Uyghur Arabic alphabet

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The Uyghur Arabic alphabet (Template:Langx) is a version of the Arabic alphabet used for writing the Uyghur language, primarily by Uyghurs living in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. It is one of several Uyghur alphabets and has been the official alphabet of the Uyghur language since 1982.[1] Template:Contain special characters The first Perso-Arabic derived alphabet for Uyghur was developed in the 10th century, when Islam was introduced there. The alphabet was used for writing the Chagatai language, the regional literary language, and is now known as the Chagatay alphabet (Template:Langx). It was used nearly exclusively up to the early 1920s. This alphabet did not represent Uyghur vowels and according to Robert Barkley Shaw, spelling was irregular and long vowel letters were frequently written for short vowels since most Turki speakers were unsure of the difference between long and short vowels.[2] The pre-modification alphabet used Arabic diacritics (Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang". and Script error: No such module "lang".) to mark short vowels.[3] Also, the Template:Script/Arabic was used to represent a short [a] by some Turki writers.[4][5][6]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Alternative Uyghur scripts then began emerging and collectively largely displaced Chagatai. Between 1937 and 1954, the Perso-Arabic alphabet used to write Uyghur was modified by removing redundant letters and adding markings for vowels.[7][8] The Uyghur Cyrillic alphabet was introduced around 1937, and the Latin-based Uyghur New Script in 1958.[9] The modern Uyghur Perso-Arabic alphabet was made official in 1978 and reinstituted by the Chinese government in 1983, with modifications for representing Uyghur vowels.[10][11][12][13]

The reformed modern Uyghur Arabic alphabet eliminated letters whose sounds were found only in Arabic and spelled Arabic and Persian loanwords such as Islamic religious words, as they were pronounced in Uyghur and not as they were originally spelled in Arabic or Persian.

Current Official Alphabet

The table below lists all 32 letters of the current official Uyghur alphabet used in Xinjiang in alphabetical order, along with their IPA transcriptions.

Current Official Uyghur Arabic Alphabet
No. Letter IPA No. Letter IPA
1 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink 17 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink
2 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink 18 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink
3 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink 19 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink
4 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink 20 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink
5 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink 21 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink
6 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink 22 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink
7 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink 23 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink
8 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink 24 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink
9 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink 25 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink
10 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink 26 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink
11 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink 27 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink
12 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink 28 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink
13 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink 29 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink~Template:IPAslink
14 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink 30 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink
15 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink 31 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink
16 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink 32 Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAslink

Note: Template:Script/Arabic also represents Template:IPAslink but it is usually ignored at the beginning of words. It still reads Script error: No such module "IPA". in the middle, such as Template:Ug-textonly Script error: No such module "IPA". hour.

Spelling of Suffixes

Uyghur spelling borrowed heavily from Chagatai influences. The spelling of the suffixes from Uyghur also matched Chagatai spellings which were kept largely static. Below is an incomplete list of suffixed spellings and their vowel harmony alternatives. Frequently, some Chagatai suffixes were not written joined (separated by a zero width non-joiner, in Unicode terms) while in modern Uyghur the root+suffix would be joined.

Chagatai/Uyghur suffix structure
Part of speech IPA UEY UEY Example Traditional Spelling Traditional Example
Plural Suffix Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly + Template:Ug-textonly = Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly + ؜ Template:Ug-textonly = ؜ Template:Ug-textonly
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly + Template:Ug-textonly = ؜ Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly +؜ Template:Ug-textonly = ؜ Template:Ug-textonly

Historical Spellings

Alphabetical order for the traditional Perso-Arabic Script (Kona Yëziq) used before the 1950s
Letter Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly
ULY a b p t s j ch h x d z r z s sh s
Letter Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly
ULY z t z gh f q k g ng l m n w, o, u h y, e, i
File:KB Uyghur Arabic.png
MS Windows Uyghur keyboard layout. Note that vowels are composed of pairs of Arabic letters, starting by an alef with hamza, that must be entered separately on this keyboard before the actual vowel. In fact, the keyboard is based on the older Latin alphabet used for Uyghur New Script and does not allow entering all vowels correctly for the current Arabic alphabet.
Vowel marks used for the traditional Perso-Arabic Script before the 1950s
Mark Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly
Name zabar zer pesh
Letter Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly Template:Ug-textonly
Name alif ye wáo

Old and Modern Alphabet Spelling Comparisons


Old Perso-Arabic alphabet (Kona Yëziq)
used before the 1950s 		Modern Uyghur Arabic alphabet Latin Meaning
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". bughra bull camel
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". arislan lion
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". sultan sultan
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Yüsüp Yusuf
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Hesen Hassan
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". xelq people
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". kapir infidel
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". musulman Muslim
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". munapiq hypocrite
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Islam Islam
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". din religion
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Qeshqer Kashgar
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Xoten Khotan
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Yëngisar Yangi Hissar
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Sariqol Sarikol
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Qirghiz Kirghiz
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Dolan Dolan people
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". kündüz day-time
Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". seriq yellow
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Maralbëshi Maralbexi County
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Lungi Lungi
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Alte sheher Altishahr
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Apaq Xoja Afaq Khoja
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". pichaq knife

References

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  1. ↑ XUAR Government Document No. XH-1982-283
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Template:Arabic alphabets Template:Uyghur language Template:Use dmy dates

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