Malian Armed Forces

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The Malian Armed Forces (Template:Langx, FAMa) consists of the Army (Template:Langx), Republic of Mali Air Force (Template:Langx), and National Guard.[1] They number some 7,000 and are under the control of the Minister of Armed Forces and Veterans. The Library of Congress as of January 2005 stated that "[t]he military is underpaid, poorly equipped, and in need of rationalization. Its organisation has suffered from the incorporation of Tuareg irregular forces into the regular military following a 1992 agreement between the government and Tuareg rebel forces."[2]

In 2009, the IISS Military Balance listed 7,350 soldiers in the Army, 400 in the Air Force, and 50 in the Navy.[3] The Gendarmerie and local police forces (under the Ministry of Interior and Security) maintain internal security. The IISS listed paramilitary total force as 4,800 personnel: 1,800 in the Gendarmerie (8 companies), 2,000 in the Republican Guard, and 1,000 police officers. A few Malians receive military training in the United States, France, and Germany.

Military expenditures total about 13% of the national budget. Mali is an active contributor to peacekeeping forces in West and Central Africa; the Library of Congress said that in 2004 Mali was participating in United Nations operations in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC, 28 personnel including 27 observers), Liberia (UNMIL, 252 personnel, including 4 observers), and Sierra Leone (3 observers).

History

The Malian armed forces were initially formed by Malian conscript and volunteer veterans of the French Armed Forces. In the months preceding the formation of the Malian armed forces, the French Armed Forces withdrew from their bases in Mali.

File:VOA Mali National Guard soldier.jpg
A national guard soldier walks by demonstrators at Bamako airport.

Among the last bases to be closed were those at Kati, on 8 June 1961, Tessalit (base aérienne secondaire), on 8 July 1961, Gao (base aérienne 163 de Gao), on 2 August 1961, and Air Base 162 at Bamako (base aérienne 162 de Bamako), on 5 September 1961.[4]

On 1 October 1960, the Malian army was formally installed through a speech by Chief of Staff Captain Sekou Traore. On 12 October the same year, the army held its first parade in Bamako under the command of Captain Tiemoko Konate. The army initially consisted of a battalion in Ségou and included units scattered across the territory. A memo from the Chief of Staff ordered a realignment of the battalion. A command and services detachment in Bamako was created, and the engineer company in Ségou, the first Saharan motorized company of Gao, the Saharan Motor Company of Kidal, the Arouane nomad group, nomadic group of Timetrine (in the commune of Timtaghène), the 1st Reconnaissance Company and Nioro 2nd Reconnaissance Company Tessalit. By 16 January 1961, Mali's army totaled 1,232 men.[4][5]

In the sixties and seventies, Mali's army and air force relied primarily on the Soviet Union for materiel and training.[2]

On 19 November 1968, a group of young Malian officers staged a bloodless coup and set up a 14-member military junta, with Lieutenant Moussa Traoré as president. The military leaders attempted to pursue economic reforms, but for several years faced debilitating internal political struggles and the disastrous Sahelian drought. A new constitution, approved in 1974, created a one-party state and was designed to move Mali toward civilian rule. The military leaders remained in power.[6]

Moussa Traoré improved relations with France and other Western countries after the coup, but Mali remained dependent on the Soviet Union for the arming and training of the Malian Armed Forces. Approximately 50 Soviet military advisors provided armour, artillery and parachute training to Mali's military, and trained all of Mali's pilots.[7] The Soviets also improved the Malian Air Force base in Mopti, and occasionally used Malian airfields to stage supply flights for groups it supported in Angola.[7]

Single-party presidential and legislative elections were held in June 1979, and General Moussa Traoré received 99% of the votes. His efforts at consolidating the single-party government were challenged in 1980 by student-led anti-government demonstrations, which were brutally put down, and by three coup attempts. The Traore government ruled throughout the 1970s and 1980s. On 26 March 1991, after four days of intense anti-government rioting, a group of 17 military officers, led by subsequent President Amadou Toumani Touré, arrested President Traoré and suspended the constitution. They formed a civilian-heavy provisional ruling body, and initiated a process that led to democratic elections.[6]

The Tuareg rebellion began in 1990 when Tuareg separatists attacked government buildings around Gao. The armed forces' reprisals led to a full-blown rebellion in which the absence of opportunities for Tuareg in the army was a major complaint. The conflict died down after Alpha Konaré formed a new government and made reparations in 1992. Also, Mali created a new self-governing region, the Kidal Region, and provided for greater Tuareg integration into Malian society. In 1994, Tuareg, reputed to have been trained and armed by Libya, attacked Gao, which again led to major Malian Army reprisals and to the creation of the Ghanda Koi Songhai militia to combat the Tuareg. Mali effectively fell into civil war.

As of June 2008, service commanders were Colonel Boubacar Togola (Armée de Terre), Colonel Waly Sissoko (Armée de l'Air), Lieutenant-Colonel Daouda Sogoba (Garde Nationale) et du Colonel Adama Dembélé (Gendarmerie Nationale).[8]

The Malian army largely collapsed during the war against Tuareg separatists and Islamist rebels in early 2012. In a span of less than fourth months at the start of 2012, the Malian army was defeated by the rebels who seized more than 60% of the former Malian territory, taking all camps and position of the army, capturing and killing hundreds of Malian soldiers, while hundred others deserted or defected.[9]

Following the rebel advance, a group of soldiers from the Kati camp near Bamako staged a coup on 22 March 2012 which overthrew Malian president Amadou Toumani Touré. After the junta seized power, they successfully repelled a counter coup on 30 April by loyalists from the red berets elite units.[10]

The Malian military was rebuilt by French forces, and is now capable of conducting counter terrorism operations. In February 2020, the army stated that up to 200 Malian troops arrived in Kidal, a Northern city. This was the first time the army was deployed in this area because of the Tuareg Separatists rebels that chased out the army since 2014.[11]

On 1 November 2019, the IS-GS militants killed at least 50 soldiers in the 2019 Indelimane attack in the Ménaka Region of Mali.[12]

Since the 2020 coup, the military received equipment from Turkish forces.[13]

On 7 September 2023, at least 154 civilians and fifteen Malian soldiers were killed when al-Qaeda linked JNIM militants simultaneously attacked a Malian military camp at Bamba and the civilian boat Tombouctou on the Niger River near the village of Banikane, Gourma-Rharous.[14]

In July 2024, CSP-DPA rebels and JNIM militants killed dozens of Russian mercenaries and Malian government forces during the Battle of Tinzaouaten.[15] On 17 September 2024, JNIM militants attacked several locations across Bamako, the capital of Mali, including police and military installations, killing at least 77 people and injuring 255 others.[16]

Army

Manpower is provided by two-year selective conscription. Mali apparently has six military regions, according to Jane's World Armies. The 1st Military Region and 13th Combined Arms Regiment may be in Gao.[17] The 3rd Military Region appears to be at Kati.[18] The 4th Military Region is at Kayes[19] and the 5th Military Region is at Timbuktu.[20]

The 512 Regiment was reported within the 5th Military Region in 2004.[21] In 2010 Agence France-Presse reported that French training would be given to the 62nd Motorized Infantry Regiment of the 6th Military Region, based at Sévaré.[22] The same story said that the regiment consisted of three Rapid Intervention Companies (CIR) and AFP said it was "considered the elite...of the Malian army."[22]

Mali is one of four Saharan states which created a Joint Military Staff Committee in 2010, to be based at Tamanrasset in southern Algeria. Algeria, Mauritania, Niger, and Mali were to take part.[23]

The 134e Escadron de Reconnaissance (reconnaissance squadron) was to be trained to operate the French ACMAT Bastion APC by the EUTM Mali.[24]

The Army controls the small navy (approx. 130 sailors and 3 river patrol boats).

Sources: Mali Actu Template:Webarchive 17 February 2012: Liste des généraux du Mali sous ATT : À quoi servaient-ils ? Quel sera leur sort ? Template:Webarchive and Le Monde-Duniya du 12 avril 2012: Les Generaux du MALIScript error: No such module "Unsubst".

Equipment

The goal of this list is to comprehensively catalogue Mali's current and past inventory of (armoured fighting) vehicles and heavy weaponry.[25] Historically a major recipient of Soviet military aid, frequent arms deliveries in the 1970s and 1980s turned Mali into one of the strongest militaries in western Africa, operating advanced equipment such as dedicated tank destroyers, S-125 SAM systems and MiG-21bis jet fighters.[25]

Equipment currently in service with the Malian Army
Name Image Origin In service Notes
Tanks
T-54 File:T-54 (1951).jpg File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union N/A (Rarely used operationally).[25]
PT-76 Mod. 1952 File:PT-76 01.JPG N/A (Rarely used operationally).[25]
Type-62 File:Type 62 light tank 20220203.jpg File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China N/A (In operational condition but not in active use).[25]
Armoured Fighting Vehicles (AFVs)
BRDM-2 File:BRDM-2 in Polish service.jpg File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union N/A [25]
Infantry Fighting Vehicles (IFVs)
BMP-1 File:Bulgarian bmp-1.jpg File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union N/A (In operational condition but not in active use).[25]
Armoured Personnel Carriers
BTR-152 File:BTR-152 in Technical museum Togliatty.JPG File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union N/A [25]
BTR-60PB File:BTR-60PB side.JPEG N/A (At least one operates without a turret).[25]
BTR-70 File:BTR-70, museum, Togliatti-1.JPG N/A [25]
VN2C File:PLA Hong Kong Garrison ZSL92B.JPG File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China N/A [25]
Fahd File:Mali Army APC in 1997.JPEG File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt N/A [25]
Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) Vehicles
Typhoon 4x4 File:Streit Typhoon.png Script error: No such module "flag". N/A [25]
Gladiator N/A [25]
Typhoon 6x6 N/A (Armed with a HMG).[25]
Tornado 6x6 N/A [25]
Shrek One File:KrAZ Shrek-M.jpg N/A [25]
OTT PUMA M36-15 Template:SAF N/A (Armed with a 12.7mm DShK).[25]
Paramount Maurader File:Marauder Multi Role Armoured Vehicle (9676433800).jpg N/A [25]
Casspir File:Texas National Guardsmen exchange best practices with Burundi soldiers.jpg N/A [25]
OTT Casspir File:2014 08 31 Kurtunwaarey-8 (14916053890).jpg N/A (Armed with a 12.7mm DShK).[25]
RG-31 Nyala File:RG-31 Nyala.jpg N/A (Used by the Gendarmerie).[25]
VP11 File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China N/A [25]
Infantry Mobility Vehicles (IMVs)
Panhard PVP File:Festival automobile international 2011 - Panhard PVP APC - 01.jpg Script error: No such module "flag". N/A (Armed with a 12.7mm M2 HMG).[25]
ACMAT Bastion File:MINUSMA Goundam 2015.jpg N/A [25]
ACMAT Bastion File:U.S. Army Africa medics mentor in Botswana 2010 (4348749990)-crop-Acmat Ambulance.jpg N/A (Ambulance).[25]
URO VAMTAC File:75 Aniversario de la Academia General del Aire URO VAMTAC (28827213528).jpg Script error: No such module "flag". N/A [25]
Stark Motors Storm Script error: No such module "flag". N/A [25]
Kia KLTV File:Kia KLTV at ADAS 2018.jpg Script error: No such module "flag". N/A (Armed with a 7.62mm PKM LMG).[25]
VN-4 File:NORINCO VN-4 4x4 VEN.jpg File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China N/A [25]
Cougar File:Kraz-Cougar.jpg Script error: No such module "flag". N/A [25]
Python N/A (Not yet seen).[25]
All-Terrain Vehicles (ATVs)
Lynx CS/VP11 File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China N/A [25]
Utility Vehicles
ACMAT ALTV File:Les familles des otages français renouvellent leurs appels pour la libération (5937103356).jpg Script error: No such module "flag". N/A [25]
ACMAT ALTV Ambulance N/A [25]
MasstecH T4 File:Vigipirate - gare de Lille (Technamm Masstech T4).jpg N/A [25]
Kia KM420 File:Bangladesh Army KIA KM420. (35411089176).jpg Script error: No such module "flag". N/A [25]
Kia KM450 File:LRR KIA KM-450 trucks 01.jpg N/A [25]
Kia KM450 Ambulance File:Kia KM451 Ambulance.jpg N/A [25]
Dongfeng EQ2500 File:Dongfeng EQ2050 Xiamen 01 2019-10-25.jpg File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China N/A [25]
Toyota Land Cruiser File:Pakistan Army Toyota Land Cruiser.jpg Template:JAP N/A [25]
Toyota Land Cruiser Ambulance File:Bangladesh Army Land Cruiser 70 ambulance. (31366598591).jpg N/A [25]
Toyota Land Cruiser Prado File:TOYOTA LAND CRUISER PRADO (J150) China (9).jpg N/A [25]
Toyota Land Cruiser GXR File:Toyota GXR.jpg N/A [25]
Nissan NP300 File:Nissan Navara NP300 2016 (25149025714).jpg N/A [25]
Nissan Frontera File:SEF Nissian.jpg N/A [25]
Mitsubishi L200 File:Mitsubishi L200 (MSP15) 01.jpg N/A [25]
Land Rover Defender File:Land Rover Defender 90.jpg Script error: No such module "flag". N/A [25]
Land Rover Defender File:Land Rover Defender Ex-KFOR Ambulance.jpg N/A (Ambulance).[25]
Towed Artillery
100mm MT-12 'Rapira' File:ParkPatriot2015part6-42.jpg File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union N/A [25]
122mm D-30 File:122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30).jpg N/A [25]
Multiple Rocket Launchers (MRLs)
107mm Type-63 File:Type1963 107mm Rocket Launcher.jpg File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China N/A [25]
122mm 9P122 'Grad-P' File:Grad-P-batey-haosef-1.jpg File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union N/A [25]
122mm BM-21 'Grad' File:BM-21 Grad Armed Forces of Ukraine.jpg N/A [25]
Mortars
60mm M57 File:Минобацач М57 60мм.jpg Script error: No such module "flag". N/A [25]
82mm 82-BM-37 File:82-BM-37 Chornomorsk 2021 G1.jpg File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union N/A [25]
120mm PM-43 File:120-PM-43 Mortar.jpg N/A [25]
(Self-propelled) Anti-Aircraft Guns
12.7mm DShK File:Soviet DSHK Model 1938 12.7mm Heavy Machine Gun (9885042345).jpg File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union N/A [25]
14.5mm ZPU-1 File:ZPU ZPU-1 Anti-aircraft Guns (49367464347).jpg N/A [25]
14.5mm QJG-02 File:Eqtedar 40 defence exhibition (2020) (090).jpg File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China N/A [25]
23mm ZSU-23-4 'Shilka' File:Shilka at Tula (2017).jpg File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union N/A (Rarely used operationally).[25]
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
Hawker Q800X Script error: No such module "flag". N/A [25]
Trucks
ACMAT VLRA 4x4 File:ACMAT VLRA 3285x2465.JPG Script error: No such module "flag". N/A [25]
ACMAT VLRA 6x6 File:VLRA 3e régiment du matériel.JPG N/A [25]
Berliet GBC-180 File:Renault GBC 180 photo-8.JPG N/A [25]
Renault T430 File:Renault T 430 tanker. Free image Spielvogel 1.JPG N/A [25]
Renault Kerax File:Bangladesh Army Renault Kerax 380.34T tractor head. (35064178110).jpg N/A [25]
Renault Kerax Wrecker File:Bangladesh Army Renault Kerax wrecker (28883368506).jpg N/A [25]
SNVI M120 File:SNVI M120.jpg File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria N/A [25]
SNVI M230 File:SNVI Military Truck M230.jpg N/A [25]
SNVI M350 File:SNVI Military Truck M350.jpg N/A [25]
Iveco 330.30 ANW File:Iveco 330.30 ANW 1994 (9630436791).jpg Script error: No such module "flag". N/A [25]
Iveco Eurocargo File:Iveco Eurocargo.JPG N/A [25]
DAF 2800 6x4 File:DAF YB-626.jpg Script error: No such module "flag". N/A [25]
MAN KAT1 4x4   File:Bundeswehr MAN 5to.gl (edited).jpg Script error: No such module "flag". N/A [25]
MAN KAT1 6x6   File:MAN HX42M 6×6 Havelbiwak-2022.jpg N/A [25]
MAN TGS 35.440   File:MAN TGS 35.440 ohne Aufbau.jpg N/A [25]
Mercedes-Benz MB1017   File:MB 1017.jpg N/A [25]
Mercedes-Benz Actros File:Mercedes-Benz Actros 1848 BlueTec 5-5.JPG N/A [25]
Mercedes-Benz Atego File:Mercedes-Benz Atego Lippujuhlan päivä 2013.JPG N/A [25]
Magirus Eckhauber File:Magirus Militärpritsche.jpg N/A (3. Generation).[25]
Unimog 1300 File:Mercedes Benz Unimog 1300 L.jpg N/A [25]
Unimog 1300 File:Fliegerhorst Nörvenich Unimog Rettungswagen - 9106631915.jpg N/A (Ambulance).[25]
Ural-4320 File:Ural-4320 1 Zakarpattya.jpg Script error: No such module "flag". N/A [25]
GAZ-3308 'Sadko' File:Interpolitex2016part2-11.jpg N/A [25]
Dongfeng EQ1092F File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China N/A [25]
Dongfeng EQ140-1C File:Dongfeng truck in Yangon.jpg N/A [25]
Dongfeng EQ240 File:Dongfeng EQ240 China 2017-04-05.jpg N/A [25]
FAW CA1122J N/A [25]
Howo Sinotruk 4x4 File:Sinotruk Howo T7H 500 - Front and left side IAA 2018.jpg N/A [25]
Howo Sinotruk 6x6 File:Royal Thai Army, Sinotruk Howo 6x6 tractor unit..jpg N/A [25]
Hongyan Genlyon File:Public Transport Maintenance 3-39 at Lücunnanzhan (20180701164149).jpg N/A [25]
Jiefang J5 N/A [25]
Sachman SX2190 N/A [25]
Engineering Vehicles
Caterpillar bulldozer File:IDF-D9-Zachi-Evenor-001.jpg File:Flag of the United States.svg United States N/A [25]
M-Boot File:M-Boot 3.jpg Script error: No such module "flag". N/A [25]

Equipment formerly in service

Equipment formerly in service
Name Image Origin In Stock Notes
Tanks
T-34/85 File:Tank T-34.JPG File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union N/A [25]
FT-17 File:Renault FT-17.jpg Script error: No such module "flag". N/A [25]
Armoured Fighting Vehicles (AFVs)
BTR-40 File:BTR-40 Kyiv 20025.jpg File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union N/A [25]
9P133 File:9P133 in Piešťany v2.jpg N/A (Some repurposed as fire-support vehicles armed with ZU-23s).[25]
Towed Artillery
76mm ZiS-3 File:ZIS-3 76 mm gun-4632.JPG File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union N/A [25]
85mm D-44 File:85 mm divisional gun (D-44) 001.jpg N/A [25]
Multiple Rocket Launchers (MRLs)
132mm BM-13 File:BM-13-Katjuscha Berlin.JPG File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union N/A [25]
Anti-Aircraft Guns
14.5mm ZPU-2 File:ZPU-2 Lutsk.jpg File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union N/A [25]
37mm M-1939 File:37mm anti-aircraft cannon 61-K (1939) in Perm.jpg N/A [25]
Surface-To-Air Missile Systems (SAMs)
S-125 File:S-125 vojni muzej.jpg File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union N/A [25]
Radars
P-12/18 'Spoon Rest' File:029 - P-18 'Spoon Rest' (30927711337).jpg File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union N/A [25]
P-15 'Flat Face A' File:033 - P-15 'Flat Face' (44953622575).jpg N/A [25]
SNR-125 'Low Blow' File:SNR-125 2.jpg N/A (for S-125), (Not yet seen).[25]
Utility Vehicles
UAZ-452 File:UAZ 452 front q.jpg File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union N/A [25]
UAZ-469 File:UAZ-469 (4713547953).jpg N/A [25]
GAZ-69 File:Газ-69.JPG N/A [25]
Beijing BJ212 File:Beijing BJ212 BJ2023CHB2 Longyan 01 2022-08-06.jpg File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China N/A [25]
VW Iltis File:Iltis arriving Schaffen-Diest 2015.JPG Script error: No such module "flag". N/A [25]
VW T3 File:VW T3 (side).jpg N/A [25]
Land Rover Series III File:Land Rover Series III Lightweight 1979 - front.jpg Script error: No such module "flag". N/A [25]
Trucks
GAZ-66 File:GAZ 66.jpg File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union N/A
ZiL-131 File:NVA ZiL-131.jpg N/A [25]
ZiL-157 File:ZiL-157, 12. Internationales Maritimes-Fahrzeugtreffen, Ribnitz-Damgarten (P1060451).jpg N/A [25]
MAZ-537 File:MAZ-537 at Migalovo Air Force base -01.jpg N/A [25]
Ural-4320 Crane File:Ural-4320 Fahrzeugtreffen Hohenleipisch.jpg Script error: No such module "flag". N/A [25]
Mercedes-Benz SK File:Mercedes-Benz SK 3235 (2).jpg Script error: No such module "flag". N/A [25]
Mercedes-Benz 1113 File:Oslo - Mercedes-Benz 1113.jpg N/A (Double Cabin).[25]
MAN Hauber File:MAN 13.168 HA. (DMF) 01.jpg N/A [25]
Magirus Eckhauber File:Magirus Militärpritsche.jpg N/A [25]
Unimog Ambulance File:Mercedes Unimog Military Ambulance at Erfgoeddag 2017, Gunfire Museum pic1.jpg N/A (Ambulance).[25]
Renault R340 File:Renault R340TI Major left-front.jpg Script error: No such module "flag". N/A [25]
Unknown Truck N/A N/A [25]
Engineering Vehicles
GSP-55 File:Selbstfahrende Fähre mit Gleiskette GSP-55 (36933748336).jpg File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union N/A [25]
PTS File:PTS-2 - RaceofHeroes-part2-36.jpg N/A [25]
Hanomag Dozer File:Royal Dutch Army Hanomag photo-2.JPG Script error: No such module "flag". N/A [25]
Grader File:Caterpillar 12G grader MD3.jpg File:Flag of the United States.svg United States N/A [25]
Unknown Loader N/A N/A [25]
Unknown Roller N/A N/A [25]

Training establishments

The Malian armed forces have at least two significant training establishments:

The Alioune Bloundin Beye school is the tactical-level component of a trio of three ECOWAS peacekeeping training schools: the Alioune Bloundin Beye school (EMPABB), the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre in Accra, Ghana (operational level), and the Nigerian National Defence College (strategic level).[26] The school has trained over 6900 students since its opening and is currently supported financially and technically by seven countries and as well as the ECOWAS.[27]

Air Force

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File:Mali ECOMOG troops hangar.jpg
Malian soldiers stand MiG 21bis fighters at Bamako–Sénou International

The Mali Air Force (Armée de l'air du Mali) was founded in 1961 with French supplied military aid. This included MH.1521 Broussard utility monoplane followed by two C-47 transports until Soviet aid starting in 1962 with four Antonov AN-2 Colt biplane transports and four Mi-4 light helicopters.[28] It used to operate MiG jets but is currently equipped with cargo aircraft, light attack aircraft and helicopters.

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b Library of Congress, Country Profile Template:Webarchive, January 2005
  3. ↑ IISS Military Balance 2009 p.310
  4. ↑ a b Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  5. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  6. ↑ a b Herbert Howe, Ambiguous Order: Military Forces in African States, Lynne Rienner, 2005, p.277
  7. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ État-major général des armées : Le colonel Gabriel Poudiougou promu Général de brigade Template:Webarchive. L'Indépendant, 12/06/2008
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ http://www.malikounda.com/nouvelle_voir.php?idNouvelle=20217Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ United States European Command, 1/10 Special Forces Group Supports Pan Sahel Initiative Template:Webarchive, 2004
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ a b Ennaharonline.com, French troops for anti-terrorist training in Mali Template:Webarchive, 13 April 2010.
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".. See also http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/231198 [1] – 09ALGIERS0048, on Tamanrassat committee
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ http://www.ambafrance-gh.org/spip.php?article115 Template:Webarchive. Retrieved September 2011
  27. ↑ http://www.empbamako.org/ Template:Webarchive Retrieved February 2015
  28. ↑ World Aircraft Information Files. Brightstar Publishing, London. Files 337, Sheet 04.

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Template:CIA World Factbook

Further reading

  • 'Insurgency, disarmament, and insecurity in Northern Mali 1990–2004,' in Nicolas Florquin and Eric G. Berman (eds.) Armed and Aimless Armed Groups, Guns, and Human Security in the ECOWAS Region, Small Arms Survey, Template:ISBN, May 2005
  • Mahamadou Nimaga, 'Mali', in Alan Bryden, Boubacar N'Diaye, 'Security Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities,' DCAF/Lit Verlag, 2011.
  • Jared Rudacille, "Security Sector Reform's Utility in Conflict Prevention Template:Webarchive," Monograph written as part of a degree requirement at the US School of Advanced Military Studies, November 2013. (Includes case study of US aid to security sector reform in Mali, 2004–2012.)

External links

Template:Sister project

Template:Country topics Template:Military of Africa

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