List of agnostics
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Listed here are persons who have identified themselves as theologically agnostic. Also included are individuals who have expressed the view that the veracity of a god's existence is unknown or inherently unknowable.
List
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Activists and authors
- Saul Alinsky (1909–1972): American community organizer and writer; Rules for Radicals.[1][2][3]
- Poul Anderson (1926–2001): American science fiction author.[4]
- Piers Anthony (born 1934): English-American writer of science fiction and fantasy.[5]
- Susan B. Anthony (1820–1906): American civil rights leader who played a pivotal role in the 19th century women's rights movement to introduce women's suffrage into the United States; co-founder of the first Women's Temperance Movement with Elizabeth Cady Stanton as President.[6][7]
- Hannah Arendt (1906–1975): German American writer and political theorist.[8]
- Margaret Atwood (born 1939): Canadian poet, novelist, literary critic, essayist, teacher, environmental activist, and inventor.[9]
- Samuel Beckett (1906–1989): Irish avant-garde novelist, playwright, theatre director, and poet; awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1969.[10]
- Ambrose Bierce (1842 – c. 1914): American editorialist, journalist, short story writer, fabulist and satirist; known for his short story "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" and his satirical lexicon The Devil's Dictionary.[11]
- Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986): Argentine writer.[12]
- Henry Cadbury (1883–1974): American biblical scholar and Quaker who contributed to the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible.[13][14]
- Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881): Scottish satirical writer, essayist, historian and teacher during the Victorian era.[15]
- Ariel Dorfman (born 1942): Argentine/Chilean novelist, playwright, essayist, academic, and human rights activist.[16]
- Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930): Scottish physician and writer; known for his stories about the detective Sherlock Holmes; a prolific writer whose other works include science fiction stories, plays, romances, poetry, non-fiction and historical novels.[17]
- W.E.B. Du Bois (1868–1963): American sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author and editor; co-founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.[18]
- Bart D. Ehrman (born 1955): American New Testament scholar and "a happy agnostic".[19][20]
- Edward FitzGerald (1809–1883): English poet and writer, best known as the poet of the first and most famous English translation of The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam[21]
- Betty Friedan (1921–2006): American writer, activist and feminist; a leading figure in the women's movement in the United States; her 1963 book, The Feminine Mystique, is often credited with sparking the "second wave" of American feminism in the 20th century.[22]
- Frederick James Furnivall (1825–1910): English second editor of the Oxford English Dictionary.[23]
- John Galsworthy (1867–1933): English novelist and playwright; The Forsyte Saga (1906–1921) and its sequels, A Modern Comedy and End of the Chapter; won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1932[24]
- Neil Gaiman (born 1960): English author of short fiction, novels, comic books, graphic novels, audio theatre and films including the comic book series The Sandman and novels Stardust, American Gods, Coraline, and The Graveyard Book.[25]
- Maxim Gorky (1868–1936): Russian and Soviet author who brought Socialist Realism to literature.[26][27]
- Thomas Hardy (1840–1928): English novelist and poet; while his works typically belong to the Naturalism movement, several poems display elements of the previous Romantic and Enlightenment periods of literature, such as his fascination with the supernatural.[28]
- Sadegh Hedayat (1903–1951): Iranian author and writer.[29]
- Robert A. Heinlein (1907–1988): American science fiction writer.[30][31]
- Joseph Heller (1923–1999): American satirical novelist, short story writer, and playwright; Catch-22.[32]
- Alexander Herzen (1812–1870): Russian writer and thinker; the "father of Russian socialism"; one of the main fathers of agrarian populism.[33]
- Aldous Huxley (1894–1963): English writer of novels, such as Brave New World, and wide-ranging essays.[34]
- A.J. Jacobs (born 1968): American author.[35]
- James Joyce (1882–1941): Irish novelist and poet, considered to be one of the most influential writers in the modernist avant-garde movement of the early 20th century; best known for his novel Ulysses.[36]
- Franz Kafka (1883–1924): Czech-born Jewish writer.[37][38]
- John Keats (1795–1821): English Romantic poet.[39]
- Janusz Korczak (1878 or 1879–1942): Polish Jewish educator, children's author and pediatrician. After spending many years working as director of an orphanage in Warsaw, Korczak refused freedom and remained with the orphans as they were sent to Treblinka extermination camp during the Grossaktion Warsaw of 1942.[40][41][42]
- Stanisław Lem (1921–2006): Polish science fiction novelist and essayist.[43]
- H. P. Lovecraft (1890–1937): American writer of strange fiction and horror.[44][45]
- Lucretius (99 BC–55 BC): Roman poet and philosopher.[46]
- Bernard Malamud (1914–1986): American author of novels and short stories; one of the great American Jewish authors of the 20th century.[47]
- H. L. Mencken (1880–1956): German-American journalist, satirist, social critic, cynic and freethinker, known as the "Sage of Baltimore".[48]
- Thomas Mann (1875–1955): German novelist, short story writer, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and 1929 Nobel Prize laureate, known for his series of highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas, noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and the intellectual.[49]
- Vladimir Nabokov (1899–1977): Russian novelist, poet and short story writer; known for his novel Lolita.[50]
- Eugene O'Neill (1888–1953), American playwright; won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1936.[51]
- Larry Niven (born 1938): American science fiction author; Ringworld (1970).[52]
- Fernando Pessoa (1888–1935): Portuguese poet, writer, literary critic and translator, described as one of the most significant literary figures of the 20th century and one of the greatest poets in Portuguese.[53]
- Marcel Proust (1871–1922): French novelist, critic and essayist, known for his work In Search of Lost Time.[54][55]
- Philip Pullman (born 1946): English children's author of the trilogy His Dark Materials; has said that he is technically an agnostic,[56] though he also calls himself an atheist.[57]
- Alexander Pushkin (1799–1837): Russian author of the Romantic era, considered by many to be the greatest Russian poet and the founder of modern Russian literature.[58]
- Edward Said (1935–2003): Palestinian-American literary theorist and advocate for Palestinian rights; university professor of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University; a founding figure in postcolonialism.[59][60]
- Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. (1917–2007): American historian and Pulitzer Prize–winning writer.[61]
- Mary Shelley (1797–1851): English novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, biographer, and travel writer, best known for her Gothic novel Frankenstein (1818).[62]
- Edward Snowden (born 1983): American computer specialist, privacy activist and former CIA employee and NSA contractor; disclosed classified details of several top-secret United States and British government mass surveillance programs.[63]
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815–1902): American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early woman's movement. Her Declaration of Sentiments, presented at the Seneca Falls Convention held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, is often credited with initiating the first organized woman's rights and woman's suffrage movements in the United States.[64] Late in life she led the effort to write the Woman's Bible to correct the injustices she perceived against women in the Bible.
- Olaf Stapledon (1886–1950): English philosopher and author of several influential works of science fiction.[65]
- John Steinbeck (1902–1968): American writer known for novels such as The Grapes of Wrath and East of Eden; won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1962[66]
- Stendhal (1783–1842) (a.k.a. Marie-Henri Beyle): French writer.[67]
- Boris Strugatsky (1925–2012): Soviet-Russian science fiction author who collaborated with his brother, Arkady Strugatsky, on various works; their novel Piknik na obochine was translated into English as Roadside Picnic in 1977 and was filmed by Andrei Tarkovsky under the title Stalker.[68]
- Charles Templeton (1915–2001): Canadian evangelist; author of A Farewell to God.[69]
- Thucydides (c. 460–c. 395): Greek historian and author from Alimos. His History of the Peloponnesian War recounts the 5th-century BC war between Sparta and Athens to the year 411 BC. Thucydides has been dubbed the father of "scientific history", because of his strict standards of evidence-gathering and analysis in terms of cause and effect without reference to intervention by the gods, as outlined in his introduction to his work.[70][71][72]
- Ivan Turgenev (1818–1883): Russian novelist, short-story writer and playwright; author of A Sportsman's Sketches and of Fathers and Sons.[73]
- Mark Twain (1835–1910): American humorist, satirist, lecturer and writer, most noted for his novels Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer;[74][75] has also been identified a deist.[76]
- Adam Bruno Ulam (1922–2000): Polish and American historian and political scientist at Harvard University; one of the world's foremost authorities on Russia and the Soviet Union, and the author of twenty books and many articles.[77]
- Ibn Warraq (born 1946): known for his books critical of Islam.[78]
- Hale White (1831–1913): British writer and civil servant.[79]
- Robert Anton Wilson (1932–2007): American author and futurologist[80]
- Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797): English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women's rights. During her brief career, she wrote novels, treatises, a travel narrative, a history of the French Revolution, a conduct book, and a children's book. Wollstonecraft is best known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education. She suggests that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a social order founded on reason.[81]
- David Yallop (1937–2018): English true crime author.[82]
- Émile Zola (1840–1902): French writer; prominent figure in the literary school of naturalism; important contributor to the development of theatrical naturalism.[83]
Business
- Leslie Alexander (born 1943): American sports owner, owner of the Houston Rockets[84]
- Warren Buffett (born 1930): American investor; identified himself as agnostic in response to Warren Allen Smith, who had asked him whether he believed in God[85]
- Henry Dunant (1828–1910): Swiss businessman and social activist; founder of International Committee of the Red Cross; in 1901 he received the first Nobel Peace Prize, together with Frédéric Passy[86]
- Elon Musk (born 1971): South African American inventor and entrepreneur best known for founding SpaceX and co-founding Tesla Motors and PayPal (originally X.com)[87][88]
- Ted Turner (born 1938): American founder of Turner Broadcasting System, now part of Time Warner[89]
Media and arts
- John Adams (born 1947): American composer[90]
- Hideaki Anno (born 1960): Japanese animation and film director; known for his work on the popular anime series Neon Genesis Evangelion[91]
- Simon Baker (born 1969): Australian television and movie actor[92]
- David Bazan (born 1976): American singer, songwriter, musician and former frontman of Pedro The Lion, an indie rock outfit associated with Christian rock that was controversial among Christians for their language and off-kilter views about religion; his solo career has been focused around his newfound agnosticism.
- Monica Bellucci (born 1964): Italian actress and fashion model[93]
- Tom Bergeron (born 1955): American television personality and game show host; host of America's Funniest Home Videos, Hollywood Squares and Dancing with the Stars[94]
- Ingmar Bergman (1918–2007): Swedish director, writer and producer for film, stage and television[95]
- Irving Berlin (1888–1989): American composer and lyricist of Jewish heritage, author of God Bless America.[96]
- Hector Berlioz (1803–1869): French Romantic composer[97]
- Gael García Bernal (born 1978): Mexican actor and director; claims to be "culturally Catholic" and "spiritually agnostic"[98]
- Lewis Black (born 1948): American stand-up comedian, author, playwright, social critic and actor[99]
- Johannes Brahms (1833–1897): German composer and pianist[100]
- Georges Brassens (1921–1981): French singer-songwriter and poet[101]
- Benjamin Britten (1913–1976): English composer, conductor, and pianist; a central figure of 20th-century British classical music[102][103][104][105]
- Gavin Bryars (born 1943): English composer and double bassist[106]
- Rose Byrne (born 1979), Australian actress[107]
- Dick Cavett (born 1936): American television talk show host[108]
- Charlie Chaplin (1889–1977): English comic actor, film director and composer best known for his work in the United States during the silent film era[109]
- Aaron Copland (1900–1990): American composer[110]
- Salvador Dalí (1904–1989): Spanish surrealist painter born in Figueres, Spain. Dalí, a skilled draftsman, became best known for the striking and bizarre images in his surrealist work. His painterly skills are often attributedTemplate:By whom to the influence of Renaissance masters. His arguably best-known work, The Persistence of Memory, was completed in 1931. Dalí's expansive artistic repertoire included film, sculpture, and photography, in collaboration with a range of artists in a variety of media. He allegedly claimed to be both an agnostic and a Roman Catholic.[111]
- Miles Davis (1926–1991): American trumpeter, bandleader, and composer.[112]
- Daniel Day-Lewis (born 1957): English-Irish actor, three-time Academy Award for Best Actor winner[113]
- Leonardo DiCaprio (born 1974): American actor[114]
- Ronnie James Dio (1942–2010): American heavy metal singer (Elf, Rainbow, Black Sabbath, Dio, Heaven & Hell)[115]
- Richard Dreyfuss (born 1947): American actor[116]
- Thomas Eakins (1844–1916): American realist painter, photographer, sculptor, and fine arts educator; widely acknowledged to be one of the most important artists in American art history[117][118][119][120]
- Christopher Eccleston (born 1964): English actor[121]
- Zac Efron (born 1987): American actor, star of movies such as High School Musical and 17 Again;[122] was raised agnostic[123] (his paternal grandfather was Jewish)
- Billie Eilish (2001-present): American singer and songwriter[124]
- Carrie Fisher (1956–2016): American actress, screenwriter and novelist[125]
- Gabriel Fauré (1845–1924): French composer, organist, pianist and teacher; one of the foremost French composers of his generation; his musical style influenced many 20th-century composers[126][127]
- Henry Fonda (1905–1982): American film and stage actor[128]
- Emilia Fox (born 1974): English actress[129]
- William Friedkin (1935–2023): American film and television director, producer and screenwriter, known for directing the action thriller film The French Connection and the supernatural horror film The Exorcist.[130]
- Gilberto Gil (born 1942): Brazilian singer, guitarist, and songwriter, known for both his musical innovation and political commitment[131]
- Jean-Luc Godard (1930–2022): French-Swiss film director, screenwriter and film critic; often identified with the 1960s French film movement La Nouvelle Vague, or "New Wave"[132]
- Matt Groening (born 1954): American creator of animated TV series The Simpsons and Futurama, and the comic Life in Hell[133]
- Bob Guccione (1930–2010): American founder and publisher of Penthouse magazine[134][1] Template:Webarchive
- Neil Patrick Harris (born 1973): American actor, producer, singer, and director; best known for Doogie Howser, M.D. and How I Met Your Mother; as a child, belonged to an Episcopal Church with his family, where his parents sing in a choir;[135] has designated himself as an agnostic on his Myspace[136]
- Hergé (1907–1983): Belgian cartoonist; creator of The Adventures of Tintin
- Gustav Holst (1874–1934): English composer, arranger and teacher; best known for his orchestral suite The Planets; composed a large number of works across a range of genres, although none achieved comparable success[137][138]
- John Humphrys (born 1943): English radio and television presenter who hosted a series of programmes interviewing religious leaders, Humphrys in Search of God[139]
- Leoš Janáček (1854–1928): Czech composer[140]
- Gene Kelly (1912–1996): American dancer, actor, singer, film director and producer, and choreographer[141]
- Myles Kennedy (born 1969): American musician, singer, and songwriter; lead vocalist and guitarist of the rock band Alter Bridge[142]
- Larry King (1933–2021): host of Larry King Live[143]
- Janez Lapajne (born 1967): Slovenian film director, producer, screenwriter, film editor and production designer[144]
- Cloris Leachman (1926–2021): American actress[145]
- Stan Lee (1922–2018) American comic book writer, editor, actor, producer, publisher, television personality; former president and chairman of Marvel Comics[146]
- Lemmy (1945–2015): English rock singer and bass guitarist; founder of the rock band Motörhead[147]
- Joe Lipari also known as J.R. Lipari, (born October 5, 1979) is an American comedian, artist, agnostic minister & yoga teacher.
- James Hetfield (born 1963): American heavy metal singer and rhythm guitarist; co-founder of the heavy metal band Metallica[148]
- Annie Lennox (born 1954): Scottish recording artist[149]
- Andrew Lloyd Webber (born 1948): Lloyd Webber views Jesus as "one of the great figures of history" and wrote the rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar about him. The opera was controversial with conservative Christian groups.[150]
- René Magritte (1898–1967): Belgian surrealist artist[151]
- Gustav Mahler (1860–1911): Austrian Late-Romantic composer and conductor[152][153][154][155][156][157][158]
- Dave Matthews (born 1967): American musician and actor[159]
- Brian May (born 1947): English musician and astrophysicist most widely known as the guitarist, songwriter and occasional singer of the rock band Queen[160]
- Paul McCartney (born 1942): English musician, singer and composer[161]
- David Mitchell (born 1974): British actor, comedian and writer[162]
- Edvard Munch (1863–1944): Norwegian Symbolist painter, printmaker and an important forerunner of expressionist art; known for The Scream[163]
- Ernest Newman (1868–1959): English music critic and musicologist[164]
- Conor Oberst (born 1980): American singer-songwriter; fronts the band Bright Eyes[165]
- Hubert Parry (1848–1918): English composer, teacher and historian of music[166]
- Pedro Pascal (born 1975): Chilean and American actor[167]
- Neil Peart (1952–2020): Canadian drummer and lyricist for progressive rock band Rush; many Rush song lyrics criticize religion and theism[168]
- Sean Penn (born 1960): American actor, twice winner of the Academy Award for Best Actor[169][170]
- Brendan Perry (born 1959): English singer and multi-instrumentalist best known for his work as the male half of the duo Dead Can Dance with Lisa Gerrard[171]
- Chris Pine (born 1980): American actor[172]
- Brad Pitt (born 1963): American actor; stated that he did not believe in God, and that he was mostly agnostic[173]
- Sidney Poitier (1927–2022): Bahamian American actor, film director, author, and diplomat;[174] his views are closer to deism[175]
- Hugo Riemann (1849–1919): German music theorist and composer[176]
- Joe Rogan (born 1967): American comedian, podcaster, social critic and UFC color commentator
- Andy Rooney (1919–2011): American broadcast personality; specified that he was an agnostic and not an atheist,[177] but also called himself an atheist[178][179]
- Tim Rice (born 1944): Wrote the rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar about Jesus. The opera was controversial with conservative Christians.[150]
- Larry Sanger (born 1968): American co-founder of Wikipedia.[180]
- Franz Schubert (1797–1828): Austrian composer[181][182]
- Robert Schumann (1810–1856): German composer and influential music critic; widely regarded as one of the greatest composers of the Romantic era[183]
- Ridley Scott (born 1937): English film director and producer; Alien (1979), Blade Runner[184]
- Adrienne Shelly (1966–2006): American actor, screenwriter and director[185]
- Rogério Skylab (born 1956): Brazilian singer-songwriter, poet and essayist, notorious for the underground hit "Matador de Passarinho"[186]
- Richard Strauss (1864–1949): German composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras[187]
- Howard Stern (born 1954): American radio personality, television host, author, actor, and photographer[188]
- Sting (born 1951): English musician and lead singer of The Police[189]
- Matt Stone (born 1971): American co-creator of the cartoon series South Park; considers himself an agnostic Jew (his mother is Jewish),[190] though he has also denied the existence of God[191]
- Osamu Tezuka (1928–1989): Japanese cartoonist, manga artist, animator, producer, activist and medical doctor; creator of Astro Boy, Kimba the White Lion and Black Jack; often credited as the "godfather of anime", and is often considered the Japanese equivalent to Walt Disney[192]
- Jhonen Vasquez (born 1974): American comic book writer, and cartoonist; known for the animated series Invader Zim[193]
- Giuseppe Verdi (1813–1901): Italian composer, one of the most influential of the 19th century[194][195][196]
- Montel Williams (born 1956): American television host, actor and motivational speaker.[197]
- Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872–1958): British composer. Despite the variety of his works with religious connections, Vaughan Williams was decidedly not a believer. According to his classmate Bertrand Russell, Williams was an atheist while attending Cambridge. According to his widow, he later became an agnostic.[198]
- Billie Joe Armstrong (born 1972): American Musician and band member of Green Day
Philosophy
Idealistic agnostics
- Confucius (551 BC–479 BC): Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period of Chinese history. The philosophy of Confucius emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. His followers competed successfully with many other schools during the Hundred Schools of Thought era only to be suppressed in favor of the Legalists during the Qin Dynasty. Following the victory of Han over Chu after the collapse of Qin, Confucius's thoughts received official sanction and were further developed into a Chinese religious system known as Confucianism.[199][200][201]
- Immanuel Kant (1724–1804): German philosopher; known for Critique of Pure Reason[202][203][204][205][206][207]
- Laozi (born 604 BC): Chinese religious philosopher; author of the Tao Te Ching; this association has led him to be traditionally considered the founder of philosophical religion Taoism[208]
Unclassified philosophers-agnostics
- Isaiah Berlin (1909–1997): British social and political theorist, philosopher and historian of ideas of Russian-Jewish origin, thought by many to be the dominant scholar of his generation[209]
- Noam Chomsky (born 1928): American linguist, philosopher, political activist, author; lecturer, Institute Professor and professor emeritus of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; credited with the creation of the theory of generative grammar[210][211]
- Democritus (460 BC – 370 BC): Ancient Greek philosopher; influential pre-Socratic philosopher and pupil of Leucippus, who formulated an atomic theory for the cosmos[212]
- John Dewey (1859–1952): American philosopher, psychologist and educational reformer; his ideas have been influential in education and social reform[213]
- Epicurus (341 BCE–270 BCE): Ancient Greek philosopher and the founder of the school of philosophy called Epicureanism[214]
- Fred Edwords (born 1948): longtime Humanist activist; national director of the United Coalition of Reason[215]
- James Hall (born 1933): philosopher; describes himself as an agnostic Episcopalian[216]
- Sidney Hook (1902–1989): American philosopher of the Pragmatist school known for his contributions to the philosophy of history, the philosophy of education, political theory, and ethics[217]
- David Hume (1711–1776): Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, known especially for his philosophical empiricism and scepticism. He was one of the most important figures in the history of Western philosophy and the Scottish Enlightenment. Hume is often grouped with John Locke, George Berkeley, and a handful of others as a British Empiricist.[218]
- Edmund Husserl (1859–1938): German philosopher and mathematician and the founder of the 20th-century philosophical school of phenomenology[219]
- Harold Innis (1894–1952): Canadian political philosopher and professor of political economy at the University of Toronto; author of seminal works on media, communication theory and Canadian economic history[220]
- Anthony Kenny (born 1931): president of Royal Institute of Philosophy, wrote in his essay "Why I'm not an atheist" after justifying his agnostic position that "a claim to knowledge needs to be substantiated; ignorance need only be confessed".[221]
- Thomas Kuhn (1922–1996): American historian and philosopher of science whose controversial 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was deeply influential in both academic and popular circles, introducing the term "paradigm shift," which has since become an English-language staple[222]
- G. E. Moore (1873–1958): English philosopher; one of the founders of the analytic tradition in philosophy[223]
- Karl R. Popper (1902–1994): Philosopher of science; promoted falsifiability as a necessary criterion of empirical statements in science[224]
- Protagoras (died 420 BCE): Greek Sophist; first major Humanist; wrote that the existence of the gods was unknowable[225]
- Pyrrho (360 BC – c. 270 BC): Greek philosopher of classical antiquity; credited as being the first Skeptic philosopher and the inspiration for the school known as Pyrrhonism, founded by Aenesidemus in the 1st century BC[226][227]
- Bertrand Russell (1872–1970): British philosopher and mathematician; considered himself a philosophical agnostic, but said that the label "atheist" conveyed a more accurate impression to "the ordinary man in the street"[228]
- Michael Schmidt-Salomon (born 1967): German philosopher, author and former editor of MIZ (Contemporary Materials and Information: Political magazine for atheists and the irreligious)[229] Schmidt-Salomon has specified that he is not a "pure atheist, but actually an agnostic."[230]
- Herbert Spencer (1820–1903): English philosopher, biologist, sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era[231]
- Theophrastus (c. 371 BC – 287 BC): Greek philosopher; a native of Eresos in Lesbos; the successor to Aristotle in the Peripatetic school.[232]
- Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (1820–1891): Indian Bengali polymath; a key figure of the Bengal Renaissance[233]
- Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951): Austrian-British philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language. He is best known for his philosophical works like the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus and Philosophical Investigations.[234][235]
Politics and law
- Norman Angell (1872–1967): English lecturer, journalist, author, and politician; member of parliament for the Labour Party in England; awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1933[236]
- Winston Churchill (1874–1965): British politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1940-1945 and 1951-1955).
- Nick Clegg (born 1967): British politician, Leader of the Liberal Democrats (2007-2015), Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2010-2015).
- Sajid Javid, (born 1969): British politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer (2019-2020).
- Jacinda Ardern (born 1980): New Zealand politician, Prime Minister of New Zealand, 2017-2023.
- Clement Attlee (1883–1967): British politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, 1945–1951[237]
- James Callaghan (1912–2005): British politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, (1976-1979)
- Harold Wilson (1916–1995): British politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, (1964-1970 and 1974-1976)
- Michelle Bachelet (born 1951): Chilean politician, President of Chile, 2006–2010 and 2014–2018[238]
- Gabriel Boric (born 1986): Chilean politician, President of Chile[239]
- Vincent Bugliosi (1934–2015): former Los Angeles County Deputy District Attorney
- Fernando Henrique Cardoso (born 1931): Brazilian politician, President of Brazil, 1995–2003[240]
- Helen Clark (born 1950): New Zealand politician, Prime Minister of New Zealand, 1999–2008[241]
- John Curtin (1885–1945): 14th Prime Minister of Australia[242]
- Clarence Darrow (1857–1938): American lawyer; defended John T. Scopes' right to teach Darwin's theory of evolution in the famous Tennessee "Monkey Trial"[243]
- Alan Dershowitz (born 1938): American lawyer, jurist and political commentator; author of Taking the Stand: My Life in the Law (2013)[244]
- Carlos Gaviria Díaz (1937–2015): Colombian politician; said "I am an agnostic, like him Bertrand Russell"[245]
- Willem Drees (1886–1988): Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands, 1948–1958[246]
- Heinz Fischer (born 1938): Austrian politician, President of Austria, 2004–2016[247]
- Eamon Gilmore (born 1955): Irish politician, Tánaiste (Deputy Prime Minister) of the Republic of Ireland[248]
- Boris van der Ham (born 1973): Dutch politician[249]
- Mariëtte Hamer (born 1958): Dutch politician[250]
- Bob Hawke (1929–2019): 23rd Prime Minister of Australia, 1983–1991[251]
- François Hollande (born 1954): 24th President of France, 2012–2017[252]
- Billy Hughes (1862–1952): 7th Prime Minister of Australia[242]
- Robert G. Ingersoll (1833–1899): American political leader and orator known as "The Great Agnostic"[253]
- Ivo Josipović (born 1957): Croatian politician and composer; third President of Croatia, 2010–2015[254]
- Bob Kerrey (born 1943): American politician, Governor of Nebraska (1983–1987) and United States Senator from Nebraska (1989–2001)[255]
- Wim Kok (1938–2018): Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands, 1994–2002[256]
- Bruno Kreisky (1911–1990): Austrian Federal Chancellor, 1970–1983[257]
- Aleksander Kwaśniewski (born 1954): President of Poland, 1995–2005
- Ricardo Lagos (born 1938): First declared agnostic to be elected president of Chile[258]
- John Key (born 1961): New Zealand politician, Prime Minister of New Zealand, 2008–2016[259]
- Esther Ouwehand (born 1976): Dutch politician[260]
- Jan Marijnissen (born 1952): Dutch politician[261]
- François Mitterrand (1916–1996): President of France, 1981–1995[262][263][264]
- Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964): Indian freedom-fighter and the country's first Prime Minister, 1947–1964[265][266]
- Robert Owen (1771–1858): Welsh social reformer; a founder of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement[267][268][269]
- Susan Rice (born 1964): Former United States Ambassador to the United Nations[270]
- George Lincoln Rockwell (1918–1967): Founder of the American Nazi Party[271]
- Siddaramaiah (born 1948): Former Karnataka Deputy CM[272]
- Jens Stoltenberg (born 1959): Former Prime Minister of Norway; current Secretary General of NATO[273]
- Cenk Uygur (born 1970): Turkish American columnist, political commentator, activist, former MSNBC host, co-founder of the American liberal/progressive political and social internet commentary program The Young Turks, founder of Wolf PAC[274]
- Joop den Uyl (1919–1987): Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands, 1973–1977[275]
- Gerdi Verbeet (born 1951): Dutch politician, President of the House of Representatives since 2006.
- Geert Wilders (born 1963): Dutch politician, leader of the Party for Freedom[276]
- Gough Whitlam (1916–2014): Prime Minister of Australia, 1972–1975
- Lee Kuan Yew (1923–2015): Employment lawyer, Prime Minister and Founding Father of Singapore
- Gerrit Zalm (born 1952): Dutch politician, Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands, 2003–2007[277]
- José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (born 1960): Former Prime Minister of Spain[278]
- Emmanuel Macron (born 1977): 25th President of France, since 2017[279]
Science and technology
- Haroon Ahmed (born 1936): British Pakistani scientist in the fields of microelectronics and electrical engineering[280]
- Hannes Alfvén (1908–1995): Swedish electrical engineer and plasma physicist; recipient of 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on magnetohydrodynamics (MHD); known for describing the class of MHD waves now known as Alfvén waves[281][282][283]
- Ralph Alpher (1921–2007): American cosmologist; known for the seminal paper on Big Bang nucleosynthesis, the Alpher–Bethe–Gamow paper[284]
- Michael Atiyah (1929–2015): British-Lebanese mathematician specialising in geometry. He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1966 and the Abel Prize in 2004.[285]
- Sir David Attenborough (born 1926): English natural history presenter and anthropologist[286]
- Hertha Marks Ayrton (1854–1923): English engineer, mathematician and inventor[287]
- John Logie Baird (1888–1946): Scottish engineer and inventor of the world's first practical, publicly demonstrated television system, and of the world's first fully electronic colour television tube[288]
- Róbert Bárány (1876–1936): Austro-Hungarian otologist; for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus of the ear, he received the 1914 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine[289]
- John Bardeen (1908–1991): American physicist and electrical engineer; the only person to have won the Nobel Prize in Physics twice: first in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for the invention of the transistor; and again in 1972 with Leon N Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for a fundamental theory of conventional superconductivity known as the BCS theory[290]
- Alexander Graham Bell (1847–1922): Eminent scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator; credited with inventing the first practical telephone[291][292]
- Richard E. Bellman (1920–1984): American applied mathematician, celebrated for his invention of dynamic programming in 1953, and important contributions in other fields of mathematics[293]
- Emile Berliner (1851–1929): German-born American inventor; known for developing the disc record gramophone (phonograph in American English)[294][295]
- Claude Bernard (1813–1878): French physiologist; first to define the term milieu intérieur (now known as homeostasis, a term coined by Walter Bradford Cannon)[296]
- Nicolaas Bloembergen (1920–2017): Dutch-American physicist; shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics with Arthur Schawlow and Kai Siegbahn for their work in laser spectroscopy[297]
- David Bohm (1917–1992): American-born British quantum physicist who contributed to theoretical physics, philosophy of mind, neuropsychology[298]
- George Boole (1815–1864): English mathematician and logician; known for developing Boolean algebra; has also been labeled a deist[299][300]
- Robert Bosch (1861–1942): German industrialist, engineer and inventor, founder of Robert Bosch GmbH[301]
- Jagadish Chandra Bose (1858–1937): Indian polymath: physicist, biologist, botanist, archaeologist, early writer of science fiction; pioneered the investigation of radio and microwave optics, made very significant contributions to plant science, and laid the foundations of experimental science in the Indian subcontinent; invented the crescograph[302]
- Jacob Bronowski (1908–1974): Polish-Jewish British mathematician, biologist, historian of science, theatre author, poet and inventor; presenter and writer of the 1973 BBC television documentary series The Ascent of Man, and the accompanying boo[303]
- Frank Macfarlane Burnet (1899–1985): Australian virologist; known for his contributions to immunology; received the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for demonstrating acquired immune tolerance and developing the theory of clonal selection[304]
- Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934): Spanish pathologist, histologist, neuroscientist; considered by many to be the father of modern neuroscience; won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1906[305][306]
- Wallace Carothers (1896–1937): American chemist and inventor; credited with the invention of nylon[307]
- Henry Cavendish (1731–1810): British scientist; noted for his discovery of hydrogen or what he called "inflammable air"; known for the Cavendish experiment, his measurement of the Earth's density, and early research into electricity[308][309]
- Francis Crick (1916–2004): Nobel-laureate co-discoverer of the structure of DNA; described himself as a skeptic and an agnostic with "a strong inclination towards atheism"[310]
- Marie Curie (1867–1934): Polish physicist and chemist; pioneer in the field of radioactivity; the first to win two Nobel Prizes in two different sciences: the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911[311]
- Heber Doust Curtis (1872–1942): American astronomer; known for his participation in the Great Debate with Harlow Shapley on the nature of nebulae and galaxies, and the size of the universe[312]
- Charles Darwin (1809–1882): Founder of the theory of evolution by natural selection; once described himself as being generally agnostic, though he was a member of the Anglican Church and attended Unitarian services[313][314]
- David Deutsch (born 1953): British physicist at the University of Oxford; pioneered the field of quantum computation by formulating a description for a quantum Turing machine, as well as specifying an algorithm designed to run on a quantum computer[315]
- Paul Dirac (1902–1984): British theoretical physicist; a founder of quantum mechanics; predicted the existence of antimatter; won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933[316][317][318][319]
- Eugène Dubois (1858–1940): Dutch paleoanthropologist and geologist; earned worldwide fame for his discovery of Pithecanthropus erectus (later redesignated Homo erectus), or 'Java Man'[320]
- Émile Durkheim (1858–1917): French sociologist; had a Jewish bar mitzvah at thirteen, was briefly interested in Catholicism after a mystical experience, but later became an agnostic[321]
- Freeman Dyson (1923–2020): British-born American theoretical physicist and mathematician, famous for his work in quantum electrodynamics, solid-state physics, astronomy and nuclear engineering[322][323][324]
- Albert Einstein (1879–1955): German theoretical physicist, best known for his theory of relativity and the mass–energy equivalence, [325]
- John Ericsson (1803–1889): Swedish-American inventor and mechanical engineer[326]
- Enrico Fermi (1901–1954): Italian-American physicist; known for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor, Chicago Pile-1, and for his contributions to the development of quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics; awarded the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on induced radioactivity[327]
- Edmond H. Fischer (1920–2021): Swiss American biochemist; he and his collaborator Edwin G. Krebs were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1992 for describing how reversible phosphorylation works as a switch to activate proteins and regulate various cellular processes
- Howard Florey (1898–1968): Australian pharmacologist and pathologist; shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Sir Ernst Boris Chain and Sir Alexander Fleming for his role in the making of penicillin[328]
- Lee de Forest (1863–1961): American inventor with over 180 patents to his credit; invented the Audion; considered to be one of the fathers of the "electronic age", as the Audion helped to usher in the widespread use of electronics; credited with one of the principal inventions that brought sound to motion pictures[329][330]
- Edward Frankland (1825–1899): British chemist; expert in water quality and analysis; originated the concept of combining power, or valence, in chemistry[331]
- Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958): British biophysicist and X-ray crystallographer; made critical contributions to the understanding of the fine molecular structures of DNA, RNA, viruses, coal and graphite[332][333]
- Jerome I. Friedman (born 1930): American physicist; Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; in 1968–1969 he conducted experiments with Henry W. Kendall and Richard E. Taylor at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center which gave the first experimental evidence that protons had an internal structure, later known to be quarks; for this, they shared the 1990 Nobel Prize in Physics[334]
- Milton Friedman (1912–2006): American economist, writer and public intellectual, winner of Nobel Prize in Economics[335]
- William Froude (1810–1879): English engineer, hydrodynamicist and naval architect; first to formulate reliable laws for the resistance that water offers to ships (such as the hull speed equation) and for predicting their stability[336]
- Dennis Gabor (1900–1979): Hungarian-British electrical engineer and inventor; known for his invention of holography and received the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physics[337][338]
- Francis Galton (1822–1911): English Victorian polymath: anthropologist, eugenicist, tropical explorer, geographer, inventor, meteorologist, proto-geneticist, psychometrician, and statistician; a cousin of Charles Darwin[339]
- Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (1900–1979): English-American astronomer who in 1925 was first to show that the Sun is mainly composed of hydrogen, contradicting accepted wisdom at the time[340]
- Roy J. Glauber (1925–2018): American theoretical physicist; awarded one half of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence", with the other half shared by John L. Hall and Theodor W. Hänsch[280]
- Camillo Golgi (1843–1926): Italian physician, pathologist, scientist; along with Santiago Ramón y Cajal, he won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their studies of the structure of the nervous system[341]
- David Gross (born 1941): American particle physicist and string theorist; with Frank Wilczek and David Politzer, he was awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of asymptotic freedom[280]
- John Gurdon (born 1933): British developmental biologist; known for his pioneering research in nuclear transplantation and cloning[280]
- Murray Gell-Mann (1929–2019): American physicist and linguist who received the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the theory of elementary particles[342][343][344]
- Stephen Jay Gould (1941–2002): American paleontologist, Evolutionary biologist, science historian and popularizer; called himself a "Jewish agnostic"[345]
- Hans Hahn (1879–1934): Austrian mathematician who made contributions to functional analysis, topology, set theory, the calculus of variations, real analysis, and order theory. His most famous student was Kurt Gödel, whose PhD thesis was completed in 1929.[346]
- Alan Hale (born 1958): American astronomer, known for his co-discovery of the Comet Hale-Bopp.[347][348]
- William Stewart Halsted (1852–1922): American surgeon who emphasized strict aseptic technique during surgical procedures, was an early champion of newly discovered anesthetics, and introduced several new operations, including the radical mastectomy for breast cancer.[349]
- Theodor W. Hänsch (born 1941): German physicist. He received one fourth of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics for "contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique", sharing the prize with John L. Hall and Roy J. Glauber.[297]
- Friedrich Hayek (1899–1992): Austrian economist and philosopher. Best known for his defense of classical liberalism and free-market capitalism. Along with Gunnar Myrdal, Hayek shared the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1974."[350][351]
- Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–1894): German physician and physicist who made significant contributions to several widely varied areas of modern science. In physiology and psychology, he is known for his mathematics of the eye, theories of vision, ideas on the visual perception of space, color vision research, and on the sensation of tone, perception of sound, and empiricism. In physics, he is known for his theories on the conservation of energy, work in electrodynamics, chemical thermodynamics, and on a mechanical foundation of thermodynamics. As a philosopher, he is known for his philosophy of science, ideas on the relation between the laws of perception and the laws of nature, the science of aesthetics, and ideas on the civilizing power of science.[352][353]
- Gerhard Herzberg (1904–1999): German pioneering physicist and physical chemist, who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1971.[354]
- David Hilbert (1862–1943): German mathematician, recognized as one of the most influential and universal mathematicians of the 19th and early 20th centuries.[355][356][357][358]
- Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1861–1947): English biochemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1929, with Christiaan Eijkman, for the discovery of vitamins. He also discovered the amino acid tryptophan, in 1901. He was appointed President of the Royal Society from 1930 to 1935.[359]
- Gerard 't Hooft (born 1946): Dutch theoretical physicist. He shared the 1999 Nobel Prize in Physics with his thesis advisor Martinus J. G. Veltman "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions".[360][361]
- Fred Hoyle (1915–2001): English astronomer and mathematician.[362]
- Edwin Hubble (1889–1953): American astronomer who played a crucial role in establishing the field of extragalactic astronomy and is generally regarded as the leading observational cosmologist of the 20th century. Hubble generally is known for Hubble's law. He is credited with the discovery of the existence of galaxies other than the Milky Way and his galactic red shift discovery that the loss in frequency—the redshift — observed in the spectra of light from other galaxies increased in proportion to a particular galaxy's distance from Earth. This relationship became known as Hubble's law. His findings fundamentally changed the scientific view of the universe.[363][364]
- Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859): German naturalist and explorer. His quantitative work on botanical geography laid the foundation for the field of biogeography.[365]
- Andrew Huxley (1917–2012): English physiologist and biophysicist. He (along with Alan Hodgkin) won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his experimental and mathematical work on the basis of nerve action potentials, the electrical impulses that enable the activity of an organism to be coordinated by a central nervous system.[366]
- Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–1895): English biologist and coiner of the term agnosticism.[367]
- Robert Jastrow (1925–2008): American astronomer, physicist and cosmologist.[368]
- Edwin Thompson Jaynes (1922–1998): American physicist and statistician. He wrote extensively on statistical mechanics and on foundations of probability and statistical inference. He also pioneered the field of Digital physics.[369]
- James Hopwood Jeans (1877–1946): English physicist, astronomer and mathematician.[370]
- Jerome Karle (1918–2013): American physical chemist. Jointly with Herbert A. Hauptman, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1985, for the direct analysis of crystal structures using X-ray scattering techniques.[371]
- August Kekulé (1829–1896): German organic chemist. He was one of the most prominent chemists in Europe, especially in theoretical chemistry. He was the principal founder of the theory of chemical structure.[372][373]
- John Kendrew (1917–1997): English biochemist and crystallographer who shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Max Perutz; their group in the Cavendish Laboratory investigated the structure of heme-containing proteins.[374]
- John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946): British economist. His ideas are the basis for the school of thought known as Keynesian economics, as well as its various offshoots.[375][376]
- Michio Kaku (born 1947): American theoretical physicist.[280]
- Alfred Kastler (1902–1984): French physicist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1966.[377]
- Joseph-Louis Lagrange (1736–1813): Italian-French mathematician and astronomer. He made significant contributions to all fields of analysis, number theory, and classical and celestial mechanics.[378][379][380][381][382]
- Irving Langmuir (1881–1957): American chemist and physicist. He was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in surface chemistry.[383][384]
- Anthony James Leggett (born 1938): English-American physicist. Professor Leggett is widely recognized as a world leader in the theory of low-temperature physics, and his pioneering work on superfluidity was recognized by the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics.[385]
- Joseph Leidy (1823–1891): American paleontologist.[386]
- Mario Livio (born 1945): Israeli-American astrophysicist.[387]
- Seth Lloyd (born 1960): American mechanical engineer. He is a professor of mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[280]
- James Lovelock (1919–2022): British scientist, environmentalist and futurologist. He is best known for proposing the Gaia hypothesis.[388]
- Percival Lowell (1855–1916): American businessman, author, mathematician, and astronomer who fueled speculation that there were canals on Mars, founded the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, and formed the beginning of the effort that led to the discovery of Pluto 14 years after his death.[389]
- Frank Malina (1912–1981): American aeronautical engineer and painter, especially known for becoming both a pioneer in the art world and the realm of scientific engineering.[390]
- Rudolph A. Marcus (born 1923): Canadian-born chemist who received the 1992 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his theory of electron transfer.[297]
- Lynn Margulis (1938–2011): American biologist. She is best known for her theory on the origin of eukaryotic organelles, and her contributions to the endosymbiotic theory, which is now generally accepted for how certain organelles were formed. She is also associated with the Gaia hypothesis, based on an idea developed by the English environmental scientist James Lovelock.[391]
- Dan McKenzie (geophysicist) (born 1942): British geophysicist.[280]
- Simon van der Meer (1925–2011): Dutch particle accelerator physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 with Carlo Rubbia for contributions to the CERN project which led to the discovery of the W and Z particles, two of the most fundamental constituents of matter.[392][393]
- Albert Abraham Michelson (1852–1931): American physicist known for his work on the measurement of the speed of light and especially for the Michelson–Morley experiment. In 1907 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics.[394][395][396]
- Ludwig von Mises (1881–1973): Austrian Economist and Philosopher. He was a prominent figure in the Austrian School of economic thought.[397][398][399][400]
- Ludwig Mond (1839–1909): German-born British chemist and industrialist.[401]
- Robert S. Mulliken (1896–1986): American physicist and chemist, primarily responsible for the early development of molecular orbital theory, i. e. the elaboration of the molecular orbital method of computing the structure of molecules. Dr. Mulliken received the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1966.[402]
- Nathan Myhrvold (born 1959): American computer scientist, technologist, mathematician, physicist, entrepreneur, nature and wildlife photographer, master chef.[403]
- David Nalin (born 1941): American physiologist. Nalin had the key insight that Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) would work if the volume of solution patients drank matched the volume of their fluid losses, and that this would drastically reduce or completely replace the only current treatment for cholera, intravenous therapy. Nalin's discoveries have been estimated to have saved over 50 million lives worldwide.[404]
- Fridtjof Nansen (1861–1930): Norwegian explorer, scientist, diplomat, humanitarian and Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In 1922, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work on behalf of the displaced victims of the First World War and related conflicts.[405]
- Erwin Neher (born 1944): German biophysicist. Along with Bert Sakmann, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1991.[406]
- Ronald George Wreyford Norrish (1897–1978): British chemist. As a result of the development of flash photolysis, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1967 along with Manfred Eigen and George Porter for their study of extremely fast chemical reactions.[407][408]
- Robert Noyce (1927–1990): American physicist, businessman, and inventor. He co-founded Fairchild Semiconductor in 1957 and Intel Corporation in 1968. He is also credited (along with Jack Kilby) with the invention of the integrated circuit or microchip which fueled the personal computer revolution.[409]
- Sherwin B. Nuland (1930–2014): American surgeon and author of How We Die.[410]
- Paul Nurse (born 1949): 2001 Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine, called himself an atheist, but specified that "sceptical agnostic" was a more "philosophically correct" term.[411]
- Bill Nye (born 1955): American science educator, comedian, television host, actor, mechanical engineer and scientist. Popularly known as "Bill Nye the Science Guy".[412]
- George Olah (1927–2017): 1994 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, discoverer of superacids,[413]
- Mark Oliphant (1901–2000): Australian physicist and humanitarian. He played a fundamental role in the first experimental demonstration of nuclear fusion and also the development of the atomic bomb.[414]
- Karl Pearson (1857–1936): English mathematician who has been credited for establishing the discipline of mathematical statistics.[415]
- Saul Perlmutter (born 1959): American astrophysicist. He shared both the 2006 Shaw Prize in Astronomy and the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics with Brian P. Schmidt and Adam Riess for providing evidence that the expansion of the universe is accelerating.[280]
- Henri Poincaré (1854–1912): French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and a philosopher of science. He is often described as a polymath, and in mathematics as The Last Universalist, since he excelled in all fields of the discipline as it existed during his lifetime.[416][417][418][419]
- Siméon Denis Poisson (1781–1840): French mathematician, geometer, and physicist.[420][421]
- George Pólya (1888–1985): Hungarian Jewish mathematician. He was a professor of mathematics from 1914 to 1940 at ETH Zürich and from 1940 to 1953 at Stanford University. He made fundamental contributions to combinatorics, number theory, numerical analysis and probability theory. He is also noted for his work in heuristics and mathematics education.[422]
- Carolyn Porco (born 1953): American planetary scientist. She is best known for her work in the exploration of the outer Solar System, beginning with her imaging work on the Voyager missions to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune in the 1980s.[280]
- Vladimir Prelog (1906–1998): Croatian organic chemist. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1975.[423]
- Vilayanur S. Ramachandran (born 1951): Indian-American neuroscientist. Best known for his work in the fields of behavioral neurology and visual psychophysics.[424]
- C. V. Raman (1888–1970): Indian physicist whose work was influential in the growth of science in India. He was the recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930 for the discovery that when light traverses a transparent material, some of the light that is deflected changes in wavelength. This phenomenon is now called Raman scattering and is the result of the Raman effect.[425][426]
- Lisa Randall (born 1962): American theoretical physicist and a student of particle physics and cosmology. She works on several of the competing models of string theory in the quest to explain the fabric of the universe. Her best known contribution to the field is the Randall–Sundrum model, first published in 1999 with Raman Sundrum.[427]
- John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh (1842–1919): English physicist who, with William Ramsay, discovered the element argon, an achievement for which he earned the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1904. He also discovered the phenomenon now called Rayleigh scattering, explaining why the sky is blue, and predicted the existence of the surface waves now known as Rayleigh waves. Rayleigh's textbook, The Theory of Sound, is still referred to by acoustic engineers today.[428]
- Grote Reber (1911–2002): American amateur astronomer and pioneer of radio astronomy. He was instrumental in investigating and extending Karl Jansky's pioneering work, and conducted the first sky survey in the radio frequencies. His 1937 radio antenna was the second ever to be used for astronomical purposes and the first parabolic reflecting antenna to be used as a "radio telescope".[429][430]
- Robert Coleman Richardson (1937–2013): American experimental physicist. He, along with David Lee, as senior researchers, and then graduate student Douglas Osheroff, shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physics for their 1972 discovery of the property of superfluidity in helium-3 atoms in the Cornell University Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics.[297]
- Charles Richet (1850–1935): French physiologist, won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on anaphylaxis.[431]
- Isaac Roberts (1829–1904): Welsh engineer and business man best known for his work as an amateur astronomer, pioneering the field of astrophotography of nebulae.[432]
- Richard J. Roberts (born 1943): British biochemist and molecular biologist. He was awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Phillip Allen Sharp for the discovery of introns in eukaryotic DNA and the mechanism of gene-splicing.[433]
- Józef Rotblat (1908–2005): Polish-British physicist. Along with the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, he received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1995.[434]
- Carl Sagan (1934–1996): Astronomer and skeptic.[435]
- Frederick Sanger (1918–2013): English biochemist and a two-time Nobel Laureate in Chemistry.[436]
- Nicholas Saunderson (1682–1739): English scientist and mathematician.[437]
- Peter Schuster (born 1941): Professor of Theoretical Chemistry at the University of Vienna.[438]
- Harlow Shapley (1885–1972): American astronomer. Best known for determining the correct position of the Sun within the Milky Way galaxy.[439][440]
- Charles Scott Sherrington (1857–1952): English neurophysiologist, histologist, bacteriologist, and pathologist. He, along with Edgar Adrian, won the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[441]
- George Gaylord Simpson (1902–1984): American paleontologist. He is considered to be one of the most influential paleontologist of the 20th century, and a major participant in the modern evolutionary synthesis.[442]
- Jens C. Skou (1918–2018): Danish chemist. In 1997 he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (together with Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker) for his discovery of Na+, K+-ATPase.[443]
- Homer Smith (1895–1962): American physiologist. His research work focused on the kidney and he discovered inulin at the same time as A.N. Richards.[444]
- William Smith (geologist) (1769–1839): English geologist, credited with creating the first nationwide geological map. He is known as the "Father of English Geology" for collating the geological history of England and Wales into a single record, although recognition was very slow in coming.[445]
- George Smoot (1945–2025): American astrophysicist, cosmologist, Nobel laureate, and $1 million TV quiz show prize winner (Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?). He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2006 for his work on the Cosmic Background Explorer with John C. Mather that led to the measurement "of the black body form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation."[446]
- Charles Proteus Steinmetz (1865–1923): German-American mathematician and electrical engineer.[447]
- Piero Sraffa (1898–1983): Influential Italian economist whose book Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities is taken as founding the Neo-Ricardian school of Economics.[448]
- Albert Szent-Györgyi (1893–1986): Hungarian physiologist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1937. He is credited with discovering vitamin C and the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle.[449]
- Leo Szilard (1898–1964): Austro-Hungarian physicist and inventor.[450][451]
- Igor Tamm (1895–1971): Soviet physicist who received the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov and Ilya Frank, for their 1934 discovery of Cherenkov radiation.[452]
- Edward Teller (1908–2003): Hungarian-American theoretical physicist, known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb". Teller made numerous contributions to nuclear and molecular physics, spectroscopy (the Jahn–Teller and Renner–Teller effects), and surface physics.[453]
- Thorvald N. Thiele (1838–1910): Danish astronomer, actuary and mathematician, most notable for his work in statistics, interpolation and the three-body problem. He was the first to propose a mathematical theory of Brownian motion. Thiele introduced the cumulants and (in Danish) the likelihood function; these contributions were not credited to Thiele by Ronald A. Fisher, who nevertheless named Thiele to his (short) list of the greatest statisticians of all time on the strength of Thiele's other contributions.[454]
- E. Donnall Thomas (1920–2012): American physician, professor emeritus at the University of Washington, and director emeritus of the clinical research division at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. In 1990 he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Joseph E. Murray for the development of cell and organ transplantation. Thomas developed bone marrow transplantation as a treatment for leukemia.[455]
- John Tyndall (1820–1893): Prominent 19th century experimental physicist. Known for producing a number of discoveries about processes in the atmosphere.[456][457]
- Neil deGrasse Tyson (born 1958): American astrophysicist, science communicator, the Frederick P. Rose Director of the Hayden Planetarium at the Rose Center for Earth and Space, and a Research Associate in the Department of Astrophysics at the American Museum of Natural History.[458]
- Stanislaw Ulam (1909–1984): Polish-Jewish mathematician. He participated in America's Manhattan Project, originated the Teller–Ulam design of thermonuclear weapons, invented the Monte Carlo method of computation, and suggested nuclear pulse propulsion.[459][460]
- Martinus J. G. Veltman (1931–2021): Dutch theoretical physicist. He shared the 1999 Nobel Prize in Physics with his former student Gerardus 't Hooft for their work on particle theory.[297]
- Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902): German doctor, anthropologist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist and politician. Referred to as "the father of modern pathology", he is considered one of the founders of social medicine.[461][462]
- John von Neumann (1903–1957): Hungarian-American mathematician and polymath who made major contributions to a vast number of fields, including set theory, functional analysis, quantum mechanics, ergodic theory, geometry, fluid dynamics, economics, linear programming, game theory, computer science, numerical analysis, hydrodynamics, and statistics, as well as many other mathematical fields. It is indicated that he was an "agnostic Catholic" due to his agreement with Pascal's Wager.[463][464][465][466]
- Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913): British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist and biologist. He is best known for independently proposing a theory of evolution due to natural selection that prompted Charles Darwin to publish his own theory.[467]
- André Weil (1906–1998): French mathematician. He is especially known for his foundational work in number theory and algebraic geometry.[468][469]
- Walter Frank Raphael Weldon (1860–1906): English evolutionary biologist and a founder of biometry. He was the joint founding editor of Biometrika, with Francis Galton and Karl Pearson.[470]
- Norbert Wiener (1894–1964): American mathematician and child prodigy. He is regarded as the originator of cybernetics.[471]
- Eugene Wigner (1902–1995): Hungarian American theoretical physicist and mathematician. He received a share of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963 "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"; the other half of the award was shared between Maria Goeppert-Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen. Wigner is important for having laid the foundation for the theory of symmetries in quantum mechanics as well as for his research into the structure of the atomic nucleus. It was Eugene Wigner who first identified Xe-135 "poisoning" in nuclear reactors, and for this reason it is sometimes referred to as Wigner poisoning. Wigner is also important for his work in pure mathematics, having authored a number of theorems.[472]
- Frank Wilczek (born 1951): American theoretical physicist. Along with David J. Gross and Hugh David Politzer, won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2004.[473]
- Steve Wozniak (born 1950): Co-founder of Apple Computer and inventor of the Apple I and Apple II.[474]
- Chen Ning Yang (1922–2025): Chinese-born American physicist who works on statistical mechanics and particle physics. He and Tsung-dao Lee received the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work on parity nonconservation of weak interaction.[475]
- Hubert Yockey (1916–2016): American physicist and information theorist.[476]
- Hans Zinsser (1878–1940): American bacteriologist and a prolific author. He is known for his work in isolating the typhus bacterium and developing a protective vaccine.[477][478]
Celebrities and athletes
- Steve Austin (born 1964): American professional wrestler.[479]
- Kristy Hawkins (born 1980): American IFBB professional bodybuilder and scientist.[480]
- Edmund Hillary (1919–2008): New Zealand mountaineer, explorer and philanthropist. He along with Tenzing Norgay became the first climbers confirmed as having reached the summit of Mount Everest.[481]
- Pat Tillman (1976–2004): American professional football player and U.S. Army veteran.[482]
- Rafael Nadal (born 1986): Spanish professional tennis player.[483]
- Rob Van Dam (born 1970): American professional wrestler, winner of three separate major promotion world championships.
- Mike Mentzer (1951–2001): American IFBB Professional bodybuilder, businessman, philosopher and author.
See also
Notes
External links
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- ↑ Template:Cite video
- ↑ "They were both agnostics, though both set a high associative value on the language in which the traditional religions of their forebears had been expressed, and in conversation and writing were not averse to ironic reference to certain metaphysical concepts." Anthony Cronin, Samuel Beckett: the last modernist (1999), page 90
- ↑ "Contrary to McWilliams's claim, however, in the public arena Bierce was not merely an agnostic but a staunch unbeliever regarding the question of Jesus' divinity." Donald T. Blume, Ambrose Bierce's Civilians and soldiers in context: a critical study, page 323.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". "Being an agnostic means all things are possible, even God, even the Holy Trinity. This world is so strange that anything may happen, or may not happen. Being an agnostic makes me live in a larger more fantastic kind of world, almost uncanny. It makes me more tolerant."
- ↑ Henry Cadbury, "My Personal Religion" Template:Webarchive, republished on the Quaker Universalist Fellowship website.
- ↑ Henry Cadbury stated in a 1936 lecture to Harvard Divinity School students: "Most students... wish to know whether I believe in the existence of God on immortality, and if so why. They regard it impossible to leave these matters unsettled – or at least extremely detrimental to religion not to have the basis of such conviction. Now for my pa, rt I do not find it impossible to leave them op..... I can describe myself as no ardent theist or atheist."
- ↑ "I have recently argued that this linguistic indeterminacy, or as J. Hillis Miller terms it, undecidability, places Carlyle as a perhaps unwilling and yet important contributor to the upsurge of aanti-religiousus agnosticism that would set in motion the demise of orthodox belief both prophesied and dreaded by Nietzsche." Paul E. Kerry, Marylu Hill, Thomas Carlyle Resartus: Reappraising Carlye's Contribution to the Philosophy of History, Political Theory, and Cultural Criticism (2010), page 69.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ "To be clear, in all the annals of American and African American history, one will probably not find another agnostic as preoccupied with and as familiar with so much biblical, religious, and spiritual rhetoric as WEB Du Bois." Brian Johnson, W.E.B. Du Bois: Toward Agnosticism, 1868–1934, page 3.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ "To be sure, when she wrote her groundbreaking book, Friedan considered herself an "agnostic" Jew, unaffiliated with any religious branch or institution." Kirsten Fermaglich, American Dreams and Nazi Nightmares: Early Holocaust Consciousness and Liberal America, 1957–1965 (2007), page 59.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ "...Gorky – a religious agnostic praised as a social realist by the communist regime during the demise of imperial Russia..." James Redmond, Drama and Philosophy, p. 161.
- ↑ "Gorky had long rejected all organized religions. Yet he was not a materialist, and thus he could not be satisfied with Marx's ideas on religion. When asked to express his views about religion in a questionnaire sent by the French journal Mercure de France on April 15, 1907, Gorky replied that he was opposed to the existing religions of Moses, Christ, and Mohammed. He defined religious feeling as an awareness of a harmonious link that joins man to the universe and as an aspiration for synthesis, inherent in every individual." Tova Yedlin, Maxim Gorky: A Political Biography, p. 86.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ During an interview on his book The Year of Living Biblically with George Stroumboulopoulos on the CBC Program 'The Hour' Jacobs states "I'm still an agnostic, I don't know whether there's a god."[2] Template:Webarchive
- ↑ " Neither Joyce's agnosticism nor his sexual libertinism were known to his mentors at Belvedere and he remained to the end a Prefect of the Sodality of Mary." Bruce Stewart, James Joyce (2007), p. 14.
- ↑ "Kafka did not look at writing as a "gift" in the traditional sense. If anything, he considered both his talent for writing and what he produced as a writer curses for some unknown sin. Since Kafka was agnostic or even an atheist, it is best to assume his sense of sin and curse were metaphors." Franz Kafka – The Absurdity of Everything Template:Webarchive, Tamer i.com.
- ↑ "Kafka was also alienated from his heritage by his parents' perfunctory religious practice and minimal social formality in the Jewish community, though his style and influences were sometimes attributed to Jewisfolklorere. Kafka eventually declared himself a socialist atheistand, Spinoza, Darwin and Nietzsche e some of his influences." C. D. Merriman, Franz Kafka Template:Webarchive.
- ↑ "Keats shared Hunt's dislike of institutionalized Christianity, parsons, and the Christian belief in man's innate corruption, but, as an unassertive agnostic, held well short of Shelley's avowed atheism." John Barnard, John Keats, pp. 38–39.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ "Lucretius did not deny the existence of gods either, but he felt that human ideas about gods combined with the fear of death make human beings unhappy. He followed the same materialist lines as Epicurus, and by denying that the gods had any way of influencing our world he said that humankind not needed to fear the supernatural." Ancient Atheists Template:Webarchive. BBC.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "When asked what he would do if on his death he found himself facing the twelve apostles, the agnostic Mencken answered, "I would simply say, 'Gentlemen, I was mistaken." American Experience; Monkey Trial; People & Events: The Jazz Age , PBS, 1999–2001. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "Nabokov is a self-affirmed agnostic in matters religious, political, and philosophical." Donald E. Morton, Vladimir Nabokov (1974), p. 8.
- ↑ "O'Neill, an agnostic ann anarchist, maintained little hope in religion or politics and saw institutions not serving to preserve liberty but standing in the way of the birth of true freedom." John P. Diggins, Eugene O'Neill's America: desire under democracy (2007), p. 130.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ "Marcel Proust was the son of a Christian father and a Jewish mother. He was baptized (on 5 August 1871, at the church of Saint-Louis d'Antin) and later confirmed as a Catholic, but he nevepractiseded that faith and as an adult could best be described as a mystical atheist, someone imbued with spirituality who nonetheless did not believe in a personal God, much less in saviour." Edmund White, Marcel Proust: A Life (2009).
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ "It must be extremely consoling, he admitted, to have faith in religion, yet even for an agnostic, like himself, life held many beautiful realities – the art of Raphael or Titian, the prose of Voltaire and the poetry of Byron in Don Juan." F. C. Green, Stendhal (2011), p. 200.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ CBC News reports that Templeton "eventually abandoned the pulpit and became an agnostic". Journalist, evangelist Charles Templeton dies
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ "For example, Leonard Schapiro, Turgenev, His Life and Times (New York: Random, 1978) 214, writes about Turgenev's agnosticism as follows: "Turgenev was not a determined atheist; there is ample evidence which shows that he was an agnostic who would have been happy to embrace the consolations of religion, but was, except perhaps on some rare occasions, unable to do so"; and Edgar Lehrman, Turgenev's Letters (New York: Knopf, 1961) xi, presents still another interpretation for Turgenev's lack of religion, suggesting literature as a possible substitution: "Sometimes Turgenev's attitude toward literature makes us wonder whether, for him, literature was not a surrogate religion – something in which he could believe unhesitatingly, unreservedly, and enthusiastically, something that somehow would make man in general and Turgenev in particular, a little happier." - Harold Bloom, Ivan Turgenev, Chelsea House Publishers (2003), pp. 95–96. ISBN 9780791073995
- ↑ "In one of our walks about Hartford, when he was in the first fine flush of his agnosticism, he declared that Christianity had done nothing to improve morals and conditions..." William Dean Howells, My Mark Twain [3] Template:Webarchive.
- ↑ "William Dean Howells and Mark Twain had much in common. They were agnostic but compassionate of the plight of man in an indifferent world..." Darrel Abel (2002), Classic Authors of the Gilded Age, iUniverse, Template:ISBN
- ↑ "At the most, Mark Twain was a mild agnostic, usually he seems to have been an amused Deist. Yet, at this late da, te hin daughter has refused to allow his comments on religion to be published." Kenneth Rexroth, "Humor in a Tough Age;" The Nation, 7 March 1959. [4] Template:Webarchive
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "Warraq, 60, describes himself now as an agnostic..." Dissident voices, World Magazine, 16 June 2007, Vol. 22, No. 22.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Wilson explains that he is agnostic about everything in the preface to his book Cosmic Trigger Template:Webarchive.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ The Herald, "Why did this "saint" fail to act on sinners within his flock?", Anne Simpson, 26 May 2007
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Cite magazine
- ↑ Faces of the New Atheism: The Scribe, by Nicholas Thompson, Wired, Issue 14.11, November 2006 (Retrieved 30 November 2006).
- ↑ "The first Nobel Peace Prize went, in 1901, to Henri Dunant. Dunant was the founder of the Red Cross, but he could not become its first elective head-so it is widely believed – because of his agnostic views." Oscar Riddle, The Unleashing of Evolutionary Thought (2007), p. 343.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ On his religious beliefs: ANNO: "I don't belong to any kind of organized religion, so I guess I could be considered agnostic. Japanese spiritualism holds that there is kami (spirit) in everything, and that's closer to my own beliefs." Anno's Roundtable Discussion.
- ↑ "I was religious when I was younger. I was Catholic, raised Catholic. I had certain issues about that. I consciously lapsed. I made a conscious decision to avoid it. I'm agnostic. I'm not saying I don't have faith; I absolutely have faith but don't necessarily have faith in God. I have faith in humanity." Guardian's' Simon Baker refocuses anger of youth into busy career by Luane Lee, Scripps Howard News Service, 2 January 2003.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Interview with Penn Jillette Template:Webarchive in which he mentions his agnosticism.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "'God Bless America,' a favorite song of believers, was written by Irving Berlin. It now turns out that Berlin was an agnostic. In Freethought Today (Madison, Wisconsin, Freedom From Religion Foundation, May 2004) Dan Barker documents that Berlin, the son of a Jewish cantor, was an agnostic, that 'patriotism was his religion.'" Warren Allen Smith, Gossip from Across the Pond: Articles Published in the United Kingdom's Gay and Lesbian Humanist, 1996–2005, p. 106.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ INTERVIEW: Padre, Padre: Mexico's Native Son Gael Garcia Bernal Stars in the Controversial "The Crime of Father Amaro" Template:Webarchive
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- ↑ "His life partner, Peter Pears, would describe Britten as "an agnostic with a great love for Jesus Christ." Benjamin Britten (1913–1976) Template:Webarchive
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- ↑ "Actress Rose Byrne on 'Knowing' Religion & the End of the World" in BBook.com: [5] Template:Webarchive "Yeah, I'd say I'm agnostic".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Hiatt, Brian (5 August 2010). "Leonardo DiCaprio Faces His Demons Template:Webarchive". Rolling Stone. "I'm not an atheist, I'm agnostic. What I honestly think about is the planet, not my specific spiritual soul floating around."
- ↑ Archived at GhostarchiveTemplate:Cbignore and the Wayback MachineTemplate:Cbignore: Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Cbignore
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- ↑ Zac Efron & Nikki Blonsky's Secret Off Screen Romance? Template:Webarchive By Tina Sims, The National Ledger, 1 August 2007 (Retrieved 25 March 2008)
- ↑ "I was raised agnostic, so we never practiced religion..." "Zac Efron – the new American hearthrob", Strauss, Neil Rolling Stone, 23 August 2007, p. 43.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ "Henry Fonda claims to be an agnostic. Not an atheist but a doubter." Howard Teichmann, Fonda: My Life, p. 303.
- ↑ In response to the question "Do you believe in God?", Fox said "I would love to, but I wonder sometimes what he believes in. Religion seems to have been created by man to help and guide humankind. I've no idea, really."Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Dead link
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ See "Sidelines" section of Free Inquiry magazine, Volume 19, Number 3 Template:Webarchive, which references a quote from New York Times Magazine, 12–27–98.
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- ↑ "He [Humphrys] went looking for God and ended up an angry agnostic – unable to believe but enraged by the arrogance of militant atheists." In God we doubt Template:Webarchive, John Humphrys The Sunday Times, 2 September 2007 (Retrieved 1 April 2008)
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Yudkoff, Alvin Gene Kelly: A Life of Dance and Dreams, Watson-Guptill Publications: New York, NY (1999) pp. 58–59
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "When we got married, I said, 'Look, since I'm agnostic, I have no right to tell you not to teach them what you believe. But give them an opening.' So if they ever ask me, I'd tell them the same thing I'm telling you: 'I don't buy that God, I don't know if there's an afterlife.' Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ The Onion: "Is there a God?" Stan Lee: "Well, let me put it this way... [Pauses.] No, I'm not going to try to be clever. I really don't know. I just don't know." Is There A God Template:Webarchive, The Club, 9 October 2002.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ "It is particularly poor salesmanship for Ms. Raabe to cite Mahler's supposed conversion from Judaism to Catholicism. In both law and common understanding, a choice made under duress is discounted as lacking in free will. Mahler converted as a mere formality under compulsion of a bigoted law that barred Jews from directorship of the Vienna Hofoper. Mahler himself joked about the conversion with his Jewish friends, and, no doubt, would view with bitter amusement the obtuseness of Ms. Raabe's understanding of the cruel choice forced on him: either convert to Christianity or forfeit the professional post for which you are supremely destined. When Mahler was asked why he never composed a Mass, he answered bluntly that he could never, with any degree of artistic or spiritual integrity, voice the Credo. He was a confirmed agnostic, a doubter and seeker, never a soul at rest or at peace." Joel Martel, MAHLER AND RELIGION; Forced to Be Christian Template:Webarchive, The New York Times.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ "He was born a Jew but has been described as a life-long agnostic. At one point he converted to Catholicism, purely for the purpose of obtaining a job that he coveted – director of the Court Opera of Vienna. It was unthinkable for a Jew to hold such a prestigious position, hence the utilitarian conversion to the state religion." Warren Allen Smith, Celebrities in Hell, pp. 76–77.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ "'It would be safe to say that I'm agnostic,' Matthews says. 'However, I do feel as though we owe a faith to the world and to ourselves. We owe a grace and gratitude to things that have brought us here. But I think it's very ignorant to say, 'Well, for everything, God has a plan.' That's like an excuse.... Maybe the real faithful act is to commit to something, to take action, as opposed to saying, 'Well, everything is in the hand of God.'" See Boston Globe Article 'Dave Matthews Gets Serious – and Playful' by Steve Morse Template:Webarchive (4 March 2001)
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "We all feel roughly the same. We're all agnostics." Playboy Interview with The Beatles: A candid conversation with England's mop-topped millionaire minstrels Template:Webarchive. Interviewed by Jean Shepherd, February 1965 issue.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Oberst said: "If I'm forced to categorize myself I guess I'd say I was an agnostic." Template:Usurped, by A. D. Amorosi, Harp magazine, May 2007. (Retrieved 15 October 2007)
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ "I'm a linear thinking agnostic, but not an atheist folks." Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ When asked whether he believed in God, he replied: "I generally am wary of the black and white veering more towards the grey with regard to these matters but am closer to atheism when push comes to shove in terms of not believing the extravagant claims of theology. After all "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence" – Carl Sagan If the following definition of an atheist is correct then I would certainly nail my flag to that mast! :o) "An atheist is a man who has no invisible means of support." – John Buchan" Brendan believe in God or something??Template:Dead link.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "BILD: Do you believe in God? Brad Pitt (smiling): 'No, no, no!' BILD: Is your soul spiritual? Brad Pitt: 'No, no, no! I'm probably 20 per cent atheist and 80 per cent agnostic. I don't think anyone really knows. You'll either find out or not when you get there, until then there's no point thinking about it.'" Brad Pitt interview: "With six kids each morning it is about surviving!" Template:Webarchive By Norbert Körzdörfer, Bild.com, 23 July 2009
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Rooney wrote: "I call myself an agnostic, not an atheist, because in one sense atheists are like Christians or Muslims. They're sure of themselves. A Christian says with certainty, there is a god; an atheist says with certainty, there is no god. Neither knows" Sincerely, Andy Rooney (2001), Public Affairs Template:ISBN
- ↑ Rooney said: "Why am I an atheist? I ask you: Why is anybody not an atheist? Everyone starts out being an atheist. No one is born with belief in anything. Infants are atheists until they are indoctrinated. I resent anyone pushing their religion on me. I don't push my atheism on anybody else. Live and let live. Not many people practice that when it comes to religion." Marian Christy, "Conversations: We make our own destiny", Boston Globe, 30 May 1982 (from Newsbank).
- ↑ Rooney said: "I am an atheist... I don't understand religion at all. I'm sure I'll offend a lot of people by saying this, but I think it's all nonsense." From a speech at Tufts University, 18 November 2004 Template:Webarchive.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Adrienne Shelly said: "I'm an optimistic agnostic. I'd like to believe." Rhys, Tim (August 1996), Suddenly Adrienne Shelly Template:Webarchive, MovieMaker Magazine. Retrieved 12 February 2007.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ "I know intellectually there is no god. But in case there is, I don't want to piss him off by saying it." Howard Stern, Interview w/ Steppin' Out Template:Webarchive, 21 May 2004.
- ↑ "I am an agnostic and I was interested in reading the pre-Christian idea that winter is more about regeneration than salvation. I stayed away from that triumphal, 'God is in his heaven, isn't everything wonderful?' kind of thing."Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Stone said "...I'm Jewish simply because... my mom is Jewish... but... I grew up completely secular and completely agnostic... I am the worst Jew in the world. I know nothing about the religion. I'm completely agnostic (my poor mother)." 'South Park' Creator Matt Stone on Fighting Terrorism Template:Webarchive on NPR's program Fresh Air, 14 October 2004, (quote begins at 15:05, ends at 16:00)
- ↑ When asked if there was a God, Stone answered "No." Is there a God? Template:Webarchive, by Stephen Thompson, The Onion A.V. Club, 9 October 2002
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Dan Barker, The Good Atheist – Living a Purpose-Filled Life Without God, p. 93.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ "Here we have a man who, while at Cambridge, was 'a most determined atheist'--those were the words of his fellow-undergraduate Bertrand Russell—and who was dismissed at the age of 25 from his post as organist in a church at South Lambeth because he refused to take Communion. Later, according to his widow, he 'drifted into a cheerful agnosticism.'" The Unknown Vaughan Williams Template:Webarchive, Michael Kennedy, Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association, Vol. 99. (1972–1973), pp. 31–41.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ "While this sounds skeptical, Kant is only agnostic about our knowledge of metaphysical objects such as God. And, as noted above, Kant's agnosticism leads to the conclusion that we can neither affirm nor deny claims made by traditional metaphysics." Andrew Fiala, John Meiklejohn, Critique of Pure Reason – Introduction, page xi.
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- ↑ "It is ridiculous to describe that Laozi had started the Dao religion. In fact Laozi is much more sympathetic to atheism than even Greek philosophers in general. To the most, like Buddha and philosophers of Enlightenment, Laoism is agnostic about God." Chen Lee Sun, Laozi's Daodejing-From the Chinese Hermeneutical and the Western Philosophical Perspectives: The English and Chinese Translations Based on Laozi's Original Daoism (2011), p. 119.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "Like everyone participating I'm what's called here a "secular atheist", except that I can't even call myself an "atheist" because it is not at all clear what I'm being asked to deny." Noam Chomsky, Edge Discussion of Beyond Belief: Science, Religion, Reason and Survival Template:Webarchive, November 2006 (Retrieved 21 April 2008).
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "Most histories of atheism choose the Greek and Roman philosophers Epicurus, Democritus, and Lucretius as the first atheist writers. While these writers certainly changed the idea of God, they didn't entirely deny that gods could exist." Ancient Atheists Template:Webarchive, BBC.
- ↑ "Dewey started his career as a Christian but over his long lifetime moved towards agnosticism. His philosophical writings start out apologetic; over his life he gradually lost interest in formal religion and focused more on democratic ideals. Moreover, he became very devoted to applying the scientific method of inquiry to both democracy and education." Shawn Olson, John Dewey – American Pragmatic Philosopher Template:Webarchive, 2005.
- ↑ "Epicurus taught that the soul is also made of material objects, and so when the body dies the soul dies with it. There is no afterlife. Epicurus thought that gods might exist, but if they did, they did not have anything to do with human beings." Ancient Atheists Template:Webarchive, BBC.
- ↑ "Frederick Edwords, Executive Director of the American Humanist Association, who labels himself an agnostic..." Atheism 101 Template:Webarchive, by William B. Lindley, Truth Seeker Volume 121 (1994) No. 2, (Retrieved 14 April 2008)
- ↑ Template:Cite video
- ↑ "This faith in rationality emerged early in Hook's life. Even before he was a teenager he proclaimed himself to be an agnostic." Edward S. Shapiro, Letters of Sidney Hook: Democracy, Communism, and the Cold War, 1995, page 2.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ "Referring to himself as an agnostic and an advocate of critical realism, Popper gained an early reputation as the chief exponent of the principle of falsification rather than verification." Karl Popper: philosopher of critical realism Template:Webarchive, by Joe Barnhart, The Humanist magazine, July–August 1996. (Retrieved 13 October 2006)
- ↑ Only fragments of Protagoras' treatise On the Gods survive, but it opens with the sentence: "Concerning the gods, I have no means of knowing whether they exist or not or of what sort they may be. Many things prevent knowledge including the obscurity of the subject and the brevity of human life."
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Russell said: "As a philosopher, if I were speaking to a purely philosophic audience I should say that I ought to describe myself as an Agnostic, because I do not think that there is a conclusive argument by which one prove that there is not a God. On the other hand, if I am to convey the right impression to the ordinary man in the street I think I ought to say that I am an Atheist... None of us would seriously consider the possibility that all the gods of Homer really exist, and yet if you were to set to work to give a logical demonstration that Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, and the rest of them did not exist you would find it an awful job. You could not get such proof. Therefore, in regard to the Olympic gods, speaking to a purely philosophical audience, I would say that I am an Agnostic. But speaking popularly, I think that all of us would say in regard to those gods that we were Atheists. In regard to the Christian God, I should, I think, take exactly the same line." Am I an Agnostic or an Atheist? Template:Webarchive, from Last Philosophical Testament 1943–1968, (1997) Routledge Template:ISBN. Russell was chosen by LOOK magazine to speak for agnostics in their well-known series explaining the religions of the U.S., and authored the essay "What Is An Agnostic?" which appeared 3 November 1953 in that magazine.
- ↑ MIZ title in German: Materialien und Informationen zur Zeit (MIZ) (Untertitel: Politisches Magazin für Konfessionslose und AtheistInnen)
- ↑ "Like many other so-called "Atheists" I am also not a pure atheist, but actually an agnostic..." Life without God: A decision for the people Template:Webarchive (Automatic Google translation of the original Template:Webarchive, hosted at Schmidt-Salomon's website), by Michael Schmidt-Salomon 19 November 1996, first published in: Education and Criticism: Journal of Humanistic Philosophy and Free Thinking January 1997 (Retrieved 1 April 2008)
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- ↑ "However, by the time he composed his memoirs Angell had come to realize how inappropriate it had been for 'an agnostic, a heretic, a revolutionary' like himself 'to preach his heretical and revolutionary doctrines' to a readership that was not only 'bourgeois' but 'churchy'." Martin Ceadel, Living the great illusion: Sir Norman Angell, 1872–1967 (2009), p. 38.
- ↑ Jerry H. Brookshire: Clement Attlee. Manchester University Press, 1995. p. 10, 15 and 35.
- ↑ Bachelet said "I am a woman, socialist, separated and agnostic." See Newsweek article An Unlikely Pioneer.
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- ↑ Darrow wrote "I am an agnostic as to the question of God." See Why I Am An Agnostic Template:Webarchive.
- ↑ In a C-SPAN2 BookTV interview recorded on 11 November 2013 and aired on 22 December 2013, Alan Dershowitz said, "I'm an agnostic."
- ↑ "The scream is not a vehicle of ideas" Template:Webarchive (In Spanish. See also: English translation by PROMT Online Translator. Retrieved 13 October 2006.)
- ↑ Template:In lang Agnosticisme of atheïsmeTemplate:Dead link
- ↑ Wiener Zeitung Template:Webarchive, published 8 July 2004 (German). "The agnostic Fischer is married for 35 years with Margit." (Translation by PROMT Online Translator Template:Webarchive).
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- ↑ Blanche d'Alpuget, Robert J. Hawke, 87
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- ↑ Ingersoll said that "It seems to me that the man who knows the limitations of the mind, who gives the proper value to human testimony, is necessarily an Agnostic." Why Am I Agnostic? Template:Webarchive, Robert Green Ingersoll, 1889. See also Ingersoll's complete works Template:Webarchive, which includes many speeches and writings on religion and agnosticism.
- ↑ Josipović said "Yes, it is true, I am declared agnostic." See Slobodna Dalmacija article in Croatian[6] Template:Webarchive.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Rolf Steininger, Günther Bischof, Michael Gehler: Austria in the Twentieth Century. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, 2002; p. 270
- ↑ Chile Moves On Template:Webarchive, Mark Falcoff, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1 April 2000.
- ↑ Agenda
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- ↑ Tiersky, Ronald. François Mitterrand: a Very French President. 2003, Rowman and Littlefield. p. 287.
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- ↑ Rockwell wrote in his autobiography "I am an agnostic, which means that to all proposals and explanations of the mysteries of life and eternity, I say, 'I do not know and I don't believe you or any other human does either.'" This Time the World, chapter 3, George Lincoln Rockwell, Template:ISBN
- ↑ flashnewstoday.com/.../siddaramiah-claims-cm-suffering-from-political-depression/
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- ↑ "The country's Left-leaning Prime Minister, a self-declared agnostic, became a bête noire of the Catholic Church during his first term in office by legalising same-sex marriage, introducing fast-track divorce and allowing embryonic stem-cell research." Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "Sometime after this, Hannes Alfvén was brought to the presence of Prime Minister Ben-Gurion. The latter was curious about this young Swedish scientist who was being much talked about. After a good chat, Ben Gurion came right to the point: "Do you believe in God?" Now, Hannes Alfvén was not quite prepared for this. So he considered his answer for a few brief seconds. But Ben-Gurion took his silence to be a "No." So he said: "Better scientist than you believes in God."" As told by Hannes Alfvén to Asoka Mendis, Template:Usurped.
- ↑ "Nuclear power is uniquely unforgiving: as Swedish Nobel physicist Hannes Alfvén said, "No acts of God can be permitted."" Amory Lovins, Inside NOVA – Nuclear After Japan: Amory Lovins Template:Webarchive, PBS.
- ↑ "Alfven dismissed in his address religion as a "myth", and passionately criticized the big-bang theory for being dogmatic and violating basic standards of science, to be no less mythical than religion." Helge Kragh, Matter and Spirit in the Universe: Scientific and Religious Preludes to Modern Cosmology (2004), page 252.
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- ↑ Interview Template:Webarchive with Simon Mayo, BBC Radio 5 Live, 2 December 2005.
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- ↑ "Concerning Emile Berliner, The Jew TO BE a Jew may mean one of several identities. For example, the Jew, Emile Berliner, the late inventor, called himself agnostic." B'nai B'rith, The National Jewish monthly: Volume 43; Volume 43.
- ↑ "In 1899, Berliner wrote a book, Conclusions, that speaks of his agnostic ideas on religion and philosophy." Seymour Brody, Jewish heroes & heroines of America: 151 true stories of Jewish American heroism (2003), p. 119.
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- ↑ "By the time he reached his late teens, he had become firmly agnostic." F. David Peat, Infinite Potential: The Life and Times of David Bohm (1997), page 21.
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- ↑ "As an agnostic scientist and a Fabian socialist in politics, I had the normal contempt for the Establishment, but I cherished the feeling that I could look anyone on earth in the eye and feel certain he would approve of what I was doing." Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Endurance of Life: The Implications of Genetics for Human Life (1980), p. 198.
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- ↑ Francis Crick, What Mad Pursuit: a Personal View of Scientific Discovery, Basic Books reprint edition, 1990, Template:ISBN, p. 145.
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- ↑ Darwin wrote: "my judgment often fluctuates... In my most extreme fluctuations I have never been an Atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. I think that generally (and more and more as I grow older), but not always, that an Agnostic would be the more correct description of my state of mind." The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin Template:Webarchive, Ch. VIII, p. 274. New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1905. See Charles Darwin's views on religion
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Werner Heisenberg recollects a friendly conversation among young participants at the 1927 Solvay Conference about Einstein's and Planck's views on religion. Wolfgang Pauli, Heisenberg and Dirac took part in it. Among other things, Dirac said: "I cannot understand why we idle discussing religion. If we are honest — and as scientists honesty is our precise duty — we cannot help but admit that any religion is a pack of false statements, deprived of any real foundation. The very idea of God is a product of human imagination. [...] I do not recognize any religious myth, at least because they contradict one another..." Pauli jokingly said: "Well, I'd say that also our friend Dirac has got a religion and the first commandment of this religion is: God does not exist and Paul Dirac is his prophet."Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ "As far as I know Dubois never expressed any atheistic ideas, but he did sometimes show evidence of fiercely anti-Catholic sentiments. His attitude towards religious belief as such can best be characterised as agnostic." Bert Theunissen, Eugène Dubois and the ape-man from Java: the history of the first missing link and its discoverer (1989), p. 24.
- ↑ On Durkheim, Larry R. Ridener, referencing a book by Lewis A. Coser, wrote: "Shortly after his traditional Jewish confirmation at the age of thirteen, Durkheim, under the influence of a Catholic woman teacher, had a short-lived mystical experience that led to an interest in Catholicism. But soon afterwards he turned away from all religious involvement, though emphatically not from interest in religious phenomena, and became an agnostic." See Ridener's page on famous dead sociologists Template:Webarchive. See also Coser's book: Masters of Sociological Thought: Ideas in Historical and Social Context, 2nd Ed., Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1977, pp. 143–144.
- ↑ "First, the same award was given to an agnostic Mathematician Freeman Dyson, ..." Moses Gbenu, Back to Hell (2003), p. 110.
- ↑ "Officially, he calls himself an agnostic, but his writings make it clear that his agnosticism is tinged with something akin to deism." Karl Giberson, Donald A. Yerxa, Species of origins: America's search for a creation story (2002), p. 141.
- ↑ "A theologically more modest version is offered by physicist Freeman Dyson (2000), who describes himself as "a practicing Christian but not a believing Christian"" Garrett G. Fagan, Archaeological fantasies: how pseudoarchaeology misrepresents the past and misleads the public (2006), p. 360.
- ↑ "My position concerning God is that of an agnostic." Albert Einstein in a letter to M. Berkowitz, 25 October 1950; Einstein Archive 59–215; from Alice Calaprice, ed., The Expanded Quotable Einstein, Princeton University Press, 2000, p. 216. As quoted at stephenjaygould.org Template:Webarchive (Retrieved 20 June 2007)
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "Enrico Fermi's attitude to the church eventually became one of indifference, and he remained an agnostic all his adult life." Emilio Segre, Enrico Fermi: Physicist (1995), page 5.
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- ↑ "This flat declaration prompted Ellis Franklin to accuse his strong-willed daughter of making science her religion. He was right. Rosalind sent him a four-page declaration, eloquent for a young woman just over 20 let alone a scientist of any age. ..."It has just occurred to me that you may raise the question of a creator. A creator of what?.... I see no reason to believe that a creator of protoplasm or primeval matter, if such there be, has any reason to be interested in our insignificant race in a tiny corner of the universe, and still less in us, as still more insignificant individuals. Again, I see no reason why the belief that we are insignificant or fortuitous should lessen our faith – as I have defined it." Brenda Maddox, Mother of DNA Template:Webarchive, NewHumanist.org.uk – Volume 117 Issue 3 Autumn 2002.
- ↑ Listed as an agnostic on NNDB.com. Rosalind Franklin Template:Webarchive, NNDB.com.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ In correspondence with conservative Christian commentator John Lofton, Milton Friedman wrote: "I am an agnostic. I do not 'believe in' God, but I am not an atheist, because I believe the statement, 'There is a god' does not admit of being either confirmed or rejected." An Exchange: My Correspondence With Milton Friedman About God, Economics, Evolution And "Values", by John Lofton, The American View Template:Webarchive, October–December 2006, (Retrieved 12 January 2007)
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- ↑ "The family adopted the Lutheran faith in 1918, and although Gabor nominally remained true to it, religion appears to have had little influence in his life. He later acknowledged the role played by an antireligious humanist education in the development of his ideas and stated his position as being that of a "benevolent agnostic". "Gabor, Dennis." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. (30 January 2012). [7] Template:Webarchive
- ↑ "The publication of Darwin's Origin of Species totally transformed his intellectual life, giving him a sense of evolutionary process without which much of his later work would have been unimaginable. Galton became a "religious agnostic", recognising the social value of religion but not its transcendental basis". Robert Peel, Sir Francis Galton FRS (1822–1911) – The Legacy of His Ideas - .
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- ↑ "Feynman, Gell-Man, Weinberg, and their peers accept Newton's incomparable stature and shrug off his piety, on the kindly thought that the old man got into the game too early.... As for Gell-Mann, he seems to see nothing to discuss in this entire God business, and in the index to The Quark and the Jaguar God goes unmentioned. Life he called a "complex adaptive system" which produces interesting phenomena such as the jaguar and Murray Gell-Mann, who discovered the quark. Gell-Mann is a Nobel-class tackler of problems, but for him the existence of God is not one of them." Herman Wouk, The Language God Talks: On Science and Religion (2010).
- ↑ "So we don't have to assume these principles as separate metaphysical postulates. They follow from the fundamental theory. They are what we call emergent properties. You don't need something more to get something more. That's what emergence means. Life can emerge from physics and chemistry, plus a lot of accidents. The human mind can arise from neurobiology, and a lot of accidents. The way the chemical bond arises from physics and certain accidents. Doesn't diminish the importance of these subjects, to know that they follow from more fundamental things, plus accidents. That's a general rule, and it's critically important to realize that. You don't need something more in order to get something more. People keep asking that when they read my book, The Quark and the Jaguar, and they say 'isn't there something more beyond what you have there?' Presumably they mean something supernatural. Anyway, there isn't. (Laughs) You don't need something more to explain something more." Murray Gell-Mann, Beauty and truth in physics: Murray Gell-Mann on TED.com (2007), Ted.com.
- ↑ Listed as an agnostic on NNDB.com. Murray Gell-Mann Template:Webarchive, NNDB.com.
- ↑ "...I certainly felt bemused by the anomaly of my role as a Jewish agnostic, trying to reassure a group of Catholic priests that evolution remained both true and entirely consistent with religious belief." Nonoverlapping Magisteria Template:Webarchive, by Stephen Jay Gould, Natural History 106 (March 1997): 16–22; Reprinted from Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms Template:Webarchive, New York: Harmony Books, 1998, pp. 269–283.
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- ↑ "Though Hayek was a self-professed agnostic, we show that his treatment of individual liberty was more consistent with a Judeo-Christian worldview than with that of his naturalist peers and postmodernist successors." Kenneth G. Elzinga, Matthew R. Givens, Christianity and Hayek Template:Webarchive (2009), p. 53.
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- ↑ Listed as agnostic on NNDB.com. David Hilbert Template:Webarchive
- ↑ "Mathematics is a presuppositionless science. To found it I do not need God, as does Kronecker, or the assumption of a special faculty of our understanding attuned to the principle of mathematical induction, as does Poincaré, or the primal intuition of Brouwer, or, finally, as do Russell and Whitehead, axioms of infinity, reducibility, or completeness, which in fact are actual, contentual assumptions that cannot be compensated for by consistency proofs." David Hilbert, Die Grundlagen der Mathematik, Hilbert's program, 22C:096, University of Iowa Template:Webarchive.
- ↑ "Also, when someone blamed Galileo for not standing up for his convictions Hilbert became quite irate and said, "But he was not an idiot. Only an idiot could believe that scientific truth needs martyrdom; that may be necessary in religion, but scientific results prove themselves in due time." Anton Z. Capri, Quips, quotes, and quanta: an anecdotal history of physics (2007), p. 135.
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- ↑ "Humboldt, by contrast, was an agnostic in religious sentiment and a Heraclitean in his cosmology; he regarded change, and species mutability, as being as natural as changing wind patterns or ocean currents." Harry Francis Mallgrave, Gottfried Semper: Architect of the Nineteenth Century (1996), page 157.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "Every variety of philosophical and theological opinion was represented there, and expressed itself with entire openness; most of my colleagues were ists of one sort or another; and, however kind and friendly they might be, I, the man without a rag of a label to cover himself with, could not fail to have some of the uneasy feelings which must have beset the historical fox when, after leaving the trap in which his tail remained, he presented himself to his normally elongated companions. So I took thought, and invented what I conceived to be the appropriate title of agnostic. Part 2 – Agnosticism Template:Webarchive, by T. H. Huxley, from Christianity and Agnosticism: A Controversy Template:Webarchive, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1889. Hosted at the Secular Web. (Retrieved 5 April 2008)
- ↑ Leader U. Template:Webarchive "Message from Professor Robert Jastrow"
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- ↑ Listed as an agnostic on NNDB.com. Friedrich August Kekulé Template:Webarchive, NNDB.com.
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- ↑ Listed as an agnostic on NNDB.com. John Maynard Keynes Template:Webarchive, NNDB.com.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "In religious matters Lagrange was, if anything at all, agnostic." Eric Temple Bell, Men of Mathematics (1986).
- ↑ "Napoleon replies: "How comes it, then, that Laplace was an atheist? At the Institute neither he nor Monge, nor Berthollet, nor Lagrange believed in God. But they did not like to say so." Baron Gaspard Gourgaud, Talks of Napoleon at St. Helena with General Baron Gourgaud (1904), p. 274.
- ↑ "Lagrange and Laplace, though of Catholic parentage, were agnostics." Morris Kline, Mathematics and the Search for Knowledge (1986), page 214.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ "About his inattention to religion, his usual response was, "Never believe anything that can't be proved."" Irving Langmuir, NNDB.com.[8] Template:Webarchive
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- ↑ "I'm a scientist, not a theologian. I don't know if there is a God or not. Religion requires certainty. Revere and respect Gaia. Have trust in Gaia. But not faith." James Lovelock, James Lovelock, Gaia's grand old man Template:Webarchive, Lawrence E. Joseph, 17 August 2000.
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- ↑ "The Dutch Nobel prize-winner, Simon van der Meer expressed this as follows: "As a physicist, you have to have a split personality to be still able to believe in a god."" Alfred Driessen, Antoine Suarez, Mathematical undecidability, quantum nonlocality, and the question of the existence of God (1997).
- ↑ Listed as an agnostic on NNDB.com. Simon van der Meer Template:Webarchive, NNDB.com.
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- ↑ Erik Ritter von Kuehnelt-Leddihn: The Cultural Background of Ludwig von Mises [9]
- ↑ "Indeed, for someone who was an agnostic, Mises wrote a great deal about religion. The number of references he makes to religion is staggering, actually numbering over twenty-five hundred in his published corpus." Laurence M. Vance, Mises Debunks the Religious Case for the State Template:Webarchive, Thursday, 10 February 2005.
- ↑ "Ludwig von Mises, who was agnostic, skeptical, and non-political." Block, Walter and Rockwell Jr., Llewellyn H., Man, Economy, and Liberty: Essays in Honor of Murray N. Rothbard, page 168.
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- ↑ Charlie Rose: "What is your sense of religion and spiritual being?" Myhrvold: "Not. It's –" Charlie: "Not?" Myhrvold: "There is a bunch of wonderful stories that people tell themselves and each other that they take as a matter of faith rather than evidence – I'm not saying it's bad, and they get a tremendous amount of comfort from it. I like things that can be proven and I worry about things where i might be believing exactly what I would like to hear. So it would be wonderful if, after we die here, we go to a much better place, just like it would be wonderful if we were the most important things in the world, but in the past we thought we were really important. We discovered afterwards we weren't. As a result, I am much more focused on things that I can understand in a scientific way which kind of – lets faith out of it." Charlie Rose interview, Nathan Myhrvold, CEO And Founder, Intellectual Ventures Template:Webarchive, 20 May 2010.Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ "I gradually slipped away from religion over several years and became an atheist or to be more philosophically correct, a sceptical agnostic." Nurse's autobiography at Nobelprize.org Template:Webarchive
- ↑ Steve Wartenberg: "'So, do you believe in God?' I asked". "'You really can't know,' answered Bill Nye the Controversial Guy." Steve Wartenberg, The Morning Call Template:Webarchive, 6 April 2006.
- ↑ "Today, I consider myself, in Thomas Huxley's terms, an agnostic. I don't know whether there is a God or creator, or whatever we may call a higher intelligence or being. I don't know whether there is an ultimate reason for our being or whether there is anything beyond material phenomena. I may doubt these things as a scientist, as we cannot prove them scientifically, but at the same time we also cannot falsify (disprove) them. For the same reasons, I cannot deny God with certainty, which would make me an atheist. This is a conclusion reached by many scientists." George Olah, A Life of Magic Chemistry
- ↑ "It was nice to be honoured but I like 'Mark' not 'Sir Mark'. When one's young, one's brash and all-knowing; when one's old, one realises how little one knows. You asked me earlier if I believed in God and the hereafter. I would tend to say no but when one dies one could well be surprised." Mark Oliphant from an interview in 1996. Sir Mark Oliphant – Reluctant Builder of the Atom Bomb Template:Webarchive.
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- ↑ "Now Ibn al-Haytham was a devout Muslim – that is, he was a supernaturalist. He studied science because he considered that by doing this he could better understand the nature of the god that he believed in – he thought that a supernatural agent had created the laws of nature. The same is true of virtually all the leading scientists in the Western world, such as Galileo and Newton, who lived after al-Haytham, until about the middle of the twentieth century. There were a few exceptions – Pierre Laplace, Siméon Poisson, Albert Einstein, Paul Dirac and Marie Curie were naturalists for example." John Ellis, How Science Works: Evolution: A Student Primer, p. 13.
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- ↑ "I submit that Hubble was looking for this principle of tired light. A hundred years from now, people will look back on the Big Bang Creationists and their antics with laughter much as we laugh at those who argued over how many angels can dance on the head of a pin!" Grote Reber, The Big Bang is Bunk Template:Webarchive, page 49.
- ↑ Listed as an agnostic on NNDB.com. Grote Reber Template:Webarchive, NNDB.com
- ↑ "Eugenie Richet was a highly religious woman; Charles made his first communion with real devotion and fleetingly promised to enter the priesthood, but he abandoned his childhood faith during his adolescence. As an adult, he became an agnostic, a freethinker and a Freemason, who was nonetheless fairly tolerant of his wife Amelie's continued faith." Mark S. Micale, The mind of modernism: medicine, psychology, and the cultural arts in Europe and America, 1880–1940 (2004), page 220.
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- ↑ Rotblat: "I have to admit, however, that there are really many things that I do not know. I am not a particularly religious person, and this is the reason for my agnosticism. To be an agnostic simply means that I do not know and will keep seeking the answer for eternity. This is my response to questions about religion." Joseph Rotblat, Daisaku Ikeda, A quest for global peace: Rotblat and Ikeda on war, ethics, and the nuclear threat, p. 94.
- ↑ "Famed scientist Carl Sagan was also a renowned sceptic and agnostic who during his life refused to believe in anything unless there was physical evidence to support it." "Unbeliever's Quest" by Jerry Adler, in Newsweek, 31 March 1997. Excerpt
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- ↑ "Pavlov also sharply criticised Sherrington's agnosticism. "I am all the more surprised," Pavlov went on to say, "that for some reason or other he regards knowledge of this soul as something pernicious and clearly expresses this point of view; according to him..." George Windholz, Psychopathology and psychiatry (1994), page 419.
- ↑ "By his early teens, Simpson had given up being a Christian, although he had not formally declared himself an atheist. At college he began the gradual development of what might best be called positivistic agnosticism: a belief that the world could be known and explained by ordinary empirical observation without recourse to supernatural forces. Ultimate causation, he considered unknowable." Léo F. Laporte, Simple curiosity; letters from George Gaylord Simpson to his family, 1921–1970 (1987), p. 16.
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- ↑ "Both Enrico and Leo were agnostics." Nina Byers, Fermi and Szilard Template:Webarchive.
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- ↑ "Though research activities dominated his working days, Faraday never neglected to meet with his Christian friends for worship and prayer. We quote again from John Tyndall who, it should be said, was an agnostic: "I think that a good deal of Faraday's week-day strength and persistency might be referred to his Sunday Exercises. He drinks from a fount on Sunday which refreshes his soul for a week."" The Biblical Creation Society, Michael Faraday pioneer scientist – Christian Man of Science Template:Webarchive, 2002.
- ↑ "The odd subtext of that offer was that Faraday was intensely religious, and Tyndall was as fascinated with Faraday's convictions as he was with prayer, miracles, and cosmology. Faraday "drinks from a fount on Sunday which refreshes his soul for a week," said the agnostic Tyndall with obvious fascination – and, perhaps, a trace of envy." John H. Lienhard, Science, Religion, and John TyndallTemplate:Dead link, The Engines of our Ingenuity.
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- ↑ "I'm an agnostic. Sometimes I muse deeply on the forces that are for me invisible. When I am almost close to the idea of God, I feel immediately estranged by the horrors of this world, which he seems to tolerate..." Later Ulam expressed his opinions about matters that have very little in common with science." Polska Agencja Międzyprasowa, Poland: Issue 9 (1976).
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- ↑ "Virchow had no use for teleology in pathology: 'The teleo-logical purists were always forced to go back to original sin, without finding this way much recognition.' We found Virchow to be an agnostic as early as 1845." Erwin Heinz Ackerknecht, Rudolf Virchow: doctor, statesman, anthropologist (1953), p. 51.
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- ↑ "Andre Weil was an agnostic but respected religions." I. Grattan-Guinness, Bhuri Singh Yadav, History of the Mathematical Sciences (2004).
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- ↑ "On June 2, 1964, Swami Sarvagatananda presided over the memorial service at MIT in remembrance of Norbert Wiener – scion of Maimonides, father of cybernetics, avowed agnostic – reciting in Sanskrit from the holy books of Hinduism, the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita." Flo Conway, Jim Siegelman, Dark Hero of the Information Age: In Search Of Norbert Wiener—Father of Cybernetics (2006), p. 329.
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- ↑ "Although Wilczek grew up in the Roman Catholic faith, he now considers himself agnostic. He still has a fondness for the Church, so this book should not offend Christians. In fact Wilczek cites Father James Malley for a Jesuit Credo that states: "It is more blessed to ask forgiveness than permission."" Jim Walker, nobeliefs.com. [10] Template:Webarchive
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- ↑ Listed as an agnostic on NNDB.com. Hans Zinsser Template:Webarchive, NNDB.com.
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- ↑ Krakauer, Jon Where Men Win Glory, Doubleday, 2009, pp. 116 and 314. "Tillman was an agnostic, perhaps even an atheist". See also quotes from Tillman's brother Kevin.
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