Proto-Turkic language
Template:Short description Template:Use American English
Template:Infobox proto-language Template:Wikibook Proto-Turkic is the linguistic reconstruction of the common ancestor of the Turkic languages that was spoken by the Proto-Turks before their divergence into the various Turkic peoples. Proto-Turkic separated into Oghur (western) and Common Turkic (eastern) branches. Candidates for the proto-Turkic homeland range from Transcaspian Steppe to Manchuria,[1] with most scholars agreeing that their migrations started from the eastern part of the Central Asian steppe,[2] while one author has postulated that Proto-Turkic originated 2,500 years ago in East Asia.[3]
The oldest records of a Turkic language, the Old Turkic Orkhon inscriptions of the 7th century Göktürk khaganate, already shows characteristics of Eastern Common Turkic. For a long time, the reconstruction of Proto-Turkic relied on comparisons of Old Turkic with early sources of the Western Common Turkic branches, such as Oghuz and Kypchak, as well as the Western Oghur proper (Bulgar, Chuvash, Khazar). Because early attestation of these non-easternmost languages is much sparser, reconstruction of Proto-Turkic still rests fundamentally on the easternmost Old Turkic of the Göktürks, however it now also includes a more comprehensive analysis of all written and spoken forms of the language.Template:Sfn
The Proto-Turkic language shows evidence of influence from several neighboring language groups, including Eastern Iranian, Tocharian, and Old Chinese.Template:Sfn
Phonology
Consonants
The consonant system had a two-way contrast of stop consonants (fortis vs. lenis), k, p, t vs. g, b, d. There was also an affricate consonant, č; at least one sibilant s and sonorants m, n, ń, ŋ, r, l with a full series of nasal consonants. Some scholars additionally reconstruct the palatalized sounds ĺ and ŕ for the correspondence sets Oghuric /l/ ~ Common Turkic *š and Oghuric /r/ ~ Common Turkic *z. Most scholars, however, assume that these are the regular reflexes of Proto-Turkic *l and *r.Template:Sfn Oghuric is thus sometimes referred to as Lir-Turkic and Common Turkic as Shaz-Turkic.
A glottochronological reconstruction based on analysis of isoglosses and Sinicisms points to the timing of the r/z split at around 56 BCE–48 CE. As Anna Dybo puts it, that may be associated with
the historical situation that can be seen in the history of the Huns' division onto the Northern and Southern [groups]: the first separation and withdrawal of the Northern Huns to the west has occurred, as was stated above, in 56 BC,... the second split of the (Eastern) Huns into the northern and southern groups happened in 48 AD.[4]
Dybo suggests that during that period, the Northern branch steadily migrated from Western Mongolia through Southern Xinjiang into the north's Dzungaria and then finally into Kazakhstan's Zhetysu until the 5th century.[4]
There was no fortis-lenis contrast in word-initial position: the initial stops were always *b, *t, *k, the affricate was always *č and the sibilant was always *s. In addition, the nasals and the liquids did not occur in that position either.Template:Sfn
| Bilabial | Dental or alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | *m | *n | *ń Template:IPAslink | *ŋ | |
| Plosive and affricate |
fortisScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | *p | *t | *č Template:IPAslink | *k |
| lenisScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | *b | *d | *g | ||
| Sibilant | *s | ||||
| Liquid | lateralScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | *l | (*ĺ Template:IPAslink) | ||
| rhoticScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | *r | (*ŕ Template:IPAslink) | |||
| Semivowel | *j | ||||
Like in many modern Turkic languages, the velars /k/, /g/, and possibly /ŋ/ seem to have had back and front allophones (Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink) according to their environments, with the velar allophones occurring in words with front vowels, and uvular allophones occurring in words with back vowels. The lenis stops /b/, /d/ and /g/~/ɢ/ may have tended towards fricatives intervocalically.Template:Sfn
Vowels
Like most of its descendants, Proto-Turkic exhibited vowel harmony, distinguishing vowel qualities a, ï, o, u vs. e, ẹ, i, ö, ü, as well as two vowel quantities. Here, macrons represent long vowels. Some scholars (e.g. Gerhard Doerfer) additionally reconstruct a mid back unrounded *ë based on cognate sets with Chuvash, Tuvan and Yakut ï corresponding to a in all other Turkic languages, although these correspondences can also be explained as deriving from *a which underwent subsequent sound changes in those three languages.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The phonemicity of the distinction between the two close unrounded vowels, i.e. front *i and back *ï, is also rejected by some.Template:Sfn
| front | back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unroundedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | roundedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | unroundedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | roundedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |
| high | *i, *ī Template:IPAslink | *ü, *ǖ Template:IPAslink | *ï, *ï̄ Template:IPAslink | *u, *ū Template:IPAslink |
| mid | *ẹ, *ẹ̄ Template:IPAslink | *ö, *ȫ Template:IPAslink~Template:IPAslink | (*ë, *ë̄ Template:IPAslink) | *o, *ō Template:IPAslink |
| low | *e, *ē Template:IPAslink | *a, *ā Template:IPAslink | ||
Morphology
Nouns
Plurals
While plurality in modern Turkic languages is relatively straightforward, Proto-Turkic seemingly has multiple plural suffixes, with unclear use cases for each.
One plural suffix preserved in both Oghuric and Common Turkic is *-(I)ŕ, in words such as Turkish "ikiz" or "biz," or Chuvash "(e)pir."
Other possible plural suffixes are *-(I)t, which was commonly seen in Old Turkic, and is related to Proto-Mongolic *-d and Proto-Tungusic *-tA; and *-(A)n, preserved in very few words such as Turkish "oğlan."
Common Turkic languages today use their respective descendants of the Proto-Common-Turkic plural suffix *-lAr, whereas Chuvash uses Script error: No such module "Lang"., which descends from Proto-Turkic *sāyïn ("every").
It's unknown whether the Proto-Common-Turkic *-lAr, *-(I)t and *-(A)n existed in Proto-Turkic and were lost in the Oghuric branch, or were later inventions altogether.
Possessive suffixes
Reconstructable possessive suffixes in Proto-Turkic includes Template:Gcl *-m, Template:Gcl *-ŋ, and Template:Gcl *-(s)i, plurals of the possessors are formed by *-z in Common Turkic languages.
Verbs
The reconstructable suffixes for the verbs include:
- Aorist: *-Vr
- Past: *-dI
- Negative suffix: *-mA
- Template:Gcl: *-m (past tense) & *-mẹn (aorist and future tense) < *bẹn
- Template:Gcl: *-ŋ (past tense) & *-sẹn (aorist and future tense) < *sẹn
- Template:Gcl: *-∅ & *ol
- Template:Gcl: *-m-iŕ (past tense, dual form of singular suffix) & *-biŕ (aorist and future tense) < *biŕ
- Template:Gcl: *-ŋ-iŕ (past tense, dual form of singular suffix) & *-siŕ (aorist and future tense) < *siŕ
Proto-Turkic also involves derivation with grammatical voice suffixes, as in cooperative *körüĺ, middle *körün, passive *körül, and causative *körtkür.
Vocabulary
Pronouns
| Proto-Turkic | Turkish | Azeri | Turkmen | Kazakh | Chuvash | Karakhanid | Uzbek | Uyghur | Bashkir | Kyrgyz | Sakha (Yakut) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | *bẹ,[5][6] *bẹn-[7][8] | ben, ban- | mən | men | men, ma- | epĕ, man- | men, man- | men | men | min | men | min |
| you | *sẹ,[5][9] *sẹn- | sen, san- | sən | sen | sen, sa-, siz | esĕ, san- | sen, san- | sen, siz | sen, siz | hin | sen, siz | en |
| he/she/it | *an-, *o-l | on-, o | on-, o | ol | on-, o-l | un-, văl | an-, ol | u | u | ul | al | kini, ol[10] |
| we | *bïŕ | biz | biz | biz | biz | epir, pir- | biz | biz | biz | beð | biz | bihigi |
| you (plural) | *siŕ | siz | siz | siz | sender, sizder | esir, sir- | siz | sizlar | senler, siler, sizler | heð | siler, sizder | ehigi |
| they | *o-lar[11] | on-lar | onlar | olar | olar | vĕsem, vĕsen- | olar | ular | ular | ular | alar | kiniler, ollor |
Numbers
| Proto-Turkic | Oghur Turkic | Common Turkic | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Volga Bulgar | Chuvash | Karakhanid | Turkish | Azeri | Turkmen | Kazakh | Uzbek | Uyghur | Bashkir | Kyrgyz | Sakha (Yakut) | ||
| 1 | *bīr | بىر (bīr) | pĕr | bīr | bir | bir | bir | bir | bir | bir | ber | bir | biir |
| 2 | *ẹk(k)i | اَكِ (eki) | ikĕ | ikkī | iki | iki | iki | eki | ikki | ikki | ike | eki | ikki |
| 3 | *üč | وج (več) | viśĕ | üč | üç | üç | üç | üş | uch | üç | ös | üč | üs |
| 4 | *tȫrt | تُوات (tüvet) | tăvată | tȫrt | dört | dörd | dört | tört | to'rt | tört | dürt | tört | tüört |
| 5 | *bẹ̄ĺ(k) | بيال (byel) | pilĕk | bḗš | beş | beş | bäş | bes | besh | beş | biş | beş | bies |
| 6 | *altï | اَلطِ (altï) | ultă | altï̄ | altı | altı | alty | altı | olti | alte | altı | altı | alta |
| 7 | *jẹt(t)i | جىَاتِ (čyeti) | śičĕ | yétī | yedi | yeddi | ýedi | jeti | yetti | yetti | yete | jeti | sette |
| 8 | *sekiŕ | ڛَكِڔ (sekir) | sakăr | sekiz | sekiz | səkkiz | sekiz | segiz | sakkiz | sekkiz | higeð | segiz | аğıs |
| 9 | *tokuŕ | طُخِڔ (tuxïr) | tăhăr | tokūz | dokuz | doqquz | dokuz | toğız | to'qqiz | toqquz | tuğıð | toguz | toğus |
| 10 | *ōn | وان (van) | vună | ōn | on | on | on | on | o'n | on | un | on | uon |
| 20 | *jẹgirmi | جِيِرم (čiyirim) | śirĕm | yegirmī | yirmi | iyirmi | ýigrimi | jıyırma | yigirma | yigrime | yegerme | jıyırma | süürbe |
| 30 | *otuŕ | وطر (vutur) | vătăr | ottuz | otuz | otuz | otuz | otız | o'ttiz | ottuz | utıð | otuz | otut |
| 40 | *kïrk | حرح (xïrïx) | hĕrĕh | kïrk | kırk | qırx | kyrk | qırıq | qirq | qiriq | qırq | kırk | - |
| 50 | *ellig | اَلُّ (ellü) | ală | ellig | elli | əlli | elli | eliw | ellik | ellik | ille | elüü | - |
| 60 | *altmïĺ | - | utmăl | altmïš | altmış | altmış | altmyş | alpıs | oltmish | atmiş | altmış | altımış | - |
| 70 | *jẹtmïĺ | - | śitmĕl | yetmiš | yetmiş | yetmiş | ýetmiş | jetpis | yetmish | etmiş | yetmeş | jetimiş | - |
| 80 | *sekiŕ ōn | سكر وان (sekir van) | sakăr vun | seksȫn | seksen | səksən | segsen | seksen | sakson | seksen | hikhän | seksen | ağıs uon |
| 90 | *tokuŕ ōn | طوخر وان (toxïr van) | tăhăr vun | toksōn | doksan | doxsan | togsan | toqsan | to'qson | toqsan | tuqhan | tokson | toğus uon |
| 100 | *jǖŕ | جُور (čǖr) | śĕr | yǖz | yüz | yüz | ýüz | jüz | yuz | yüz | yöð | jüz | süüs |
| 1000 | *bïŋ | - | pin | miŋ | bin | min | müň | mıñ | ming | miñ | meñ | miñ | muñ |
References
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1". "The origin and early dispersal history of the Turkic peoples is disputed, with candidates for their ancient homeland ranging from the Transcaspian steppe to Manchuria in Northeast Asia."
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". "It is generally agreed among historians and linguists that the starting point of the Turkic migrations was located in the eastern part of the Central Asian steppe (see, e.g., Golden 1992, Kljastornyj & Suktanov 2009; Menges 1995:55). Turkologists use various definitions for describing the Proto-Turkic homeland, but most indicate more or less the same region. While Janhunen (1996:26, 2015:293) locates the Proto-Turkic homeland fairly precisely in Eastern Mongolia, Rona-Tas (1998:88), in a rather general manner, places the last habitat of the Turkic speakers before the disintegration of the family "in west and central Siberia and in the region south of it." The latter localization overlaps in large part with that proposed by Tenisev et al. (2006), who associate the Proto-Turkic urheimat with the vast area stretching from the Ordos Desert in Inner Mongolia to the foothils of the Sayan-Altai mountains in Southern Siberia."
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- ↑ In Sakha (AKA Yakut), kini(ler) is used for animate referents whereas ol(lor) is used for inanimate referents. While the latter is cognate with other third person forms given here, the former descends from Proto-Turkic *gëntü, *këntü '(him/her)self' and is thus cognate, for example, with Turkish kendi.
- ↑ This pronoun are constructed by adding a plural suffix to *o-l "he/she/it". However, an Oghur language Chuvash uses a completely different plural suffix that lacks vowel harmony, -sem. According to Róna-Tas (1998), -sem is a late replacement to *-lAr.
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Sources
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Further reading
- Dybo, A.V. (2014). "Early contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic reconstruction". In: Tatarica: Language, 2, p. 7-17.
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External links
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