Iu Mien language

The Iu Mien language (Template:Langx, ; Template:Lang-zh or ; Template:Langx or ) is the language spoken by the Iu Mien people in China (where they are considered a constituent group of the Yao peoples), Laos, Vietnam, Thailand and, more recently, the United States in diaspora. Like other Mien languages, it is tonal and monosyllabic.

Linguists in China consider the dialect spoken in Changdong, Jinxiu Yao Autonomous County, Guangxi to be the standard. This standard is also spoken by Iu Mien in the West, however, because most are refugees from Laos, their dialect incorporates influences from the Lao and Thai languages.

Iu Mien has 78% lexical similarity with Kim Mun (Lanten), 70% with Biao-Jiao Mien, and 61% with Dzao Min.

Geographic distribution

In China, it is spoken in the following counties (Mao 2004:302–303). There are 130,000 speakers in Hunan province, and 400,000 speakers in Guangxi, Yunnan, Guangdong, Guizhou and Jiangxi provinces.

• Guangxi: Yangshuo, Lingui, Guanyang, Ziyuan, Xing'an, Longsheng, Gongcheng, Yongfu, Luzhai, Lipu, Mengshan, Pingle, Jinxiu, Yishan, Rong'an, Rongshui, Luocheng, Huanjiang, Shanglin, Xincheng, Laibin, Baise, Napo, Lingyun, Tianlin, Cangwu, Hezhou, Fuchuan, Zhaoping, Fangcheng, Shangsi
• Guangdong: Yingde, Lechang, Shixing, Qujiang, Renhua, Wengyuan, Ruyuan, Liannan, Lianshan, Yangshan, Yangchun
• Yunnan: Hekou, Jinping, Honghe, Mengla, Malipo, Maguan, Gangnan, Funing, Wenshan
• Guizhou: Rongjiang, Congjiang, Sandu, Danzhai, Leishan, Zhenfeng, Luodian
• Jiangxi: Quannan, Shanggao
• Hunan: Jianghua, Yongzhou, Shuangpai, Xintian, Changning, Daoxian, Lanshan, Lingxian, Ningyuan, Jiangyong, Dong'an, Chenzhou, Zixing, Lingwu, Guiyang, Xinning, Yizhang, Chengbu, Qiyang, Chenxi; also in Longzha Township (龙渣瑶族乡), Yanling County

In Vietnam, Dao people belonging to the Đại Bản, Tiểu Bản, Quần Chẹt, Ô Gang, Cóc Ngáng, and Cóc Mùn subgroups speak Iu Mien dialects.

Phonology

Consonants

There are 31 cited consonant phonemes in Iu Mien. A distinguishing feature of Iu Mien consonants is the presence of voiceless nasals and laterals.

Consonant phonemes of Iu Mien (unknown dialect)

		Labial	Alveolar		Palatal	Velar	Glottal
			plain	sibilant
Nasal	voiced	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink		Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink
	voiceless	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink		Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink
Plosive/ Affricate	plain	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink
	aspirated	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
	voiced	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink
Fricative		Template:IPAlink		Template:IPAlink			Template:IPAlink
Glide					Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink
Lateral	voiced		Template:IPAlink
	voiceless		Template:IPAlink

1. The standard spelling system for Iu Mien does not represent the stop sounds in a way that corresponds to the IPA symbols, but instead uses e.g. Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, and Template:Angle bracket to represent . This may stem from an attempt to model the Iu Mien spelling system on Pinyin (used to represent Mandarin Chinese), where Template:Angle bracket and Template:Angle bracket represent . The Pinyin influence is also seen in the use of Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, and Template:Angle bracket to represent the alveolar affricates and Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, and Template:Angle bracket for the postalveolar affricates . The use of Template:Angle bracket to represent the velar nasal means that it cannot also be used to represent , as would be predicted; instead, Template:Angle bracket is used.
2. According to Aumann and Pan, in a certain Chinese dialect, the postalveolar affricates are instead palatal stops ().
3. According to Daniel Bruhn, the voiceless nasals are actually sequences (i.e. a short nasalized followed by a voiced nasal), while the voiceless lateral is actually a voiceless lateral fricative .
4. Bruhn also observed that younger-generation Iu Mien Americans were more likely to substitute the voiceless nasals and voiceless laterals with and the alveolo-palatal affricates with their corresponding palato-alveolar variants.

Onset

It appears that all single consonant phonemes except can occur as the onset.

Coda

Unlike Hmong, which generally prohibits coda consonants, Iu Mien has seven single consonant phonemes that can take the coda position. These consonants are . Some of the stops can only occur as final consonants when accompanied by certain tones; for example, only occurs with the tone Template:Angle bracket or Template:Angle bracket.

Vowels

Monophthongs of Iu Mien (unknown dialect)

	Front	Central	Back
High	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
High-mid	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
Low-mid	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Near-low	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Low	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link

Iu Mien vowels are represented in the Iu Mien United Script using combinations of the six letters, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, and Template:Angle bracket.

According to Bruhn, the monophthongs are Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, and Template:Angle bracket. The diphthongs are Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket. Furthermore, additional diphthongs and triphthongs can be formed from the aforementioned vowels through - or -on-gliding (having or before the vowel). Such vowels attested by Bruhn include Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, and Template:Angle bracket.

The dialect studied by Bruhn, and described in the above table, has a phoneme that does not have its own spelling, but is represented in various contexts either as Template:Angle bracket or Template:Angle bracket (which are also used for and , respectively). In all cases where is spelled Template:Angle bracket, and nearly all cases where it is spelled Template:Angle bracket, it does not contrast with or , respectively, and can be viewed as an allophone of these sounds. The only potential exception appears to be when occurring as a syllable final by itself, where it has an extremely restricted distribution, occurring only after the (alveolo-)palatal consonants . The sound may be a secondary development from in this context, although Bruhn does not discuss this issue.

Tones

Iu Mien is a tonal language with six observed tonemes.

In the Iu Mien United Script (the language's most common writing system), tones are not marked with diacritics; rather, a word's tone is indicated by a special marker letter at the end of the word. If a word lacks a marker, then it is to be pronounced with a middle tone.

IPA	Description	IMUS	Example	English meaning
˦/˦˥	High	v		lopsided
˧˩	Mid, falling	h		to have
˧	Mid	∅		basic tail of bird
˨/˨˩	Low	c		to sell
˨˧	Low, rising	x		nightmare
˨˧/˨˧˨	Lower, longer, rise-fall	z		to buy

Grammar

Iu Mien is an analytic language and lacks inflection. It is also a monosyllabic language, with most of its lexicon consisting of one syllable.

The language follows a SVO word order. Some other syntactic properties include the following:

• Adjectives usually follow nouns.
• Question words like those meaning 'where' generally come at the end of sentences.
• The negative word (often shortened to ) may occur before verbs to negate them.
• A prevalence of contractions. Some words consist of a contracted syllable followed by an uncontracted second syllable (in IMUS, these syllables are separated by apostrophes). One such example is ("spider"), a contraction of ("insect-spider").

Writing system

In the past, the lack of an alphabet caused low rates of literacy amongst the Iu Mien speakers. It had been written with Chinese characters in China; however, this is extremely difficult for Iu Mien speakers from other countries such as Laos and from groups who now live in the West.

In an effort to address this, an Iu Mien Unified Script was created in 1984 using the Latin script, based on an earlier orthography developed in China. Unlike the Vietnamese language, this alphabet does not use any diacritics to distinguish tones or different vowel sounds, and only uses the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet. This orthography distinguishes 30 initials, 128 finals, and eight tones. Hyphens are used to link adjectives with the nouns they modify. The alphabet is similar to the RPA used to write the Hmong language and the Hanyu Pinyin transcription scheme used for Chinese.

IMUS spelling-to-sound correspondences

Consonants

Spelling	IPA	Example
hm		('face')
m		('not'),
hn		('day')
n		('soil'), ('give')
hny		('year')
ny		('mine')
hng		('dumb')
ng		('cow'), ('elephant')
p		('shovel')
b		('to become')
mb		('us')
t		('to beg')
d		('second')
nd		('ground')
k		('gourd')
g		('oneself')
nq		('rear')
q (syllable-final)		('must')
c		('from')
z		('city wall')
nz		('character')
q (syllable-initial)		('hug')
j		('penis')
nj		('scissors')
f		('surname')
s		('new')
h		('learn')
y		('I')
w		('dig')
hl		('big')
l		(accept)

Vowels

Spelling	IPA	Example
a		('to cut with scissors')
aa		('mother')
aai		('final')
aau		('to socialize')
ae		('father')
ai		('vegetable')
au		('ground')
e		('shoe')
ei		('you')
er		(a raw meat dish)
eu		('to wrap')
i		('two')
o		('far')
oi		('like')
or		('shovel')
ou		('book')
u		('gestures')

Tones

Spelling	IPA	Example
v		('lopsided')
h		('to have')
∅		('basic tail of bird')
c		('to sell')
x		('nightmare')
z		('to buy')

Films

The following films feature the Iu Mien language:

• 2003 – Death of a Shaman. Directed by Richard Hall; produced by Fahm Fong Saeyang.
• 2010 – "Siang-Caaux Mienh". A story of a very irresponsible family man, alcoholic, and drug addict. He likes his bad friends but he does not love his family. But as he starts paying his mistakes, has become a turning point in his life.
• 2011 – "Mborqv Jaax Ciangv". A moving family friendly movie.

Notes

References

Dissertations

• Template:Cite thesis
• Template:Cite thesis

Further reading

• Template:Cite thesis

External links

• An Online Blog by Iu Mien Americans
• Mienh.net Language
• The Iu-Mien Community Online
• Mien Kingdom – Community Forum
• [1]
• OLAC resources in and about the Iu Mien language
• World Atlas of Language Structures entry
• LearnMien.com
• Free Iu Mien - English Dictionary