Old Turkic

File:Kultegin monument Mongolia.JPG

Monument to Kul Tegin

Old Siberian Turkic, generally known as East Old Turkic and often shortened to Old Turkic, was a Siberian Turkic language spoken around East Turkistan and Mongolia. It was first discovered in inscriptions originating from the Second Turkic Khaganate, and later the Uyghur Khaganate, making it the earliest attested Common Turkic language. In terms of the datability of extant written sources, the period of Old Turkic can be dated from slightly before 720 AD to the Mongol invasions of the 13th century.

Classification and dialects

Old Turkic can generally be split into two dialects, the earlier Orkhon Turkic and the later Old Uyghur. There is a difference of opinion among linguists with regard to the Karakhanid language, some (among whom include Omeljan Pritsak, Sergey Malov, Osman Karatay and Marcel Erdal) classify it as another dialect of East Old Turkic, while others prefer to include Karakhanid among Middle Turkic languages; nonetheless, Karakhanid is very close to Old Uyghur. East Old Turkic and West Old Turkic together comprise the Old Turkic proper, though West Old Turkic is generally unattested and is mostly reconstructed through words loaned through Hungarian. East Old Turkic is the oldest attested member of the Siberian Turkic branch of Turkic languages, and several of its now-archaic grammatical as well as lexical features are extant in the modern Yellow Uyghur, Lop Nur Uyghur and Khalaj (all of which are endangered); Khalaj, for instance, has (surprisingly) retained a considerable number of archaic Old Turkic words despite forming a language island within Central Iran and being heavily influenced by Persian. Old Uyghur is not a direct ancestor of the modern Uyghur language, but rather the Western Yugur language; the contemporaneous ancestor of Modern Uyghur was the Chagatai literary language.

East Old Turkic is attested in a number of scripts, including the Old Turkic script, the Old Uyghur alphabet, the Brahmi script, and the Manichaean script. The Turkic runiform alphabet of Orkhon Turkic was deciphered by Vilhelm Thomsen in 1893.

Phonology

Vowels

	Front		Back
	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
Close	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Mid	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
Open			Template:IPA link

Vowel roundness is assimilated through the word through vowel harmony. Some vowels were considered to occur only in the initial syllable, but they were later found to be in suffixes. Length is distinctive for all vowels; while most of its daughter languages have lost the distinction, many of these preserve it in the case of /e/ with a height distinction, where the long phoneme developed into a more closed vowel than the short counterpart.

Consonants

	Labial		Dental		Post- alveolar		Velar		Uvular
Nasal		Template:IPAlink		Template:IPAlink		Template:IPAlink		Template:IPA link
Stop	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink		Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink
Fricative			Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink
Tap/Flap				Template:IPAlink
Approximant			Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink		Template:IPAlink

Old Turkic is highly restrictive in which consonants words can begin with: words can begin with , , , , , , and , but they do not usually begin with , , , , , , , , , , , or . The only exceptions are (ne, "what, which") and its derivatives, and some early assimilations of word-initial /b/ to /m/ preceding a nasal in a word such as (men, "I").

Writing systems

The Old Turkic script (also known variously as Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script) is the alphabet used by the Göktürks and other early Turkic khanates during the 8th to 10th centuries to record the Old Turkic language.

The script is named after the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia where early 8th-century inscriptions were discovered in an 1889 expedition by Nikolai Yadrintsev.

This writing system was later used within the Uyghur Khaganate. Additionally, a Yenisei variant is known from 9th-century Yenisei Kirghiz inscriptions, and it has likely cousins in the Talas Valley of Turkestan and the Old Hungarian alphabet of the 10th century. Words were usually written from right to left. Variants of the script were found in Mongolia and Xinjiang in the east and the Balkans in the west. The preserved inscriptions were dated between the 8th and 10th centuries.

Grammar

Cases

There are approximately 12 case morphemes in Old Turkic (treating 3 types of accusatives as one); the table below lists Old Turkic cases following Marcel Erdal’s classification (some phonemes of suffixes written in capital letters denote archiphonemes which sometimes are dropped or changed as per (East) Old Turkic phonotactics):

	Case Suffixes	Examples	Translation
Nominative	∅ (unmarked)	köŋül-∅	heart
Genitive	-nIŋ	Tämürniŋ	Tämür’s
Accusative I (Pronominal Accusative)	-nI	bunï	this
Accusative II (Nominal Accusative)	-Ig/-UgTemplate:Refn	kïzlarïg, Karlukug	girls, Karluk
Accusative III	-(I)n	oglïmïn	my son’s
Dative	-kaTemplate:Refn	ordoka	to palace
Directive / AllativeTemplate:Refn	-gArUTemplate:Refn	ävgärü	towards home
Locative	-tA/-dA	ävdä, suvlukta	in house, in vessel
Directive-Locative / Partitive-Locative	-rA	asraTemplate:Refn, bašraTemplate:Refn	below, at/towards/on head
Ablative	-dIn/-tIn -dAn	kaŋtïn	from father
Equative-Lative	-čATemplate:RefnTemplate:Refn	tükägüčä	up to/till end
Instrumental	-In/-Un	okun	with arrow
ComitativeTemplate:Refn	-lXgUTemplate:Refn -lUgUnTemplate:Refn	iniligü	together with young brother
Similative	-lAyU	yultuzlayu	like star(s)

Grammatical number

Old Turkic (like Modern Turkic) had 2 grammatical numbers: singular and plural. However, Old Turkic also formed collective nouns (a category related to plurals) by a separate suffix -(A)gU(n) e.g. tayagunuŋuz ‘your colts’. Unlike Modern Turkic, Old Turkic had 3 types of suffixes to denote plural: Template:Bulleted list Suffixes except for -lAr is limitedly used for only a few words. In some descriptions, -(X)t and -An may also be treated as collective markers. -(X)t is used for titles of non-Turkic origin, e.g. tarxat ←tarxan 'free man' <Soghdian, tégit ←tégin 'prince' (of unknown origin). -s is a similar suffix, e.g. ïšbara-s 'lords' <Sanskrit īśvara. -An is used for person, e.g. ärän 'men, warriors' ←är 'man', oglan ←ogul 'son'.

Today, all Modern Turkic languages (except for Chuvash) use exclusively the suffix of the -lAr type for plural.

Verb

Finite verb forms in Old Turkic (i.e. verbs to which a tense suffix is added) always conjugate for person and number of the subject by corresponding suffixes save for the 3rd person, in which case person suffix is absent. This grammatical configuration is preserved in the majority of Modern Turkic languages, except for some such as Yellow Uyghur in which verbs no longer agree with the person of the subject.

Tense

Old Turkic had a complex system of tenses, which could be divided into six simple and derived tenses, the latter formed by adding special (auxiliary) verbs to the simple tenses.

Old Turkic simple tenses according to M. Erdal's classification

Tense	Positive	Negative
Imperfect Aorist	-Ur	-mAz
Preterite (Simple Past)	-dI
Perfect Participle	-mIš	-mAdOkTemplate:Refn
Future	-dAčI	-mAčI
Vivid Past	-yOk	-mAyOk
Imminent Future	-gAlIr

Hapax legomena

Some suffixes are attested as being attached to only one word and no other instance of attachment is to be found. Similarly, some words are attested only once in the entire extant Old Turkic corpus.

Denominal

The following have been classified by Gerard Clauson as denominal noun suffixes.

Suffix	Usages	Translation
		thus, like that
		sinew string/thread
		thus, like that yesterday, night, north beautiful
		(internal) organs
		inside, within
		here north
		sickly
		triangular grey haired
		second
		god-like
		inside, within
		former (being) on or above being in the house
		children men, gentlemen
		tranquil, at peace food given to a traveller as a gift being like a camel stud, aggressive
		three together being inside human body, internal organ
		firewood track, trace
		one each a few
		like a wolf
		kinsman compatriot
		sixty seventy
		violent
and		spindle-whorl
(after vowels and -r) (the normal forms) (rare forms)		partner
and(?)		wrap terrifying nose ring
		objectionable
		breastplate
		left-handed (pejorative?)
		"frog in a horse's hoof" (from baqa frog)
		yoke

Deverbal

The following have been classified by Gerard Clauson as deverbal suffixes.

Suffix	Usages	Translation
		hollow,valley branched,forked evening, night crooked straight, upright, lawful then, so
		short wise wise shadow slice
		riddle, denial
		healer priest, preacher
		councilor scribe
		chosen,parted,separated,scattered praised praised bran
		completely, clean lengthily completely
		curved knife desire, covetousness campaigning
		whetstone clothing gently nurtured
		being in the know being prepared disgusted sling
		pincers
		scissors
		"saved" noodle dish
		warrior merchant

Media

Literary works

• Yenisei Inscriptions (8-10th centuries CE) - a group of texts in Old Turkic from Yenisei River basin.
• Uyuk-Tarlak inscription (date unknown) by an unknown writer (in Yenisei Kyrgyz)
• Elegest inscription (date unknown) by an unknown writer (in Yenisei Kyrgyz)
• Orkhon Inscriptions (732 and 735) by Yollıg Khagan (in Orkhon Turkic)
• Bain Tsokto inscriptions (716) by an unknown writer (in Orkhon Turkic)
• Ongin inscription (between 716 and 735) by an unknown writer (in Orkhon Turkic)
• Kul-chur inscription (between 723 and 725) a writer called "Ebizter" (in Orkhon Turkic)
• Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription (724) by an unknown writer (in Orkhon Turkic)
• Tariat inscriptions (between 753 and 760) by an unknown writer (in Old Uyghur)
• Choiti-Tamir inscriptions (between 753 and 756) by an unknown writer (in Old Uyghur)
• Sükhbaatar inscriptions (8th century) by an unknown writer (in Old Uyghur)
• Bombogor inscription (8th century) by an unknown writer (in Old Uyghur)
• Book of Divination (9th century) by an unknown writer (in Old Uyghur)

See also

• Old Turkic script
• Proto-Turkic
• Orkhon Turkic
• Old Uyghur
• Karakhanid language

Further reading

• Noten zu den alttürkischen Inschriften der Mongolei und Sibiriens (1898)
• Ö.D. Baatar, Old Turkic Script, Ulan-Baator (2008), Template:ISBN
• M. Erdal, Old Turkic word formation: A functional approach to the lexicon, Turcologica, Harassowitz (1991), Template:ISBN.
• M. Erdal, Old Turkic, in: The Turkic Languages, eds. L. Johanson & E.A. Csato, Routledge, London (1998), Template:ISBN
• M. Erdal, A Grammar of Old Turkic, Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 8 Uralic & Central Asia, Brill, Leiden (2004), Template:ISBN.
• L. Johanson, A History of Turkic, in: The Turkic Languages, eds. L. Johanson & E.A. Csato, Routledge, London (1998), Template:ISBN
• Talat Tekin, A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic, Uralic and Altaic Series Vol. 69, Indiana University Publications, Mouton and Co. (1968). (review: Gerard Clauson, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1969); Routledge Curzon (1997), Template:ISBN.

External links

• Old Turkic inscriptions (with translations into English), reading lessons and tutorials
• Turkic Inscriptions of Orkhon Valley (with translations into Turkish)
• VATEC, pre-Islamic Old Turkic electronic corpus at uni-frankfurt.de.
• A Grammar of Old Turkic by Marcel Erdal
• Old Turkic (8th century) funerary inscription (W. Schulze)
• Kuli Chor inscription complete text
• Tonyukuk inscription complete text
• Kul Tigin inscription complete text
• Bilge Qaghan inscription complete text
• Eletmiš Yabgu (Ongin) inscription complete text
• Bayanchur Khan inscription complete text
• Ongin inscriptions by Gerard Clauson
• Timeline of Turkic Languages (Turkish)