Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture

Ili Kazakh Autonomous PrefectureTemplate:EfnTemplate:Efn is an autonomous prefecture in northern Xinjiang, China. Its capital is Yining, also known as Ghulja or Kulja. Covering an area of 268,591 square kilometres (16.18 per cent of Xinjiang), Ili Prefecture shares a -long border with Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Russia. There are nine ports of entry in Ili Prefecture at the national level, notably Khorgas. Directly administered regions () within the prefecture cover 56,622 square kilometres (21.08 per cent of Ili's total area) and have a population of 4,930,600 (63.95 per cent of Ili's registered population). Kazakhs are the second largest ethnicity in the prefecture after the Han Chinese, and make up a little over a quarter of the population.

Ili is the only prefecture-level division that has other prefecture-level divisions (Altay and Tacheng Prefectures) under its administration. The term "sub-provincial autonomous prefecture" () has often been applied to Ili, but the term has no legal basis under Chinese law and is a misnomer.

History

Early history

File:镶嵌红宝石金面具 裁剪.jpg

A golden mask inlaid with rubies, likely from the First Turkic Khaganate (552–603). It was excavated at the Boma tomb in Zhaosu County and is a part of the Ili Prefecture Museum's collection.

Before the advent of the Qin dynasty (221BC – 206BC), Ili was inhabited by the Wusuns, a tributary tribe of the Huns. The Wusuns were driven away in the 6th century AD by the northern Xiongnu, who established the First Turkic Khaganate in 552. The area later became a dependency of Dzungaria. During the Tang dynasty (618–907), the khanate became the Protectorate General to Pacify the West of the Tang Empire.

Ili came under the control of the Uyghur Khaganate in the 8th and 9th centuries, the Qara Khitai in the 12th century, and Genghis Khan in the 13th century. The Oirats, specifically the Dzungars, conquered Ili at the end of the 16th or the beginning of the 17th century.

File:Yili-military-complex-ca-1809.jpg

Map of the Ili region, c. 1809. It is "upside down", i.e. the south is on the top and the west on the right. The nine fortified towns are shown as double rectangles.

Qing dynasty

The Dzungar Khanate controlled both Dzungaria and the Ili basin until 1755, when the region was conquered by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty under the Qianlong Emperor. Having defeated the Dzungars in the Dzungarian and Ili basins, as well as the Afaqi Khojas in Kashgaria, the Qing court decided to make the Ili basin the main base of their control in Xinjiang.

In the 1760s, the Qing built nine fortified towns in the Ili basin:

Original Chinese name	Chinese	Turki (Uyghur) name	Modern name	Notes
Huiyuan Cheng			Huiyuan Town () in Huocheng County	Old Huiyuan was the residence of the General of Ili from 1765 to 1866. New Huiyuan was the residence of the General of Ili from 1894 to 1912. Historically known as New / Manchu Kulja or Ili.
Ningyuan Cheng			Yining	Also was known as Old Kulja or Taranchi Kulja. County seat of Ningyuan County (1888–1914) and Yining County (1914–1952).
Huining Cheng			Bayandai Town () within Yining, some 10 to 18 kilometres to the west of Yining's city centre
Taleqi Cheng			Within Huocheng County
Zhande Cheng			Qingshuihe Town () in Huocheng County
Guangren Cheng			Lucaogou Town () in Huocheng County, NE of Qingshuihe
Gongchen Cheng			Khorgas City ()
Xichun Cheng			Area commonly referred to as Chengpanzi (). Located in Hanbin Township () within Yining, a few kilometres west of the city centre.
Suiding Cheng			Shuiding Town (), county seat of Huocheng County since 1966	Also known as New / Manchu / Chinese Kulja. Renamed Shuiding in 1965. Residence of the General of Ili from 1762 to 1765 and 1883 to 1894. County seat of Suiding County (1888–1965) and Shuiding County (1965–1966).

File:万国来朝图 (Ili delegates in Peking in 1761).jpg

Ili () delegates in Peking (Beijing) in 1761. From Ten Thousand Nations Coming to Pay Tribute.

Huiyuan Cheng, as the residence of the General of Ili, the chief commander of Qing troops in Xinjiang, became the administrative capital of the region. It was provided with a large penal establishment and a strong garrison. This city was called "New Kulja", "Manhcu Kulja" or "Chinese Kulja" by foreigners to distinguish it from Ningyuan / Yining, known as "Old Kulja" or "Taranchi Kulja".

The first General of Ili was Ming Rui. The Qing tradition, unbroken until the days of Zuo Zongtang in the 1870s, was to only appoint Manchus as officials in Xinjiang.

File:Vereshchagin-Ruins-of-the-Theater-in-Chuguchak.jpg

Tacheng (Chuguchak) was among the towns that suffered greatly during the Muslim revolt of 1864.

During the Muslim revolt of 1864, Dungans and Taranchis of the area formed the Taranchi Sultanate. Huiyuan Cheng was the last Qing fortress in the Ili basin to fall to the rebels. The Dungan rebels massacred most of the city's inhabitants; Governor General Mingsioi (Mingxu) assembled his family and staff in his mansion and blew it up, dying under its ruins.

The insurrection led to the occupation of the Ili basin by the Russians in 1871. Ten years later, part of the territory was returned to China in accordance with the 1881 Treaty of Saint Petersburg.

In October 1884, the Qing government officially approved the establishment of Xinjiang Province and the local political system in Ili consequently went through major reforms. The Amban () and Baig systems () were abolished and replaced by circuit, urban prefecture, prefecture, and county systems. The position of General of Ili was renamed Ili Garrison General () and its responsibilities were greatly reduced. The Ili Garrison General would only oversee the military affairs of Ili and Tacheng instead of the whole of Xinjiang, the latter responsibility being delegated to the newly created position of Xinjiang Grand Coordinator (). The Ili Garrison General was based in Huiyuan Town.

Yita Circuit () was formed in Ili and Tacheng in 1888, as a subdivision of Xinjiang Province. It was headquartered in Ningyuan County (present-day Yining). Yita Circuit was divided into Ili Prefecture (), Tacheng Directly Administered Division (), and Jinghe Directly Administered Division (). Altay region was formed from Khovd (; seat in Khovd Town) in 1904.

Modern history

The Xinhai Revolution broke out on 10 October 1911. Under the leadership of Yang Zuanxu (), a general of the Ili New Army, an armed rebellion against the Qing broke out on 7 January 1912. The rebels occupied Huiyuan Town and killed Zhi Rui (), the Ili Garrison General. On 12 February 1912, the Provisional Government of the Republic of China was established in Beijing, and on 15 March, it ordered the Xinjiang Grand Coordinator, Yuan Dahua (), to end Qing rule in Xinjiang.

With the end of hostilities between Qing and Republican forces, the position of Grand Coordinator of Xinjiang was abolished and replaced with the position of Military Governor of Xinjiang (). Guang Fu (), Zhi Rui's predecessor as Ili Garrison General, was appointed Xinjiang's first military governor. On 25 April, Yuan Dahua was forced to resign as Grand Coordinator of Xinjiang. On 18 May, Yang Zengxin () was recommended for the position of Military Governor of Xinjiang. On 8 July, the Qing and Republican governments signed a peace agreement, which stipulated that the position of Ili Garrison General would be replaced by the position of Defence Governor of Ili (), under the direct supervision of the Republican government in Beijing. Guang Fu was subsequently appointed as the first Defence Governor of Ili. The agreement also recognised Yang Zengxin as the top military and political authority in all of Xinjiang.

In August 1912, the Republican government adjusted Ili's administrative divisions. The Defence Governor of Ili headquarters were established in Huiyuan Town, the Counsellor's () in Tacheng, and the Business Executive's () in Altay. Yita Circuit () was retained to govern local civil affairs; it was placed under the administration of the Defence Governor.

The position of Ili Defence Governor became vacant after Guang Fu died of illness on 1 February 1914. Yang Zengxin flew to Beijing to petition the Beiyang government (Republican government) to appoint Yang Feixia () as Guang Fu's replacement. The appointment was approved by Beijing, and the administrative jurisdiction of the position was transferred from the central government to the government of Xinjiang Province. Yita Circuit was then divided into two circuits, Ili and Tacheng, in 1916. The Circuit Governor of Tacheng () replaced the Counsellor of Tacheng () with the establishment of Tacheng Circuit.

In 1919, the Beiyang government placed the Altay Chief under the jurisdiction of the government of Xinjiang Province and Ashan Circuit () was established from the Altay region. In August 1939, by decree of the Beiyang government, the mingyan () and centenari () administrative divisions were abolished and replaced with district and township divisions. Kazakh pastoral affairs were gradually integrated into local government services.

Ili Prefecture () was established in 1943, with 11 counties and Xinyuan Division (; present-day Xinyuan County) under its administration. The 11 counties were Yining, Suiding (; part of present-day Huocheng), Khorgas (present-day Huocheng), Gongliu, Tekes, Gongha (; present-day Nilka), Ningxi (; present-day Qapqal), Jinghe, Bole, Wenquan and Zhaosu. In December 1953, the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Region was established. It was declared a prefecture-level division under the jurisdiction of Xinjiang Province, with the three prefectures of Ili, Tacheng, and Altay under its administration. Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture was created in July 1954 from the counties of Bole, Jinghe, and Wenquan, three counties of Ili Prefecture. Ili Kazakh Autonomous Region was renamed Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture on 5 February 1955.

During the Yi–Ta incident from March to May 1962, a mass exodus of 14,000 people from Ili Prefecture occurred. Chinese citizens, predominantly Kazakhs, left through the border port of Korgas, driven by deteriorating living conditions in Xinjiang and rumours of Soviet citizenship. To compensate for the loss in manpower brought about by the exodus, thousands of Bingtuan soldiers were relocated to northern Xinjiang from the region's interior. The Chinese government also encouraged the migration of hundreds of thousands of Han Chinese youth from major cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin. By 1969 the number of Han Chinese in Ili Prefecture had reached 1.2 million, outnumbering the number of Kazakhs and Uyghurs combined.

Geography

Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture is located in the hinterland of Eurasia, in the northwest of Xinjiang, north of the Tian Shan. It covers a total area of 268,591 square kilometres, accounting for 16.18 per cent of the total area of Xinjiang. The autonomous prefecture is bordered to the north by Russia, to the east by Mongolia, to the west by Kazakhstan and Bortala Autonomous Prefecture, and to the south by Aksu Prefecture, Bayingolin Autonomous Prefecture, Changji Autonomous Prefecture, Ürümqi, and Shihezi. Karamay is an enclave within Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture.

Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe Railway, G218 National Highway, G217 National Highway and S316 Provincial Highway pass through the autonomous prefecture. It has a 2,019 kilometre-long international border with nine ports of entry, including Khorgas, Bakhty, and Jeminay. Due to its strategic location in the middle of Asia, Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture has become an important commercial hub and dry port for trade with Europe and the Middle East.

In the autonomous prefecture, there are four types of landforms: 83,632 square kilometres of mountains, 62,989 square kilometres of hills, 102,974 square kilometres of plains, and 20,439 square kilometres of desert. Three major mountain rangesTemplate:Sndthe Altai, Dzungarian Alatau, and Tian ShanTemplate:Sndstand from the north to south, with year-round ice and snow. Friendship Peak in Burqin County is the highest peak of the Altai mountain range, standing at 4,374 metres high. The snow line is 3,000 to 3,200 metres high, the glacier area is 293.2 square kilometres, and the glacier reserves are 16.4 billion cubic metres. The peaks of the Dzungarian Alatau are 3,500 to 3,700 metres high. The snow line of Tian Shan is 3,600 to 4,400 metres high with a glacier area of 3,139 square kilometres, and its glacier reserves are 118.5 billion cubic metres.

Administrative divisions

Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture administers the directly administered, county-level city of Yining; 2 other county-level cities; 7 counties; 1 autonomous county; and the two prefectures of Altay and Tacheng, despite Ili being a prefecture-level division itself.

File:Ili Kazahk mcp.png   Districts under direct administration of Ili Prefecture   Tacheng Prefecture   Altay Prefecture					File:Administrative division Ili.png Yining (city) Kuytun (city) Korgas (city) Yining County Qapqal County Huocheng County Gongliu County Xinyuan County Zhaosu County Tekes County Nilka County
Part	Division code	Name	Chinese	Hanyu Pinyin	Uyghur (UEY)	Uyghur Latin (ULY)	Kazakh (Arabic script)	Kazakh Latin alphabet Kazakh Cyrillic Alphabet	Population (2020 Census)	Area (km2)	Density (/km2)
Districts under direct administration of Ili Prefecture									2,778,869	56,522.92	49.16
Districts under direct administration of Ili Prefecture	654002	Yining							778,047	644	1208.15
	654003	Kuytun							229,122	1,171	195.66
	654004	Korgas							71,466	1,908	37.46
	654021	Yining County							365,307	4,476	81,61
	654020	Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County							157,764	4,469	35.30
	654023	Huocheng County							243,303	3,546	68.61
	654024	Gongliu County							175,766	4,111	42.76
	654025	Xinyuan County							306,525	7,581	40.43
	654026	Zhaosu County							146,887	10,427	14.09
	654027	Tekes County							148,945	8,066	18.47
	654028	Nilka County							155,737	10,123	15.538
↪ Altay Prefecture									648,173	117,710	5.51
↪ Tacheng Prefecture									1,108,747	94,869	11.69

Demographics

File:Ilipicture.jpg

A Kazakh yurt in the Ili basin

Ili is a multi-ethnic autonomous prefecture; there are 13 local ethnic groups: the Han, Kazakhs, Uyghurs, Hui, Mongols, Xibe, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Manchus, Tatar, Russians, Daur, and Chinese Tajiks. As of 2018, Ili had a population of 4,582,500, of whom 2,745,500 (59.9 per cent) were part of an ethnic minority.

A 2015 report provided the following ethnic breakdown of the population: 1,934,571 Han (41.2 per cent), 1,257,003 Kazakhs (26.8 per cent), 819,701 Uyghurs (17.45 per cent), 433,045 Hui (9.2 per cent), 75,597 Mongols (1.6 per cent), 34,457 Xibe, 22,428 Kyrgyz, 8,298 Uzbeks, 8,298 Daurs, 5,394 Russians, 5,199 Manchus, 2,852 Tatars, 153 Chinese Tajiks and 91,749 "others".

Ethnic breakdown in Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, 2018 Ethnic group Percentage Han   40.1% Kazakhs   27.2% Uyghurs   17.9% Hui   9.3% Mongols   1.6% Xibe   0.7% Kyrgyz   0.5% Uzbeks   0.2% Others   2.5% Source:

Ethnic breakdown of cities and counties under the direct administration of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, 2018 Ethnic group Percentage Han   35.2% Uyghurs   26.3% Kazakhs   21.6% Hui   10.9% Mongols   1.1% Xibe   1.1% Kyrgyz   0.7% Uzbeks   0.3% Others   2.8% Source:

Tourism

Ili's major tourist attractions include the Narati Grassland, Guozigou Lake, and Kanas Lake. In 2015, Ili saw over 25 million visitors and earned over CN¥19 billion (US$2.92 billion) in tourism revenue.

Transport

Road and railway

An extensive road network is being built across the prefecture for economic development. In 2015, 66 million passengers travelled on Ili's roads.

The railway has extended to the northern extremes of Altay and the westmost city of Khorgas on the China–Kazakhstan border.

Border crossings

Ili has nine international ports of entry:

• With Kazakhstan
  • Aqimbek () of Altay Prefecture
  • Bakhtu (), from Tacheng; another primary point or port
  • Dulat (), in Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County: under Ili
  • Jeminay () of Altay Prefecture; another primary point or port
  • Khorgas (), in Huocheng County; under Ili; a primary Chinese "national" border crossing point or port of entry
  • Muzart (), in Zhaosu County: directly controlled by Ili; another primary point or port
• With Mongolia
  • Khiziltaw () of Altay Prefecture
  • Taskhin () of Altay Prefecture to Khovd
  • Dayan-Khunshanzyui of Altay Prefecture to Bayan-Ölgii. Only open during Summer.

Heads

First Secretaries

1. Zhao Tianjie () (2017–2020)
2. Qiu Shuhua (邱树华) (current position)

Governors

1. Template:Ill (; Template:Langx), November 1954 – June 1955
2. Jağda Babylyqūly (; ), June 1955 – February 1957 Acting Act, from May 1958
3. Template:Ill (; ), June 1958 – September 1963
4. Template:Ill (; ), September 1963 – May 1969
5. Zhong Liangshu (; ), May 1969 – May 1970 (military government)
6. Wang Zhenzhong (; ), May 1970 – July 1975 (military government)
7. Xie Gaozhong (; ), July 1975 – September 1975 (military government)
8. Jänäbil Smağūlūly (; ), September 1975 – February 1978
9. Qasymbek Seiіtjanūly (; ), March 1979 – April 1983
10. Dıar Qūrmaşūly (; ), April 1983 – May 1988
11. Ashat Kerimbay (; ), May 1988 – May 1993
12. Bekmūhammed Mūsaūly (; ), April 1993 – March 1998
13. Alpysbai Rahymūly (; ), March 1998 – June 2001
14. Nurlan Äbilmäjinulı (; ), March 2002 – January 2003
15. Qyzaijan Seiіlqojaūly (; ), March 2003 – November 2007
16. Mäuken Seiіtqamzaūly (; ), November 2007 – January 2012
17. Mänen Zeinelūly (; ), February 2012 – January 2016
18. Qūrmaş Syrjanūly (; ), February 2016 – April 2021
19. Qadan Käbenuly (; ), from April 2021

Notable people

• Ehmetjan Qasim
• Sayragul Sauytbay
• Shayilan Nuerdanbieke

See also

• Ili pika
• Second East Turkestan Republic
• Treaty of Livadia

References

Sources

• Henry Lansdell, "Russian Central Asia: Including Kuldja, Bokhara, Khiva and Merv". Full text available at Google Books; there is also a 2001 facsimile reprint of the 1885 edition, Template:ISBN. (Chapters XIV-XVI describe Lansdell visit to the area in the early 1880s, soon after the Russian withdrawal). Template:In lang

External links

• Template:In lang