Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture
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Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture is an autonomous prefecture in southeastern Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China, and is the easternmost prefecture-level division of the province. It borders Baise, Guangxi, to the east, Vietnam's Hà Giang Province to the south for Template:Convert, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture to the west, and Qujing to the north.
Subdivisions
| Map | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2010) |
Area (km2)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Density(/km2)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
| Wenshan City | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:Transliteration | 481,504 | 3,064 | 157 |
| Yanshan County | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:Transliteration | 463,264 | 3,888 | 119 |
| Xichou County | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:Transliteration | 255,286 | 1,545 | 165 |
| Malipo County | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:Transliteration | 277,960 | 2,395 | 116 |
| Maguan County | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:Transliteration | 367,507 | 2,755 | 133 |
| Qiubei County | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:Transliteration | 477,441 | 5,150 | 93 |
| Guangnan County | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:Transliteration | 787,449 | 7,983 | 99 |
| Funing County | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:Transliteration | 407,530 | 5,459 | 75 |
Ethnic groups
Wenshan is highly diverse. According to a local saying, "Han and Hui live by the market, Zhuang and Dai live by the water, Miao and Yi live on the mountains, and Yao live among the valleys." (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
Some of Wenshan's ethnic groups include:
- Han Chinese
- Tai peoples
- Kra peoples
- Miao–Yao peoples
- Miao people (listed from east to west)[3]
- Lopsided Miao (Script error: No such module "Lang". Shuat)
- White Miao (Script error: No such module "Lang". Dleub)
- Green Miao (Script error: No such module "Lang". Shib, Nzhuab)
- Flowery Miao (Script error: No such module "Lang". Soud, Bes, Buak)
- Yao people
- Miao people (listed from east to west)[3]
- Tibeto-Burman peoples
- Yi people - Funing County, Guangnan County, Malipo County
- Bai people - Qiubei County (in Mazhelong Script error: No such module "Lang"., etc.), Yanshan County (in Jiayi Script error: No such module "Lang".), Guangnan County (in Zhulin Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- Mon-Khmer peoples
Yunnan (1979)[4] lists Jiazhou Script error: No such module "Lang". (pop. 475), Longjiang Script error: No such module "Lang". (pop. 54), Tusi Script error: No such module "Lang". (pop. 134), and Bendi Script error: No such module "Lang". (pop. 7) as Zhuang subgroups of unknown linguistic affiliation.
Yi
The Wenshan Prefecture Gazetteer (Script error: No such module "Lang".) (2000) and the Wenshan Prefecture Ethnic Gazetteer (Script error: No such module "Lang".) (2005) list the following Yi ethnic subdivisions in Wenshan Prefecture.
- Luo (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- White Lolo (Script error: No such module "Lang".) (autonyms: Suodu Script error: No such module "Lang"., Luoluobu Script error: No such module "Lang"., Xiqima Script error: No such module "Lang"., Gaisipo Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- Mokong (Script error: No such module "Lang".) (Gaokujiao Luo Script error: No such module "Lang".) of Funing and Guangnan counties
- Mudai (Script error: No such module "Lang".) of Funing and Napo counties
- Black Lolo (Script error: No such module "Lang".) (autonyms: Nuosupo Script error: No such module "Lang"., Luoluopo Script error: No such module "Lang".): in Qiubei, Yanshan, and Wenshan counties
- Flowery Lolo (Script error: No such module "Lang".) (autonyms: Hanluowu Script error: No such module "Lang"., Luwu Script error: No such module "Lang"., Niesu Script error: No such module "Lang".): in Funing, Guangnan, Malipo, Xichou, Maguan, and Yanshan counties
- White Lolo (Script error: No such module "Lang".) (autonyms: Suodu Script error: No such module "Lang"., Luoluobu Script error: No such module "Lang"., Xiqima Script error: No such module "Lang"., Gaisipo Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- Pu (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- Black Phula (Script error: No such module "Lang".) (autonym: Azha Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- White Phula (Script error: No such module "Lang".) (autonym: Zuoke Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- Flowery Phula (Script error: No such module "Lang".) (autonym: Abo Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- Sani (Script error: No such module "Lang".) (autonym: Sanipo Script error: No such module "Lang".): in Qiubei County
- Awu (Script error: No such module "Lang".) (autonym: Awu Script error: No such module "Lang".; exonyms: Mengwu Script error: No such module "Lang"., Awu Script error: No such module "Lang"., Mengwu Script error: No such module "Lang"., Mengzu Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- Lai (Script error: No such module "Lang".) (autonym; a branch of the Awu Script error: No such module "Lang"., also called Mengwu Script error: No such module "Lang".):[5] in Xisa Script error: No such module "Lang"., Xichou; Daping Script error: No such module "Lang". and Nanwenhe Script error: No such module "Lang". of Malipo
- Gepu (Script error: No such module "Lang".) (autonyms: Gepo Script error: No such module "Lang"., Alingpo Script error: No such module "Lang".; exonyms: Geluoluo/duo Script error: No such module "Lang"., Adu Script error: No such module "Lang"., Aga Script error: No such module "Lang".): in Tiechang Script error: No such module "Lang". and Donggan Script error: No such module "Lang". townships of Malipo County[5]
- Axi (Script error: No such module "Lang".): in Wenshan, Yanshan, and Qiubei counties[5]
- Lalu (Script error: No such module "Lang".) (Lalupu Script error: No such module "Lang".; exonym: Xiangtang Script error: No such module "Lang".): in Nanping Script error: No such module "Lang".[5]
Yao
The Wenshan Prefecture Gazetteer (Script error: No such module "Lang".) (2000) lists the following Yao ethnic subdivisions in Wenshan Prefecture.
- Men (Script error: No such module "Lang".) or Jinmen (Script error: No such module "Lang".) (exonym: Landian Yao Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- Mengmian (Script error: No such module "Lang".) or Youmian (Script error: No such module "Lang".) (exonyms: Daban Yao Script error: No such module "Lang"., Jiao Yao Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- Xiu (Script error: No such module "Lang".) or Ya (Script error: No such module "Lang".) (exonyms: Shan Yao Script error: No such module "Lang"., Guoshan Yao Script error: No such module "Lang".): in Longmen (Script error: No such module "Lang".) and Longshao (Script error: No such module "Lang".) of Funing County, and in Tiechang (Script error: No such module "Lang".), Jinchang (Script error: No such module "Lang".), and other locations of Malipo County
Demographics
Among the resident population, the Han population is 1,501,852, accounting for 42.69% of the total population; the ethnic minorities population is 2,016,089, accounting for 57.31% of the total population.
| National name | Han | Zhuang | Hmong | Yi | Yao | Hui | Dai | Bai | Buyi | Mongol | Others |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 1501848 | 1027282 | 481239 | 351597 | 87709 | 24774 | 15776 | 9130 | 7257 | 5655 | 5679 |
| Proportion of total population (%) | 42.69 | 29.20 | 13.68 | 9.99 | 2.49 | 0.70 | 0.45 | 0.26 | 0.21 | 0.16 | 0.16 |
| Proportion of minority population (%) | --- | 50.95 | 23.87 | 17.44 | 4.35 | 1.23 | 0.78 | 0.45 | 0.36 | 0.28 | 0.28 |
Gelao
The Wenshan Prefecture Gazetteer Script error: No such module "Lang". (2000) lists the following Gelao ethnic subdivisions in Wenshan Prefecture. The Gelao of Wenshan are also locally known as the Laobazi Script error: No such module "Lang". or Bazi Script error: No such module "Lang"..
- White Gelao (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- Green Gelao (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- Red Gelao (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
- Flowery Gelao (Script error: No such module "Lang".) (also known as the Wai Gelao (Script error: No such module "Lang".) or Pipao Gelao (Script error: No such module "Lang".))
History
The prefecture has been inhabited for at least 4000 years, as evidenced by surviving neolithic rock art in Malipo County. The Yelang kingdom existed in the area during the 3rd century BC.
The seat of Guangnan, known today as Liancheng (Script error: No such module "Lang".), was the heart of the Gouding Kingdom (Script error: No such module "Lang".) that lasted approximately 400 years, from 111 BC to 316 AD.
Transportation
References
External links
Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China Template:Miao autonomy in the People's Republic of China Template:Zhuang autonomy in the People's Republic of China
- ↑ Kaup, Katherine Palmer. Creating the Zhuang: Ethnic Politics in China. Boulder, CO: L. Rienner, 2000.
- ↑ a b c d Johnson, Eric C. 2011. "A Lexical and Phonological Comparison of the Central Taic Languages of Wenshan Prefecture, China: Getting More Out of Language Survey Wordlists Than Just Lexical Similarity Percentages." SIL Electronic Working Papers 2011-005: 170.
- ↑ Castro, Andy & Gu Chawen. 2010. "Phonological innovation among Hmong dialects of Wenshan." Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (JSEALS) 3.1:1-39.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d Wenshan Prefecture Ethnic Gazetteer (Script error: No such module "Lang".) (2005)
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".