BM-21 Grad

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

The BM-21 "Grad" (Template:Langx) is a self-propelled 122 mm multiple rocket launcher designed in the Soviet Union.[1] The system and the M-21OF rocket[2] were first developed in the early 1960s, and saw their first combat use in March 1969 during the Sino-Soviet border conflict.[3] BM stands for boyevaya mashina (Template:Langx – combat vehicle), and the nickname Script error: No such module "Lang". means "hail". The complete system with the BM-21 launch vehicle and the M-21OF rocket is designated as the M-21 field-rocket system and is more commonly known as a Grad multiple rocket launcher system.

In NATO countries the system, either the complete system or the launch vehicle only, was initially known as the M1964. Several other countries have copied the Grad or developed similar systems. In Russian service its intended replacement is the 9A52-4 Tornado. Many similar 122 mm MLRS systems are made by different countries based on the BM-21 Grad.

Description

File:ЗРК Град парад.jpg
A BM-21-1 launch vehicle during a military parade in Yekaterinburg, May 2009.

The M-21 field rocket system with a BM-21 launch vehicle (122 mm multiple rocket launcher (MRL) system) entered service with the Soviet Army in 1963 to replace the aging 140 mm BM-14 system. The launch vehicle consists of a Ural-375D 6x6 truck chassis fitted with a bank of 40 launch tubes arranged in a rectangular shape that can be turned away from the unprotected cab.

The vehicle is powered by a water-cooled V8 180 hp gasoline engine, has a maximum road speed of Template:Convert, a road range of up to Template:Convert, and can cross fords up to Template:Convert deep. The original vehicle together with supporting equipment (including the resupply truck 9T254 with 60 rockets) is referred to by the GRAU index "9K51". The launcher itself has the industrial index of "2B5". In 1976, the BM-21 was mounted on the newer Ural-4320 6x6 army truck.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

The three-member crew can emplace the system and have it ready to fire in three minutes. The crew can fire the rockets from the cab or from a trigger at the end of a Template:Convert cable. All 40 rockets can be away in as little as 20 seconds, and can be fired individually or in small groups in several-second intervals. A PG-1M panoramic telescope with a K-1 collimator can be used for sighting.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Each Template:Convert rocket is slowly spun by rifling in its tube as it exits, which along with its primary fin stabilization keeps it on course. Rockets armed with high explosive-fragmentation, incendiary, or chemical warheads can be fired Template:Convert. Newer high explosive and cargo rockets (used to deliver anti-personnel or antitank mines) have a range of Template:Convert and more. Warheads weigh around Template:Convert, depending on the type.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

The number of rockets that each vehicle is able to quickly bring to bear on an enemy target makes it effective, especially at shorter ranges. One battalion of eighteen launchers is able to deliver 720 rockets in a single volley. The system has lower precision than gun artillery and cannot be used in situations that call for pinpoint accuracy. It relies on a large number of shells impacting over an area for a certain hit rate on specific targets. Because of the short warning time for the impact of the whole volley, the BM-21 is still considered an effective weapon.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Operational history

The Grad saw its first combat use in March 1969 during the Sino-Soviet border conflict.

Their use, in conjunction with the M-46, during Operation Savannah halted the advance of South African troops in 1975. The Valkiri was brought into service in 1977 to counter the Grad.

Variants

File:Rocket launcher BM-21 "Grad" on Ural-375D chassis.jpg
A BM-21 launch vehicle.
File:9P138.jpg
The 9P138 launch vehicle of the Grad-1 multiple rocket launcher system.
File:Verkhnyaya Pyshma Tank Museum 2012 0153.jpg
A BM-21V VDV variant.

Soviet Union/Russia

Script error: No such module "anchor".

  • BM-21: Original version known as the BM-21 launch vehicle. The launcher unit was mounted on a modified Ural-375D truck chassis.
    • BM-21-1: Launch vehicles are mounted on a family of Ural-4320 truck chassis.
    • 2B17 or also BM-21-1: This upgrade was presented for the first time in 2003 and was developed by Motovilikha Plants from Perm. The system is fitted with a satellite navigation system NAP SNS, automated fire control system ASUNO, APP laying system and can fire a new generation of rockets with a range of Template:Convert. The truck is the Ural-43201.

Script error: No such module "anchor".

  • 9P138 "Grad-1": lighter 36-round version, mounted on a 6x6 ZIL-131 chassis. The vehicle with supporting equipment (rockets, transporter 9T450 and resupply truck 9F380) is referred to as complex 9K55. The 9P138 can only use "short-range" rockets with a range of Template:Convert. It used to be known in the West as BM-21b or M1976.

Script error: No such module "anchor".

  • BM-21V "Grad-V" (Vozdushnodesantniy – 'airborne') (NATO designation M1975): Developed for Soviet Airborne Forces in 1969. A GAZ-66B 4x4 truck chassis is fitted with a 12-round 122 mm rocket launcher. The vehicle is sturdy enough to be airdropped. Parts of the vehicle such as the canvas cab roof can be taken off or folded down to reduce its size during transit. Like the BM-21, the BM-21V has stabilizing jacks on the rear of the vehicle for support when firing. The launch vehicle has the industrial index of 9P125.

Script error: No such module "anchor".

  • 9А51 "Prima": 50-round launcher on a Ural-4320 5t chassis. The vehicle together with fire control equipment, the ammunition transporter TZM 9T232M and the new rocket 9M53F is referred to as complex 9K59. Apparently only a small number was produced.
File:Grad-P-batey-haosef-2.jpg
A Grad-P single tube launcher system

Script error: No such module "anchor".

  • "Grad-P Light portable rocket system": The complete system comprises a Template:Interlanguage link single-round man-portable launcher (it can be reloaded and used again), a 9M22M 122 mm high-explosive fragmentation rocket and a fire control panel. The system was developed in the middle of the 1960s for Soviet special units and was used by Vietnamese forces at war with the US, under the designation DKZ-B.[4] It was not accepted for regular service with the Russian Army, but it was and is still popular with paramilitary and guerrilla forces. This version was occasionally employed by both sides in the Donbas War (2014–2022).[5][6]

Script error: No such module "anchor".

  • BM-21PD "Damba" (Protivodiversionnyi): 40-round launcher mounted on Ural-375D or 43201 truck chassis. Developed for protection of naval bases against underwater infiltrations, uses special ammunition PRS-60 (Protivodiversionnyi Reaktivnyi Snaryad). The vehicle together with ammunition transporter is referred to as complex DP-62 "Damba".

Script error: No such module "anchor".

  • A-215 "Grad-M": 20-round naval version, entered service in 1978.

Script error: No such module "anchor".

  • 9K51M "Tornado-G": an advanced version of the original BM-21 vehicle with sophisticated fire control system, satellite navigation, and automatic target aiming.[7]

Adaptations of the launcher were/are produced by several countries including China, Czechoslovakia, Egypt, Iran, North Korea, Poland and Romania.

Belarus

File:BelGrad BM-21A.JPG
A Belarusian BM-21A "BelGrad"
  • BM-21A "BelGrad": This is a modernized version, based on a MAZ-631705 6×6 truck with 425 hp diesel engine TMZ-8424. Between the cab and the launcher there is another pack of 40 rockets. The system was evaluated from 1997 and entered service in 2001.

China

  • [[Type 81 (rocket launcher)|Template:Vanchor]]: The People's Republic of China produces the Type 81, which was copied from Russian BM-21s captured in the 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War. After reverse engineering, it entered service with the PLA in 1982 where its upgraded version nowadays known as PHZ81. Due to the fact that it is a direct copy, the Type 81 is extremely similar to its Russian predecessor. Its 40 tubes are mounted on a Shaanxi Automobile Works Yan'an SX2150 6x6 truck, which unlike the original Russian version, has a cab protected by blast shields.
  • [[Type 81 (rocket launcher)#Type 83|Template:Vanchor]]: This is a 24-round version, based on a Dong Feng truck. The launch tubes are arranged in three rows of 8. The launch vehicle has a total combat weight of Template:Convert and can also be used as part of the mine-laying rocket system Type 84. Currently new rockets with ranges between Template:Convert are being developed.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  • [[Type 81 (rocket launcher)#Type 89|Template:Vanchor]]: This is basically the 40-round launcher of the BM-21 or Type 81 mounted on a tracked chassis with 520 hp diesel engine. The same chassis is also used for the Type 83 152 mm self-propelled howitzer (PLZ83), the Type 89 120 mm tank destroyer (PTZ89) and several other specialised vehicles. The vehicle has a combat weight of Template:Convert and carries 40 spare rockets. Its current PLA designator is PHZ89.
  • [[Type 81 (rocket launcher)#Type 90|Template:Vanchor]]: The NORINCO (China North Industries Corporation) Type 90 40-round multiple rocket system is an indigenously designed and built system equipped with an automatic operating and laying system, an electric firing system and an automatically reloadable pack of 40 rockets. It is very similar to the M-77 Oganj but of 122 mm calibre. The chassis used is the Tiema SC2030 6×6 truck. A Type 90 MRL battalion consists of three batteries, each with 6 self-propelled rocket launchers, 6 ammunition resupply trucks Tiema XC2200 with 80 rockets and a battery command post on a DongFeng EQ-245 6×6 truck.
  • [[Type 81 (rocket launcher)#Type 90A|Template:Vanchor]]: Modernised version, based on a Tiema XC2200 6×6 truck chassis and fitted with a modern fire control system with GPS. The command post vehicle can lay and control a number of Type 90A systems by remote control for maximum firepower.
  • [[Type 81 (rocket launcher)#Type 90B|Template:Vanchor]]: Latest, digitalised version. The rocket launch vehicle is based on a Beifang Benchi 2629 series 6×6 truck (Mercedes-Benz copy) and has a longer cabin. Each set now also has three forward observer vehicles, based on the armoured WZ551.
  • [[Type 81 (rocket launcher)#PR50 SPMRL|Template:Vanchor]]: Development of Type 90B SPMRL with firepower increased by 25% (50 rounds compared to the original 40 rounds). Incorporate features of Weishi series self-propelled multiple rocket launchers (WS SPMRL) series so that the operating cost and overall life cycle cost for both when most components of PR50 is interchangeable with that of WS series. Also incorporated is a feature originated in Type 90B, which is the adoption of rockets of different ranges, so PR50 has a wide range of 20 km to 40 km.
  • [[Weishi Rockets#WS-6|Template:Vanchor]]: A lightweight and more compact derivative of unguided 122 mm PR50 SPMRL for rapid deployment, with number of tubes reduced by 60% to 40 * from the original 100 of PR50 MLS.
File:Bangladesh Army WS-22 MLRS. (33659597465).jpg
A WS-22 SPMRL of the Bangladesh Army.
  • [[Weishi Rockets#WS-22|Template:Vanchor]]: A guided version of 122 mm PR50 MLS with primitive cascade inertial terminal guidance, with standard range of 20 to 30 km
  • CTL-181A MRL: A Dongfeng Mengshi variants fitted with 122 mm multiple rocket launcher and modular ammunition storage unit.[8]

Croatia

  • LRSV-122 M-96 "Tajfun" (samovozni višecijevni lanser raketa): Modified version of M-77 Oganj with 128 mm barrels replaced with 122 mm barrels due to lack of missiles in 128 mm caliber, in 4 rows of 8 launch tubes for use with Grad calibre rockets placed on unarmoured Tatra T813 truck instead of FAP trucks that were damaged beyond repair. About 4 of such conversions were done on Tatra chassis. Like the M-77 Oganj, the launcher and reloading pack are covered by a collapsible awning for protection and camouflage when travelling. Combat weight: 23.5 t. Only a very small number was built.
File:SVLR 122mm M96 Tajfun.jpg
A LRSV-122 M-96 "Tajfun
  • LRSV-122 M-92 "Vulkan" (samovozni višecijevni lanser raketa): Modified version of M-77 Oganj with 128 mm barrels replaced with 122 mm barrels due to lack of missiles in 128 mm caliber, in 4 rows of 8 launch tubes for use with Grad caliber.[9]

Czechoslovakia

File:T813 army2.JPG
A RM-70 launch vehicle, a Czechoslovak variant with the BM-21 launch vehicle launcher unit.
  • RM-70 (122 mm RAKETOMET vz. 70): In 1972 the Czechoslovak Army introduced its own version of the BM-21 launch vehicle, designated the RM-70. The launcher unit comprises a bank of 40 launch tubes arranged in 4 rows of 10 and it is mounted on an 8x8 10-ton modified Tatra 813 truck. Unlike the BM-21, the RM-70 has an armoured cab and enough room behind it to allow for the storage of further 40 rockets. Those rockets can be automatically reloaded into launcher at the same time.
    • RM-70/85: Modification of RM-70 launch vehicle on unarmored Tatra 815 truck.

Czech Republic

  • RM 70 Vampire: RM 70 modern version on Tatra 817 8x8 chassis with digital fire control system, introduced in 2015.
  • BM-21 MT STRIGA: BM-21 launch vehicle on Tatra 817 4x4 chassis with digital fire control system, without spare rack for immediate reload, introduced in 2022.

Egypt

The Egyptians domestically manufacture the rockets Sakr-18 and Sakr-36, with a respective range of Template:Convert and Template:Convert, and the latest Sakr-45 with a superior range of Template:Convert. Rather than a standard HE-Frag round, the Egyptian military prefers a Template:Convert cluster munition, which can be extremely effective against lightly armored equipment and troop concentrations. Both rockets, as well as the original Soviet models of course, are fired by locally manufactured rocket launchers like the RL-21 (copy of BM-11) and RC-21 (copy of BM-21, similar to the Hadid HM20). The Helwan Machine Tools Company also produces portable systems with one, three, four and eight launch tubes. Also the RAAD 200 which is a BM-21 on a new tracked vehicle.

Ethiopia

The Homicho Ammunition Engineering Complex produces the rockets while the Bishoftu Motorization Engineering Complex produces the launching tubes and has converted existing trucks to diesel engine. Bishoftu Motorization has also produced a six tube launcher to be mounted on light trucks.

Gaza Strip

Since 2006 Hamas has fired 122 mm Grad rockets, copies made in Iran, and Eastern-bloc versions modified to expand their range, into Israel.[10] The rockets were believed to be brought into the Gaza Strip via tunnels from Egypt.[10] Some of the rockets were of a Chinese Grad variant.[11] Hamas sources said they were pleased by the performance of the Chinese variants of the BM-21 Grad rocket, which demonstrated a far greater range and blast impact than Palestinian-made rockets, as well as Russian-origin Grads or Katyushas.[11][12]

Hamas have used small man-portable single-tube launchers for rockets in attacks against Israel, designated 122 mm 9P132/BM-21-P.[13] The 122 mm Grad rockets used in Gaza have a range of about Template:Convert, and can reach the Israeli towns of Ashdod, Beer-Sheva, Ofakim, Gedera, Kiryat Gat, Ashqelon, Sderot, Rehovot, Kiryat Malachi and Gan Yavne. They also published a clip claiming device mounted used as a multi-barrel rocket launcher on vehicle used for first time in Gaza.[14] On 7 April 2011, the Iron Dome system successfully intercepted a Grad rocket launched from Gaza for the first time. The rockets were launched without their dedicated platforms and by untrained operators which causes very low accuracy. Over 50% of the rockets miss entire cities and over 10% end up hitting the sea.[15]

Georgia

File:DRS-122 georgian MLRS (3).jpg
A Georgian RS-122, a heavily upgraded and automated version of the Soviet BM-21 based on the Ukrainian KrAZ-63221 chassis
  • RS-122 Magaria: In March 2012, the Republic of Georgia unveiled its own heavily modified self-propelled version of the BM-21 Grad. There are innovative improvements similar to that of its Polish counterpart. The crew cabin is armoured and well-protected in accordance with STANAG level 2 or higher. The 40-tube launcher is fitted with a pinpoint targeting system and has a maximum firing distance of 45 km depending on ammunition, guaranteeing much more precision at greater distances. There is enough room for an additional 40-tube pack. The launcher can be deployed and activated directly from inside the crew cab, greatly decreasing time between salvos. However, the traditional external setup is also available. An entire barrage can be fired in less than 20 seconds. The general purpose platform can also be used for more sophisticated rocket systems.[16][17]

Iran

D.I.O. from Iran produces copies of the BM-11 and BM-21 systems that can fire the original Soviet rockets as well as the locally developed "Arash" with a range of Template:Convert. There is also a rocket with a range of Template:Convert.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

  • Heidar-44: A 40-tube version of the BM-21 based on KrAZ truck chassies.
  • HM20: This is the Iranian version of the BM-21, mounted on a Mercedes-Benz 2624 6×6 truck. The launch pack however consists of 2 packs of 20 tubes. ReportedlyTemplate:By whom there is also a version with an automatic reload-system, latest version is mounted on 6×6 MAN trucks.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  • HM23: Lighter 16-round version with two packs of 8 launch tubes.
  • HM27: An 8-round version based on the Toyota Land Cruiser truck.
  • Raad: Iranian version of the 24-round BM-11, based on a Mercedes-Benz LA 911B 4x4 truck. Some vehicles are equipped with a light hydraulic crane. Not to be confused with an ATGM or a self-propelled howitzer of the same name.

Iraq

Various 122 mm-type rockets were deployed by Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war, modified to deliver nerve agents to targets. This included the 40-inch long, domestically produced Grad MLRS-compatible "Borak" warhead designed to disperse sarin gas.[18]

Italy

Produced a limited number of FIROS 25 and 30 rocket launchers. They had the same configuration, exactly 40 rockets 122 mm caliber, compatible also with BM-21 launcher. Range about 25–32 km, sold to Libya, United Arab Emirates and probably other customers. About 150 produced in '80s-'90s.

North Korea

  • BM-11: North Korean 30-tube version. The tubes are arranged in 2 banks of 15; all rockets can be fired in as little as 15 seconds. The basis for the BM-11 system is an unlicensed copy of the Japanese-manufactured Isuzu HTS12G 2.5 ton truck chassis.
  • MRL 122 mm M1977: U.S. DIA code for a system that appears to be a direct copy of the BM-21 "Grad".
  • MRL 122 mm M1985: This is a more modern version, based on an Isuzu 6×6 truck and probably with a 40-round reload pack mounted between the cab and the launcher.

Pakistan

Pakistan first obtained these MRLS from China in few numbers (52+ Chinese Type-83) and then reverse engineered to develop these multiple rockets indigenously by KRL (Khan Research laboratories). The new missile system were developed with 16 modernization by Pakistani Engineers. A vertical stabilizer was added to the launcher that improved its accuracy. The new indigenously reverse engineered system were named KRL Ghadab. The range of the indigenously developed rockets were increased to 45 km with <1% CEP.

  • KRL 122: Kahuta Research Laboratories from Pakistan have developed a rocket launcher based on the BM-21 Grad.[19][20] The KRL 122 was originally based on an Isuzu truck but later models use the Reo M35 truck. Some sources mention the designator Gadab. In addition to the original Soviet rockets, the system can launch the Yarmuk Rockets developed by Pakistan Ordnance Factories. The KRL 122 has achieved a maximum range of over 40 km due to the use of upgraded 122 mm rockets.[21][22]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Poland

File:WR-40 Langusta, MSPO 2007.JPG
A WR-40 Langusta, a deeply modernized and automated version, of the Soviet BM-21 based on the Jelcz P662D.35 6x6 truck, displayed at the MSPO 2007.
  • WR-40 "Langusta" (eng. spiny lobster) (wyrzutnia rakietowa means rocket launcher): This is a modern Polish version with a new fire control system (with ballistic computer BFC201 and navigation system Sigma 30) and a modified launcher based on the Jelcz P662D.35G-27 6×6 truck, produced by Jelcz Komponenty.[23] The first vehicle entered service on 20 March 2007. Probably about half of all 227 Polish BM-21 launchers will be converted into WR-40 launchers. New, modern types of munition were also developed for the launcher: the range is approximately Template:Convert for fragmentation-HE rockets "Fenix" and Template:Convert for cargo rockets. The Jelcz P662.D.35 truck with lightly armoured cab is also believed to be the base of a Polish multiple rocket launcher complex, which will possibly be developed in the future.

Romania

  • Template:Vanchor (Script error: No such module "Lang". – rocket launcher): Romanian 21-round launcher (3 rows of 7) mounted on a Bucegi SR-114 4x4 chassis. No longer used by the Romanian Army but some vehicles have been exported to Nigeria and Croatia. Morocco has the launch pack mounted on a Kaiser M35 truck.
  • Template:Vanchor: Initially this designator was used for the original BM-21 "Grad" in Romanian service, but Aerostar SA has developed an improved model, based on a DAC-665T 6x6 truck. A slightly improved model, called APRA-40 or 40 APRA 122 FMC is based on the DAC 15.215 DFAEG truck. Each launcher is normally accompanied by a resupply truck MITC with a 6t crane and a trailer RM13. The system is also used by Botswana, Bosnia, Cameroon, Croatia, Iran, Iraq, Liberia, Nigeria and Ukraine.[24]
    • LAROM or LAROM 160: This is an upgraded version that was developed in cooperation with Israel. The launch vehicle is based on the truck chassis DAC 25.360 DFAEG, fitted with two launch packs with each 20 122 mm tubes or 13 160 mm tubes.[25] The LAROM 160 can fire rockets like the LAR Mk.IV with a range of Template:Convert. The system entered service with the Romanian Land Forces in 2002.[26]

Serbia

File:LRSVM Oganj 4.jpg
A Serbian LRSVM Morava
  • LRSVM Morava: Universal modular MLRS with possibilities to use all models of Grad 122 mm rockets, both with M-77 Oganj and M-63 Plamen 128 mm rockets too.
  • G-2000: Produced by EdePro, G-2000 122 mm missile is with range above 40 km.[27]

South Africa

File:Ukrainian BM-21 Grad Bastion-01 in Kyiv, Ukraine on 22 of August, 2014 IMG 7655 01.JPG
A Ukrainian BM-21 Bastion-1 based on a KrAZ-260 chassis
  • Valkiri: This is a South African design based on Grad 21a Unimog truck chassis by Denel using 127 mm rockets.
  • Bateleur: A newer, more accurate version of the Valkiri. Based on the Withings (White Stallion) military recovery truck chassis. Also produced by Denel.

Thailand

  • DTI-2: The 122 mm multiple rocket launcher by Defense Technology Institute.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Ukraine

File:Bastion MLRS, Kyiv 2021, 10.jpg
A Ukrainian Bastion-02.
  • BM-21K: A modernization based on a modified double-cab KrAZ-260 chassis with an improved fire control system.
  • Bastion-1: A modernization based on the KrAZ-260 chassis.
  • Bastion-2: A modernization based on the KrAZ-260 chassis with additional storage space for 40 missiles.
  • BM-21 UM Berest
  • Verba: A modernization based on a modified double-cab KrAZ-6322 chassis with a digital fire control system.
  • Mini-Grad: an improvised launcher constructed from BM-21 Grad launch tubes mounted on a pickup truck, enhanced with additional features to improve survivability and short-range accuracy.[28]

Projectiles

The original "Grad" rocket has a range of about Template:Convert. The first modification called "G-M" increased the range to about Template:Convert, while the second modification "G-2000" further increased the range to about Template:Convert.[29] The latest technology development has allowed new Grad rockets to have Template:Convert range.[30] The range may also vary due to the type of warhead.

The 9M22S munition (see below) was developed by NPO Splav during the Soviet era.[31][32] Instead of a high-explosive fragmentation warhead, the 9M22S rocket carries a warhead containing 180 separate 9N510 incendiary elements.[33] Designed to ignite vegetation, storage facilities, or fuel, these incendiary elements consist of hexagonal prisms made from a magnesium alloy known to the Russian GOST as ML-5,[34][35] filled with a thermite mixture.[36] Each element has a nominal length of 40 mm and a width of 25 mm and a burning time of at least 2 minutes. The effect of these incendiary, as well as conventional lighting munitions (especially at night), outwardly resembles the use of phosphorus munitions.[31]

Origin Ammunition type Minimum range Maximum range Length Weight Warhead
weight
metres miles metres miles metres ft in kg lb kg lb
9M22U (M-21OF) USSR/Russia Fragmentation-HE Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert
9M18 USSR/Russia POM-2 submunitions
9M28F USSR/Russia Fragmentation-HE Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert
9M28K USSR/Russia Anti-tank mines Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert
9M43 USSR/Russia Smoke Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert
9M217 USSR/Russia Anti-tank submunitions Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert
9M218 USSR/Russia HEAT submunitions Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert
9M519 USSR/Russia RF jammer Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert
9M521 USSR/Russia Fragmentation-HE Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert
9M522 USSR/Russia Fragmentation-HE Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert
PRC-60 USSR/Russia Underwater charge (for BM-21PD) Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert
Type 90A China Fragmentation-HE Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert
M21-OF-FP Romania Fragmentation-HE Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert
M21-OF-S Romania Fragmentation-HE Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert
Edepro G2000/52 Serbia Fragmentation-HE Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert
Sakr-45A Egypt AT / AP submunitions Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert
Sakr-45B Egypt Fragmentation-HE Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert
9M22S USSR/Russia Incendiary Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert
9M28S USSR/Russia Incendiary Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert

Also Incendiary, Chemical, Illumination, Antipersonnel mines.

Operators

File:Map of BM-21 operators.svg
Operators <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />
  Current
<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />
  Former
File:122 mm Projectile of MRL.JPG
A fired 122 mm projectile of a RM-70 multiple rocket launcher stuck in muddy land in Vakarai, Batticaloa during the Sri Lankan Civil War (2007).
File:Djiboutian rocket launcher.jpg
A Djiboutian Army Rocket Launcher.
File:Grad Armenian Army.jpg
A BM-21 on display near the Karen Demirchyan Complex, Yerevan, Armenia

Current operators

Former operators

Evaluation only

See also

References

Template:Reflist

Bibliography

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

External links

Template:Sister project

Template:PostWWIISovietAFVS Template:SovArtyColdWar

  1. ↑ Splav 122 mm BM-21 multiple rocket launcher family (Russian Federation), Multiple rocket launchers, Jane's Armour and Artillery.
  2. ↑ 122 mm BM-21 Grad-series rockets (Russian Federation), Artillery rockets Template:Webarchive, Jane's Ammunition Handbook
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b c Israel and Hamas: Conflict in Gaza 2008–2009 Template:Webarchive. Congressional Research Service.
  11. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "Terror in Gaza: Twelve months since the Hamas takeover Template:Webarchive", 16 June 2008.
  13. ↑ Aviation Week, "Grad Rockets Hit Aqaba Port". 23 April 2010
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Multiple Rocket Launcher System – RS-122 Template:Webarchive. Delta.gov.ge. Retrieved on 1 June 2017.
  17. ↑ საქართველოს თავდაცვის სამინისტრო Template:Webarchive. Mod.gov.ge. Retrieved on 1 June 2017.
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Galerie Foto. aerostar.ro
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=BM-21_Grad&oldid=2077676"