ghazal for Rabiah).^[47]

Jawi script	Rumi script	English translation
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" />کيلاوان اينتن برکليڤ-کليڤ دلاڠيت تيڠݢي⹁ دان چهاي مناري-ناري دلاڠيت بيرو⹁ تيدقله داڤت مننڠکن ڤراساTemplate:Jawi-HamzaThreeQuarterنکو⹁ يڠ ريندوکن کحاضيرن کاسيه. ݢمرسيق ايراما مردو بولوه ڤريندو⹁ دان ڽاڽين ڤري٢ دري کايڠن⹁ تيدقله داڤت تنترمکن صنوبري⹁ يڠ مندمباکن کڤستين کاسيهمو.‎	Kilauan intan berkelip-kelip di langit tinggi, Dan cahaya menari-nari di langit biru, Tidaklah dapat menenangkan perasaanku, Yang rindukan kehadiran kasih. Gemersik irama merdu buluh perindu, Dan nyanyian peri-peri dari kayangan, Tidaklah dapat tenteramkan sanubari, Yang mendambakan kepastian kasihmu.	The glimmer of gems twinkling in the lofty sky, And light that dances across upon the azure sky, Are not able to soothe my heart, That pines for the presence of the Beloved. The melodious rhythm of the reed flute, And the chorus of nymphs from Heaven, Are not able to calm the soul, That craves the certainty of your Love.

References

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↑ John U. Wolff, Indonesian Readings Edition: 3, SEAP Publications: 1988: Template:ISBN. 480 pages.
↑ Robert Leon Cooper Language spread: studies in diffusion and social change, Center for Applied Linguistics, Indiana University Press,: 1982 p. 40 Template:ISBN.
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↑ ^a ^b The Legacy of the Malay Letter, Annabel Teh Gallop, The British Library and Arkib Negara Malaysia, Template:ISBN.
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↑ Bagian Kesenian Bara Ai Kesusasteraan Indonesia Catatan-Catatan Tentang Amir Hamza:Bagian Kesenian Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Yogyakarta: 1955.
↑ Template:Cite act
↑ Daftar Kata Bahasa Melayu Rumi-Sebutan-Jawi, Dewan Bahasa Pustaka, 5th printing, 2006.
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External links

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[11] John U. Wolff, Indonesian Readings Edition: 3, SEAP Publications: 1988: Template:ISBN. 480 pages.

[12] Robert Leon Cooper Language spread: studies in diffusion and social change, Center for Applied Linguistics, Indiana University Press,: 1982 p. 40 Template:ISBN.

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[autogenerated3-19] The Legacy of the Malay Letter, Annabel Teh Gallop, The British Library and Arkib Negara Malaysia, Template:ISBN.

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[riaudailyphoto.com-39] Template:In lang TULISAN ARAB MELAYU BAGIAN DARI KHAZANAH BUDAYA RIAU.

[40] Bagian Kesenian Bara Ai Kesusasteraan Indonesia Catatan-Catatan Tentang Amir Hamza:Bagian Kesenian Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Yogyakarta: 1955.

[41] Template:Cite act

[42] Daftar Kata Bahasa Melayu Rumi-Sebutan-Jawi, Dewan Bahasa Pustaka, 5th printing, 2006.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Arabic alphabet used in Southeast Asia}}
-{{distinguish|Javanese script|pegon script|JavaScript}}
+{{distinguish|Javanese script|Pegon script|JavaScript}}
 {{EngvarB|date=March 2015}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 * [[Banjarese language|Banjarese]]
 * [[Betawi language|Betawi]]
+* [[Iranun language|Iranun]]
+* [[Kutainese language|Kutainese]]
 * [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanao]]
 * [[Maranao language|Mëranaw]]
@@ Line 26: / Line 28: @@
 | fam4        = [[Nabataean alphabet|Nabataean]]
 | fam5        = [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]
+| fam6        = [[Persian alphabet|Persian]]
 | unicode     =
 | iso15924    =
 | sample      = File:Letter from William Farquhar to Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam, the Sultan of Brunei, dated 28 November 1819.jpg
-| caption     = Letter from [[William Farquhar]] to Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam, the sultan of [[Brunei]], dated 28 November 1819.
+| caption     = Letter from [[William Farquhar]] to Sultan [[Muhammad Kanzul Alam]], the sultan of [[Brunei]], dated 28 November 1819
 | imagesize   =
 | direction   = Right-to-left
 | official script = Co-official: <br/>{{flag|Brunei}}<br/>
-Regional: <br/>{{flag|Indonesia}}<br/> {{flag|Malaysia}}
+Regional: <br/>{{flag|Indonesia}}<br/>{{flag|Malaysia}}<br/>{{flag|Philippines}} ([[Bangsamoro]])
 }}
 {{Writing systems in Indonesia}}
 {{Islamic Culture}}
-'''Jawi''' ({{lang|ms-Arab|{{Script/Arabic|جاوي}}}}; {{langx|ace|Jawoë}}; {{Langx|ms|Jawi}}; {{IPA|ms|d͡ʒä.wi}}) is a [[writing system]] used for writing several languages of [[Southeast Asia]], such as [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]], [[Banjarese language|Banjarese]], [[Betawi language|Betawi]], [[Maguindanao language|Magindanao]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Maranao language|Mëranaw]], [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]], [[Tausug language|Tausūg]], [[Ternate language|Ternate]] and many other languages in Southeast Asia. Jawi is based on the [[Arabic script]], consisting of all 31 original Arabic letters, six letters constructed to fit [[phoneme]]s native to Malay, and one additional phoneme used in foreign loanwords, but not found in [[Classical Arabic]], which are ''ca'' ({{angbr|{{Script|Arab|[[چ]]}}}} {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}), ''nga'' ({{angbr|{{Script|Arab|[[ڠ]]}}}} {{IPA|/ŋ/}}), ''pa'' ({{angbr|{{Script|Arab|[[ڤ]]}}}} {{IPA|/p/}}), ''ga'' ({{angbr|{{Script|Arab|[[ݢ]]}}}} {{IPA|/ɡ/}}), ''va'' ({{angbr|{{Script|Arab|[[ۏ]]}}}} {{IPA|/v/}}), and ''nya'' ({{angbr|{{Script|Arab|[[ڽ]]}}}} {{IPA|/ɲ/}}).
+'''Jawi''' ({{lang|ms-Arab|{{Script/Arabic|جاوي}}}}; {{langx|ace|Jawoë}}; {{Langx|ms|Jawi}}; {{IPA|ms|d͡ʒä.wi}}) is a [[writing system]] used for writing several languages of [[Southeast Asia]], such as [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]], [[Banjarese language|Banjarese]], [[Betawi language|Betawi]], [[Iranun language|Iranun]], [[Kutainese language|Kutainese]], [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanao]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Maranao language|Mëranaw]], [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]], [[Tausug language|Tausūg]], [[Ternate language|Ternate]], and many others. Jawi is based on the [[Arabic script]], consisting of all 31 original Arabic letters, six letters constructed to fit [[phoneme]]s native to Malay, and one additional phoneme used in foreign loanwords, but not found in [[Classical Arabic]], which are ''ca'' ({{angbr|{{Script|Arab|[[چ]]}}}} {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}), ''nga'' ({{angbr|{{Script|Arab|[[ڠ]]}}}} {{IPA|/ŋ/}}), ''pa'' ({{angbr|{{Script|Arab|[[ڤ]]}}}} {{IPA|/p/}}), ''ga'' ({{angbr|{{Script|Arab|[[ݢ]]}}}} {{IPA|/ɡ/}}), ''va'' ({{angbr|{{Script|Arab|[[ۏ]]}}}} {{IPA|/v/}}), and ''nya'' ({{angbr|{{Script|Arab|[[ڽ]]}}}} {{IPA|/ɲ/}}).
 Jawi was developed during the [[Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia|advent of Islam]] in [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], supplanting the earlier [[Brahmic scripts]] used during Hindu-Buddhist era. The oldest evidence of Jawi writing can be found on the 14th century [[Terengganu Inscription Stone]], a text in [[Classical Malay]] that contains a mixture of Malay, Sanskrit and Arabic vocabularies. However, the script may have used as early as the 9th century, when [[Peureulak Sultanate]] has been established by the son of a Persian preacher. There are two competing theories on the origins of the Jawi alphabet. Popular theory suggests that the system was developed and derived directly from the [[Arabic script]], while scholars like [[Richard Olaf Winstedt|R. O. Windstedt]] suggest it was developed with the influence of the [[Perso-Arabic alphabet]].<ref>{{citation |last=Winstedt |first=Richard Olaf |title=Malay Chronicles from Sumatra and Malaya |journal=Historians of South-East Asia of Historical Writing on the Peoples of Asia |volume=2 |year=1961 |page=24}}</ref>
@@ Line 44: / Line 47: @@
 The ensuing trade expansions and the spread of Islam to other areas of Southeast Asia from the 15th century carried the Jawi alphabet beyond the traditional Malay-speaking world. Until the 20th century, Jawi was the standard script of the Malay language, and gave birth to traditional [[Malay literature]] when it featured prominently in official correspondences, religious texts, and literary publications. With the arrival of Western influence through colonization and education, Jawi was relegated to religious education, with the Malay language eventually adopting a form of the [[Latin script|Latin alphabet]] called ''[[Malay alphabet|Rumi]]'' that is currently in general usage.
-Today, Jawi is one of two [[Official script|official scripts]] in [[Brunei]]. In Malaysia, the position of Jawi is protected under Section 9 of the [[National Language Act 1963/67]], as it retains a degree of official use in religious and cultural contexts. In some states, most notably [[Kelantan]], [[Terengganu]] and [[Pahang]], Jawi has co-official script status as businesses are mandated to adopt Jawi signage and billboards. Jawi is also used as an alternative script among Malay communities in Indonesia and Thailand.<ref>{{cite book |title=Language and National Identity in Asia|author=Andrew Alexander Simpson |year=2007 |pages=356–60 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-926748-4}}</ref>
+Today, Jawi is one of two [[Official script|official scripts]] in [[Brunei]]. In Malaysia, the position of Jawi is protected under Section 9 of the [[National Language Act 1963/67]], as it retains a degree of official use in religious and cultural contexts. In some states, most notably [[Kelantan]], [[Terengganu]], and [[Pahang]], Jawi has co-official script status as businesses are mandated to adopt Jawi signage and billboards. Jawi is also used as an alternative script among Malay communities in Indonesia and Thailand.<ref>{{cite book |title=Language and National Identity in Asia|author=Andrew Alexander Simpson |year=2007 |pages=356–60 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-926748-4}}</ref>
 Until the early 20th century, there was no standard spelling system for Jawi. The earliest [[Spelling reform|orthographic reform]] towards a standard system was in 1937 by The Malay Language and Johor Royal Literary Book Pact. This was followed by another reform by [[Zainal Abidin Ahmad (writer)|Za'aba]], published in 1949. The final major reform was the ''Enhanced Guidelines of Jawi Spelling'' issued in 1986'','' which was based on the Za'aba system. Jawi can be typed using the [[Jawi keyboard]].
 ==Etymology==
-The word {{lang|ms|Jawi}} ({{lang|ms-Arab|جاوي}}) is a shortening of the term in {{langx|ar|الجزائر الجاوي|Al-Jaza'ir Al-Jawi|translation=Malay Archipelago}}, which is the term used by [[Arabs]] for [[Nusantara (archipelago)|Nusantara]].<ref name="Ensiklopedia">{{cite book|last=Sudirman|first=Adi|title=Ensiklopedia Sejarah Lengkap Indonesia dari Era Klasik Sampai Kontemporer|language=id|publisher=Diva Press|year=2019|isbn=978-602-391-657-3|quote=Sementara itu, bangsa Arab menyebut tanah air kita dengan Jazair al-Jawi (Kepulauan Melayu)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Oentoro|first=Jimmy|title=Indonesia Satu, Indonesia Beda, Indonesia Bisa|language=id|publisher=PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama|year=2010|isbn=978-979-22-5814-1|location=Jakarta}}</ref>
+The word {{lang|ms|Jawi}} ({{lang|ms-Arab|جاوي}}) is a shortening of the term in {{langx|ar|الجزائر الجاوي|Al-Jaza'ir Al-Jawi|translation=Java Archipelago}}, which is the term used by [[Arabs]] for [[Nusantara (archipelago)|Nusantara]].<ref name="Ensiklopedia">{{cite book|last=Sudirman|first=Adi|title=Ensiklopedia Sejarah Lengkap Indonesia dari Era Klasik Sampai Kontemporer|language=id|publisher=Diva Press|year=2019|isbn=978-602-391-657-3|quote=Sementara itu, bangsa Arab menyebut tanah air kita dengan Jazair al-Jawi (Kepulauan Melayu)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Oentoro|first=Jimmy|title=Indonesia Satu, Indonesia Beda, Indonesia Bisa|language=id|publisher=PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama|year=2010|isbn=978-979-22-5814-1|location=Jakarta}}</ref>
 According to [[Kamus Dewan]], {{lang|ms|Jawi}} ({{lang|ms-Arab|جاوي}}) is a term synonymous to '[[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]]'.<ref name=Jawi>{{cite web |url=https://prpm.dbp.gov.my/cari1?keyword=jawi |title=Jawi II |access-date=3 March 2019 |year=2017 |publisher=Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu}}</ref> The term has been used interchangeably with 'Malay' in other terms including {{lang|ms|Bahasa Jawi}} or {{lang|mfa-Latn|Bahasa Yawi}} ([[Kelantan-Pattani Malay]], a [[Malayan languages|Malayan language]] used in [[Southern Thailand]]), {{lang|ms|Masuk Jawi}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://prpmv1.dbp.gov.my/Search.aspx?k=masuk+jawi |title=Masuk Jawi |access-date=3 March 2019 |year=2017 |publisher=Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu}}</ref> (literally "to become Malay", referring to the practice of [[circumcision]] to symbolise the [[coming of age]]), and {{lang|ms|Jawi pekan}} or {{lang|ms|[[Jawi Peranakan]]}} (literally 'Malay of the town' or 'Malay born of', referring to the Malay-speaking Muslims of mixed Malay and Indian ancestry).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://prpmv1.dbp.gov.my/Search.aspx?k=jawi+pekan |title=Jawi Pekan |access-date=3 March 2019 |year=2017 |publisher=Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu}}</ref> With verb-building [[circumfix]]es {{lang|ms|men-...-kan}}, {{lang|ms|menjawikan}} (literally {{gloss|to make something Malay}}), also refers to the act of translating a foreign text into Malay language. The phrase {{lang|ms|Tulisan Jawi}} that means {{gloss|Jawi script}} is another derivative that carries the meaning 'Malay script'.<ref name=Jawi/>
@@ Line 67: / Line 70: @@
 The script became prominent with the spread of Islam, supplanting the earlier writing systems. The Malays held the script in high esteem, believing it was a gateway to understanding Islam and its Holy Book, the Quran. The use of Jawi script was a key factor driving the emergence of Malay as the lingua franca of the region.<ref name="autogenerated2007">{{cite web |url=http://www.bt.com.bn/features/2007/09/16/an_overview_of_jawis_origins_in_brunei |title=An overview of Jawi's origin in Brunei |publisher=Brunei Times |date=16 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524112825/http://www.bt.com.bn/features/2007/09/16/an_overview_of_jawis_origins_in_brunei |archive-date=24 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
-[[File:Undang-Undang Melaka.jpg|thumb|center|200px|A copy of ''[[Undang-Undang Melaka]]'' ('Laws of Malacca'). The Malacca system of justice as enshrined in the text was the legal source for other major regional sultanates like [[Johor Sultanate|Johor]], [[Perak]], [[Brunei]], [[Pattani Kingdom|Pattani]] and [[Aceh Sultanate|Aceh]].<ref>{{citation | last = Fauzia | first = Amelia | title = Faith and the State: A History of Islamic Philanthropy in Indonesia | publisher = BRILL | year = 2013 | isbn = 978-90-04-23397-3 |page=81}}</ref><ref>{{citation | last = Abd. Jalil Borham | title = Pengantar Perundangan Islam (An Introduction to Islamic Legislature)| publisher = [[Universiti Teknologi Malaysia]] press | year = 2002 | location=Johor Bahru | isbn = 983-52-0276-1 |page=94}}</ref>]]
+[[File:Undang-Undang Melaka.jpg|thumb|center|200px|A copy of ''[[Undang-Undang Melaka]]'' ('Laws of Malacca'). The Malacca system of justice as enshrined in the text was the legal source for other major regional sultanates like [[Johor Sultanate|Johor]], [[Perak]], [[Brunei]], [[Pattani Kingdom|Pattani]], and [[Aceh Sultanate|Aceh]].<ref>{{citation | last = Fauzia | first = Amelia | title = Faith and the State: A History of Islamic Philanthropy in Indonesia | publisher = BRILL | year = 2013 | isbn = 978-90-04-23397-3 |page=81}}</ref><ref>{{citation | last = Abd. Jalil Borham | title = Pengantar Perundangan Islam (An Introduction to Islamic Legislature)| publisher = [[Universiti Teknologi Malaysia]] press | year = 2002 | location=Johor Bahru | isbn = 983-52-0276-1 |page=94}}</ref>]]
-Jawi was widely used in the [[Sultanate of Malacca]], [[Sultanate of Johor]], [[Sultanate of Maguindanao]], [[Sultanate of Brunei]], [[Sultanate of Sulu]], [[Sultanate of Pattani]], the [[Sultanate of Aceh]] to the [[Sultanate of Ternate]] in the east as early as the 15th century. It was used in royal correspondences, decrees, poems and was widely understood by the merchants in the port of Malacca as the main means of communication. Early legal digests such as the ''[[Undang-Undang Melaka]]'' Code and its derivatives including the Codes of Johor, Perak, Brunei, Kedah, Pattani and Aceh were written in this script. {{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}
+Jawi was widely used in the [[Sultanate of Malacca]], [[Sultanate of Johor]], [[Sultanate of Maguindanao]], [[Sultanate of Brunei]], [[Sultanate of Sulu]], [[Sultanate of Pattani]], the [[Sultanate of Aceh]] to the [[Sultanate of Ternate]] in the east as early as the 15th century. It was even used by the Muslim population in [[Manila Bay]], under the pre-colonial state [[Rajahnate of Maynila]] rule in the 15th to 16th centuries, it was used to write [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/JAT/article/view/16534|title=Letra de Meca: Jawi Script in the Tagalog Region During the 16th Century|journal=Journal of Al-Tamaddun|language=en|year=2019|pages=89–103|first=Isaac|last=Donoso|location=[[San Vicente del Raspeig]]|publisher=[[Universidad de Alicante]]|volume=14|number=1|doi=10.22452/JAT.vol14no1.8|doi-access=free|issn=}}</ref> It was used in royal correspondences, decrees, poems and was widely understood by the merchants in the port of Malacca as the main means of communication. Early legal digests such as the ''[[Undang-Undang Melaka]]'' Code and its derivatives including the Codes of Johor, Perak, Brunei, Kedah, Pattani, and Aceh were written in this script.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}
 Jawi is a traditional symbol of Malay culture and civilisation, used not only amongst the ruling class, but also the common people. The Islamisation and [[Malayisation]] of the region popularised Jawi into a dominant script.<ref name="autogenerated3">''The Legacy of the Malay Letter'', Annabel Teh Gallop, The British Library and Arkib Negara Malaysia, {{ISBN|978-0-7123-0376-7}}.</ref>
@@ Line 86: / Line 89: @@
 Today, Jawi is one of the official scripts of [[Languages of Brunei|Brunei]].<ref name="autogenerated2007"/> In Malaysia, it is used for religious and cultural administration in the states of [[Terengganu]], [[Kelantan]], [[Kedah]], [[Perlis]], [[Penang]], [[Pahang]] and [[Johor]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2016}} Various efforts were in place to revive the Jawi script in Malaysia and Brunei due to its role in the Malay and Islamic spheres. Jawi is also seen on the reverse of [[Malaysian ringgit]] and [[Brunei dollar]] banknotes. Malays in [[Pattani Province|Patani]] still use Jawi today for the same reasons.{{Citation needed|date=June 2016}}
+Despite its decline in usage, Malay in Jawi script is available as a language option on some technology platforms and video games developed outside of Malaysia, including [[MediaWiki]]<ref name="translation statistics">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-20 |title=Message group statistics: MediaWiki core |url=https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=core&messages=&suppressempty=1&x=D#sortable:3=desc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820231524/https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=core&messages=&suppressempty=1&x=D |archive-date=2023-08-20 |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=translatewiki.net |quote=488 languages (not including languages that are supported but have no translations)}}</ref> (United States), and [[Minecraft]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karim |first=Ahmad Ali A. |date=2025-08-09 |title=Bila dunia mengiktiraf Jawi, mengapa kita masih ragu? |url=https://www.utusan.com.my/rencana/2025/08/bila-dunia-mengiktiraf-jawi-mengapa-kita-masih-ragu/ |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=Utusan Malaysia |language=ms-MY}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DFrL3TTZD7g |title=What's New in Minecraft 1.19 Pre-release 4? New Language! |date=2022-05-30 |last=slicedlime |access-date=2025-08-09 |via=YouTube}}</ref> (Sweden).
 === In Malaysia ===
@@ Line 290: / Line 295: @@
 |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـطـ}}</span>
 |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|طـ}}</span>
-|{{IPA|/t/}}
+|{{IPA|/ð/}}
 |t
 |Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
@@ Line 498: / Line 503: @@
 : The letters {{lang|ms|sa}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ث}}, {{lang|ms|ha}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ح}}, {{lang|ms|kha}} {{lang|ms-Arab|خ}}, {{lang|ms|zal}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ذ}}, {{lang|ms|sad}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ص}}, {{lang|ms|dad}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ض}}, {{lang|ms|ta}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ط}}, {{lang|ms|za}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ظ}}, {{lang|ms|ain}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ع}}, {{lang|ms|ghain}} {{lang|ms-Arab|غ}}, and {{lang|ms|ta marbutah}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ة}} are mostly used to spell Arabic loanwords, e.g., {{lang|ms|Selasa}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ثلاث}}, {{lang|ms|huruf}} {{lang|ms-Arab|حروف}}, {{lang|ms|khabar}} {{lang|ms-Arab|خبر}}, {{lang|ms|fasal}} {{lang|ms-Arab|فصل}}, {{lang|ms|darurat}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ضرورة}}, {{lang|ms|talak}} {{lang|ms-Arab|طلاق}}, {{lang|ms|zohor}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ظهر}}, {{lang|ms|saat}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ساعة}}, {{lang|ms|sunat}} {{lang|ms-Arab|سنة}}, {{lang|ms|khasiat}} {{lang|ms-Arab|خصية}}. The letter {{lang|ms|va}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ۏ}} is mostly used to spell English loanwords, e.g., {{lang|ms|universiti}} {{lang|ms-Arab|اونيۏرسيتي}}. The letters {{lang|ms|zai}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ز}}, {{lang|ms|syin}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ش}}, {{lang|ms|fa}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ف}}, and {{lang|ms|ye}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ى}} are mostly used to spell loanwords from English, Arabic or Dutch, e.g., {{lang|ms|zoo}} {{lang|ms-Arab|زو}}, {{lang|ms|zapin}} {{lang|ms-Arab|زاڤين}}, {{lang|ms|syif}} {{lang|ms-Arab|شيف}}, {{lang|ms|syukur}} {{lang|ms-Arab|شکور}}, {{lang|ms|filem}} {{lang|ms-Arab|فيلم}}, {{lang|ms|fakir}} {{lang|ms-Arab|فقير}}, {{lang|ms|nasionalisme}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ناسيوناليسمى}}, and {{lang|ms|takwa}} {{lang|ms-Arab|تقوى}}.
-: The letter {{lang|ms|x}} used to spell loanwords from English may be spelled using different Jawi letters, depending on pronunciation, e.g., {{lang|ms|kaf-sin}} {{lang|ms-Arab|کس}} in {{lang|ms|sinaran X}} {{lang|ms-Arab|سينرن ايکس}} or {{lang|ms|zai}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ز}} in {{lang|ms|xenon}} {{lang|ms-Arab|زينون}}.
+: The letter {{lang|ms|x}}, used to spell loanwords from English, may be spelled using different Jawi letters, depending on pronunciation, e.g., disjointed {{lang|ms|kaf-sin}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ک‌س}} in {{lang|ms|sinaran X}} {{lang|ms-Arab|سينرن ايک‌س}} or {{lang|ms|zai}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ز}} in {{lang|ms|xenon}} {{lang|ms-Arab|زينون}}.
 : The letter {{lang|ms|syin}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ش}} is also used to represent {{angbr|sh}} especially for words derived from [[Classical Malay]] language, e.g., {{lang|ms-Arab|مهاريشي}} {{lang|ms|maharishi}}; and loanwords, e.g., {{lang|ms-Arab|شيرڤا}} {{lang|ms|Sherpa}}.
@@ Line 656: / Line 661: @@
 !English translation
 |- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"
 | style="direction:rtl" lang="ms-Arab" |
 <poem>
-{{script/Arabic|کيلاون اينتن برکليڤ-کليڤ دلاڠيت تيڠݢي⹁
+{{script/Arabic|کيلاوان اينتن برکليڤ-کليڤ دلاڠيت تيڠݢي⹁
 دان چهاي مناري-ناري دلاڠيت بيرو⹁
-تيدقله داڤت مننڠکن ڤراسا{{Jawi-HamzaThreeQuarter|6}}نکو⹁
+تيدقله داڤت مننڠکن ڤراسا{{Jawi-HamzaThreeQuarter|5}}نکو⹁
-يڠ ريندوکن کحاضرن کاسيه.
+يڠ ريندوکن کحاضيرن کاسيه.
 ݢمرسيق ايراما مردو بولوه ڤريندو⹁
@@ Line 704: / Line 709: @@
 ==External links==
+{{Commons category}}
 * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm Omniglot article about written Malay]
 * [http://www.jawiware.org Software and articles related to Jawi]