Heilongjiang

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "For". Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Template:Use dmy dates Template:More citations needed Template:Stack HeilongjiangTemplate:Efn is a province in northeast China. It is the northernmost and easternmost province of the country and contains China's northernmost point (in Mohe City along the Amur) and easternmost point (at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri rivers).

The province is bordered by Jilin to the south and Inner Mongolia to the west. It also shares a border with Russia (Amur Oblast, Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Khabarovsk Krai, Primorsky Krai and Zabaykalsky Krai) to the north and east. The capital and the largest city of the province is Harbin. Among Chinese provincial-level administrative divisions, Heilongjiang is the sixth-largest by total area, the 20th-most populous, and the second-poorest by GDP per capita after only Gansu province.

The province takes its name from the Amur river which marks the border between the People's Republic of China and Russia.

Heilongjiang has significant agricultural production,[1] and raw materials, such as timber, oil, and coal.

Etymology

The province takes its name from the Amur river, whose name in Mandarin is Heilongjiang ('black dragon river').

History

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File:Saint Sofia Church.jpg
Saint Sofia Church, Harbin

Ancient Chinese records and other sources state that Heilongjiang was inhabited by people such as the Sushen, Buyeo, the Mohe, and the Khitan. Mongolic Donghu people lived in Inner Mongolia and the western part of Heilongjiang.[2] Some names are Manchu or Mongolian.[3] The eastern portion of Heilongjiang was ruled by the Bohai Kingdom between the 7th and 10th centuries, followed by the Khitan Liao dynasty. The Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234) that subsequently ruled much of north China arose within the borders of modern Heilongjiang.

File:CEM-44-La-Chine-la-Tartarie-Chinoise-et-le-Thibet-1734-Amur-2572.jpg
Heilongjiang and Jilin Provinces on a French map dated to 1734

Heilongjiang as an administrative entity was created in 1683, during the Kangxi era of the Manchu Qing dynasty, from the northwestern part of the Jilin province.[4] This Heilongjiang Province only included the western part of today's Heilongjiang Province, and was under the supervision of the General of Heilongjiang (Sahaliyan Ula i Jiyanggiyūn) (the title is also translated as the Military Governor of Heilongjiang; jiyanggiyūn is the Manchu reading of the Chinese word Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration; "military leader, general" and is cognate with Japanese shōgun), whose power extended, according to the Treaty of Nerchinsk, as far north as the Stanovoy Mountains. The eastern part of what's today Heilongjiang remained under the supervision of the General of Jilin (Girin i Jiyanggiyūn), whose power reached the Sea of Japan. These areas deep in Manchuria were closed off to Han Chinese migration.

File:镇守黑龙江等处地方将军印，黑龙江将军府.jpg
Seal of the Guard General of Heilongjiang at the Heilongjiang General Mansion

The original seat of the Military Governor of Heilongjiang, as established in 1683, was in Heilongjiang City (also known as Aigun or Heihe, or, in Manchu, Saghalien Ula), located on the Amur river. However, already in 1690 the seat of the governor was transferred to Nenjiang (Mergen) on the Nen River, and, in 1699, further south to Qiqihar. According to modern historians, the moves may have been driven by supply considerations: Nenjiang and Qiqihar are connected by a convenient waterway (Nen River) with southern Manchuria, whereas accessing Aigun (Heihe) would require either sailing all the way down the Sungari River until its confluence with the Amur and then up the Amur to Heihe, or using a portage over the Lesser Xing'an Mountains between the Nen River valley and the Amur valley. An additional advantage of Qiqihar may have been its location at the junction of a northbound road (to Nenjiang) and a westbound one (to Mongolia), enabling its garrison to defend both against the Russians and the Ölöt Mongols.[5]

Little Qing Military presence existed north of Aigun. According to the 18th- and early-20th-century European sources and the reports of the Russians in the 1850s, the farthest Qing "advance guard" post was at Ulusu-Modon (Ulussu-Mudan) (Template:Lang-zh Wūlǔsūmùdān), near the Amur river's famous S-shaped meander. (The post was on the left (north) bank of the river, lost to the Russians in 1860.)

In 1858 and 1860, the Qing government was forced to give up all land beyond the Amur and Ussuri rivers to the Russian Empire, cutting off the Qing Empire from the Sea of Japan and giving Heilongjiang its present northern and eastern borders. At the same time, Manchuria was opened to Han Chinese migration by the Qing government. By the early twentieth century, due to the Chuang Guandong, the Han Chinese had become the dominant ethnic group in the region.[6]

In 1931, Japanese forces invaded Heilongjiang. In 1932, the Japanese completed their conquest of the province, which became part of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo.

In 1945, Japanese forces in Manchuria were defeated by the Soviet Army. During the Chinese Civil War, Soviet forces aided the Chinese communists. Heilongjiang became the first province to be completely controlled by the communists and Harbin the first major city to be controlled by them.

At the beginning of communist rule, Heilongjiang included only the western portion of the present-day province, and had its capital at Qiqihar. The remaining area was the province of Songjiang; its capital was Harbin. In 1954, these two provinces were merged into present-day Heilongjiang. During the Cultural Revolution, Heilongjiang was also expanded to include Hulunbuir League and some other areas previously in Inner Mongolia; this has since mostly been reversed.

File:Jixi Xingguo Middle Road.jpg
Jixi

Geography

Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Heilongjiang is a land of varied topographies. Much of the province is dominated by mountain ranges such as the Greater Khingan Range and Lesser Khingan Range, Zhangguangcai Mountains, Laoye Mountains, and Wanda Mountains. The highest peak is Datudingzi Mountain at Template:Convert, located on the border with Jilin province. The Greater Khingan Range contains China's largest remaining virgin forest and is an important area for China's forestry industry.

The east and southwest of the province, which are relatively flat and low in altitude, feature the Muling River, the Naoli River, the Songhua River, the Nen River, and the Mudan River, all tributaries of the Amur, while the northern border forms part of the Amur valley. Xingkai Lake (or Khanka Lake) is found on the border with Russia's Primorsky Krai.

Climate

File:雾凇 QQ696847 - panoramio.jpg
Winter in Heilongjiang

A humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa or Dwb) predominates in the province, though areas in the far north are subarctic (Köppen Dwc).[7] Winters are long and bitter, with an average of Template:Convert in January, and summers are short and warm to very warm with an average of Template:Convert in July. The annual average rainfall is Template:Convert, concentrated heavily in summer. Clear weather is prevalent throughout the year, and in the spring, the Songnen Plain and the Sanjiang Plain provide abundant sources of wind energy.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

The province's largest cities include Harbin, Qiqihar, Mudanjiang, Jiamusi, Daqing, Jixi, Shuangyashan, Hegang, Qitaihe, Yichun, and Heihe.

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for some locations in Heilongjiang province of China
City July (°C) July (°F) January (°C) January (°F)
Harbin 27.9/18.3 82.2/64.9 –12.5/–24.1 9.5/–11.4
Jiamusi 27.6/17.7 81.7/63.9 –12.7/–24 9.1/–11.2
Hegang 26.5/17.4 80/63.3 –12.7/–20.8 9.1/–5.4
Yichun 27.1/15.5 80.8/59.9 –14.5/–29.1 5.9/–20.4

Transport

Roads

Heilongjiang boasts an extensive road network. As of October 2020, it has Template:Cvt of expressways,[8] highways and other roads. The Beijing - Harbin Expressway is the most significant expressway corridor to the province, which begins at the Heilongjiang - Jilin border and ends within the Harbin Ring Expressway. The Harbin - Tongjiang Expressway runs northeast and it links far-flung counties within the jurisdiction of Harbin, Jiamusi and other major counties in Northeast Heilongjiang. Near the end of Harbin - Tongjiang Expressway, Jiansanjiang–Heixiazi Island Expressway branches off the main expressway at Jiansanjiang and connects many state-owned farms at the far east of the province before ending near the Sino-Russian border. The Suifenhe - Manzhouli Expressway is another major corridor, it runs southeast to northwest and connects some of the most significant population centers of the province, including Mudanjiang, Harbin, Daqing and Qiqihar, before ending at the Heilongjiang - Inner Mongolia border. The Hegang - Dalian Expressway runs between Hegang and the Heilongjiang - Jilin border in East Heilongjiang, is another major expressway that facilitates the transportation of lumber and coal.

Railways

There are 60 railway lines of around Template:Convert including a section of the Eurasian Land Bridge. The Harbin–Dalian high-speed railway, completed in 2012, stretches from Harbin, Heilongjiang's capital, to Dalian in Liaoning province via Changchun and Shenyang comprising 23 stops. It is expected to transport 37 million passengers per year by 2020 and 51 million by 2030.

Airports

Major airports include Harbin Taiping International Airport, Qiqihar Airport, Mudanjiang Airport, Jiamusi Airport and Heihe Airport. Harbin International Airport is capable of handling six million passengers every year and connects to over 70 domestic and international cities.

Waterways

Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge

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The Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge was proposed in 2007 by Valery Solomonovich Gurevich, the vice-chairman of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Russia. The railway bridge over the Amur river will connect Tongjiang with Nizhneleninskoye, a village in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.[9]

The Chinese portion of the bridge was finished in July 2016.[10] In December 2016, work began on the Russian portion of the bridge. Completion of structural link between the two sides of the bridge was completed in March 2019.[11][12] Opening to rail traffic has been repeatedly delayed, with the December 2019 estimate being "the end of 2020",[13] and then 3rd quarter of 2021.[14]

Administrative divisions

Administrative divisions of Heilongjiang

Template:Image label begin

☐ Jiagedaqi Dist. & Songling Dist.
is de facto subordinate to Daxing'anling Pref.
but de jure part of Oroqen Aut. Ban., Inner Mongolia.
Template:Image label end
Division code[15] Division Area in km2[16] Population 2010[17] Density (per km²) Seat Divisions[18]
Districts* Counties Aut. counties CL cities
230000 Heilongjiang Province 454,800.00 38,312,224 84.2 Harbin city 54 45 1 21
230100 Harbin city 53,523.50 10,635,971 198.7 Songbei District 9 7 2
230200 Qiqihar city 42,205.81 5,367,003 127.2 Jianhua District 7 8 1
230300 Jixi city 22,488.46 1,862,161 82.8 Jiguan District 6 1 2
230400 Hegang city 14,679.98 1,058,665 72.1 Xiangyang District 6 2
230500 Shuangyashan city 26,483.00 1,462,626 55.2 Jianshan District 4 4
230600 Daqing city 22,161.00 2,904,532 131.1 Sartu District 5 3 1
230700 Yichun city 39,017.00 1,148,126 29.4 Yimei District 4 5 1
230800 Jiamusi city 31,528.00 2,552,097 80.9 Qianjin District 4 3 3
230900 Qitaihe city 6,221.42 920,419 147.9 Taoshan District 3 1
231000 Mudanjiang city 40,233.00 2,798,723 69.6 Dong'an District 4 1 5
231100 Heihe city 66,802.65 1,673,898 25.1 Aihui District 1 2 3
231200 Suihua city 34,964.17 5,416,439 154.9 Beilin District 1 6 3
232700 Daxing'anling Prefecture 46,755.00≈ 511,564 10.9 Jiagedaqi District** (de facto); Mohe city (de jure) 4** 2 1
<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />
  Sub-provincial cities

* – including Ethnic districts
** – administrative districts not registered under the Ministry of Civil Affairs (not included in the total Districts' count)
≈ – not including territories within Inner Mongolia (if included: Template:Convert)

Template:Multiple image

(Additional information regarding the last prefecture can be found at Greater Khingan.)

These 13 prefecture-level divisions are subdivided into 128 county-level divisions (65 districts, 20 county-level cities, 42 counties, and one autonomous county). Those are in turn divided into 1,284 township-level divisions (473 towns, 400 townships, 58 ethnic townships, and 353 subdistricts).

Urban areas

Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
# Cities 2020 Urban area[19] 2010 Urban area[20] 2020 City proper
1 Harbin 5,805,358 4,933,054Template:Efn 10,009,854
2 Daqing 1,370,248 1,433,698 2,781,562
3 Qiqihar 1,246,292 1,314,720 4,067,489
4 Mudanjiang 808,216 790,623 2,290,208
5 Jiamusi 698,557 631,357 2,156,505
6 Jixi 626,019 746,889 1,502,060
7 Hegang 514,826 600,941 891,271
8 Qitaihe 426,065 503,678 689,611
9 Shuangyashan 388,847 481,110 1,208,803
10 Suihua 355,700 364,225 3,756,167
11 Yichun 331,640 694,019Template:Efn 878,881
12 Zhaodong 312,289 358,606 see SuihuaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
13 Wuchang 256,842 259,836 see HarbinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
14 Shangzhi 246,880 269,699 see HarbinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
15 Fujin 240,925 215,237 see JiamusiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
16 Nenjiang 223,587 Template:Efn see HeiheScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
17 Bei'an 213,850 248,471 see HeiheScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
18 Anda 196,645 223,486 see SuihuaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
19 Nehe 193,396 233,724 see QiqiharScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
20 Heihe 189,471 147,042 1,286,401
21 Mishan 186,287 176,612 see JixiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
22 Hulin 184,294 193,028 see JixiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
23 Hailin 180,669 216,633 see MudanjiangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
24 Tieli 173,360 235,148Template:Efn see YichunScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
25 Hailun 164,766 188,461 see SuihuaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
26 Wudalianchi 135,828 148,465 see HeiheScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
27 JiagedaqiTemplate:Efn 133,790 142,465 part of Daxing'anling PrefectureScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
28 Ning'an 123,311 128,469 see MudanjiangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
29 Tongjiang 112,222 99,829 see JiamusiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
30 Suifenhe 111,455 128,363 see MudanjiangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
31 Dongning 96,018 Template:Efn see MudanjiangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
32 Muling 91,287 112,882 see MudanjiangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
33 Fuyuan 79,754 Template:Efn see JiamusiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
34 Mohe 53,460 Template:Efn part of Daxing'anling PrefectureScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
35 XinlinTemplate:Efn 20,362 50,859 part of Daxing'anling PrefectureScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
36 HuzhongTemplate:Efn 16,359 45,039 part of Daxing'anling PrefectureScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
37 SonglingTemplate:Efn 14,872 30,205 part of Daxing'anling PrefectureScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
— Shuangcheng see HarbinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 244,898 see HarbinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Template:Notelist Template:Largest cities

Politics

Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote".Like all governing institutions in mainland China, Heilongjiang has a parallel party-government system,[21] in which the CCP Heilongjiang Provincial Committee Secretary outranks the Governor.[22] The CCP Heilongjiang Provincial Committee acts as the top policy-formulation body, and has control over the Heilongjiang Provincial People's Government.

File:黑龙江省人民政府大楼2017夏.jpg
Heilongjiang Province People's Government

Economy

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In 2022, Heilongjiang's GDP was 1.59 trillion RMB ($236 billion in GDP nominal), with a per capita GDP of Template:CNY (Template:US$ in nominal).[23] Its primary, secondary, and tertiary industries contributed ¥360 billion (22.7%), ¥465 billion (29.2%), and ¥764 billion (48%) to GDP, respectively.[23]

Heilongjiang's GDP has been rising steadily since 2003, growing 37% from 2003 to 2007.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The value of the private economy reached RMB234 billion in 2006 and accounted for 37.6 percent of the GDP. In that year, the tax revenue from private enterprises hit RMB20.5 billion.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Private enterprises in Heilongjiang led the overall economic growth of the province. Many leading private enterprises have begun to emerge.

Agriculture

Heilongjiang is home to China's largest plantations of rice, corn and soybeans, with a total of Template:Convert of grain plantation area, including Template:Convert of rice plantation and Template:Convert of corn.[24][25] Heilongjiang has vast tracts of black soil (chernozem), one of the most fertile soil types.[26][27] Since the early 20th century, cultivation in the black soil belt has expanded by almost 100-fold, and after the 1960s agriculture in the region transformed to modern agriculture with heavy mechanization and an increase of fertilizer use.[26] Heilongjiang is one of the Asia's leading production areas for japonica rice, known for high quality brand rice varieties.[28][29] The introduction of cold-resistant varieties, favorable policies and climate change have all contributed to a significant increase in rice production in recent years.[30] Commercial crops grown include beets, flax, sunflowers.[29]

Heilongjiang is also an important source of lumber for China. Pine, especially the Korean pine and larch are the most important forms of lumber produced in Heilongjiang.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Forests are mostly found in the Greater Khingan Mountains and Lesser Khingan Mountains, which are also home to protected animal species such as the Siberian tiger, the red-crowned crane, and the lynx.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Herding in Heilongjiang is centered upon horses and cattle; the province has the largest number of milk cows and the highest production of milk among all the province-level divisions of China.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Industry

Heilongjiang is part of northeast China, the country's traditional industrial base. Industry is focused upon coal, petroleum, lumber, machinery, and food.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Due to its location, Heilongjiang is also an important gateway for trade with Russia. Since a wave of privatization led to the closure of uncompetitive factories in the 1990s, Manchuria has suffered from stagnation.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". As a result, the government has started the Revitalize Northeast China campaign to deal with this problem, promoting the private sectors as the preferred method of economic reform.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Petroleum is of great importance in Heilongjiang, and the Daqing oilfields are an important source of petroleum for China.[31] Coal, gold, and graphite are other important minerals to be found in Heilongjiang. Heilongjiang also has great potential for wind power, with potential capacity for 134 gigawatts of power production.[32]

Development zones

  • Daqing New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
Daqing New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was constructed in April 1992 and was then approved as a national high-tech zone by the State Council later that year. Its initial zone area is Template:Cvt, and it recently expanded the area by Template:Cvt.[33]
  • Heihe Border Economic Cooperation Area
  • Harbin Economic and Technological Development Zone
  • Harbin New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
Harbin High-tech Zone was set up in 1988 and was approved by the State Council as a national development zone in 1991. It has a total area of Template:Cvt in the centralized parks, subdivided into Nangang, Haping Road and Yingbin Road Centralized Parks. The Nangang Centralized Park is designated for the incubation of high-tech projects and research and development base of enterprises as well as tertiary industries such as finance, insurance, services, catering, tourism, culture, recreation and entertainment, where the headquarters of major well-known companies and their branches in Harbin are located; the Haping Road Centralized Park is a comprehensive industrial basis for the investment projects of automobile and automobile parts manufacturing, medicines, foodstuffs, electronics, textile; the Yingbin Road Centralized Park is mainly for high-tech incubation projects and high-tech industrial development.[34]
  • Sino-Russia Dongning-Piurtaphca Trade Zone
Sino-Russia Dongning-Piurtaphca Trade Zone was approved by the State Council in 2000 and was completed in 2005. The zone has a planned area of 275.4 hectares. The Chinese part of the zone has a 22-hectare trade center with four subsidiary areas, A, B, C, and D, in which more than 6,000 stalls are already set up, mainly dealing with clothes, household appliances, food, construction materials, etc.[35]
  • Suifenhe Border Economic Cooperation Area
Suifenhe Border Economic Cooperation District (Suifenhe BECD) is located in the north of Suifenhe City, and borders Russia to the east. Suifenhe BECD is the largest among the three state-level border-trade zones of Heilongjiang, in terms of investor numbers. Suifenhe BECD has a convenient transport network. The Binzhou-Suifenhe Railway, which connects the Russian Far East Railway, is an important port for export. The railway distance between Suifenhe and Harbin is Template:Convert. Buguranikinai, the corresponding Russian port city, is Template:Convert away.[36]

Demographics

File:China Heilongjiang pop SbA5y pyramid2019.png
Heilongjiang population pyramid in 2019

Template:Historical populations Heilongjiang's population is estimated to be 30.9 million in 2022, down from its peak at 38.3 million in 2010.[23] Template:As of, the population is 65.7% urban and 34.3% rural.[23]

The majority of Heilongjiang's population is Han Chinese, while ethnic minorities include the Manchus, Koreans, Mongols, Hui, Xibe, and Hezhen.

Ethnic groups in Heilongjiang (2000 census)
Nationality Population Percentage
Han Chinese 34,465,039 95.20%
Manchus 1,037,080 2.86%
Koreans 388,458 1.07%
Mongols 141,495 0.39%
Hui 124,003 0.34%
Xibe 43,608 0.12%
Hezhe 8,886 0.03%

Excludes members of the People's Liberation Army in active service.
Source:[37]

Religion

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File:ハルビン極楽寺玄関.jpg
Ji Le Temple (Temple of Bliss), a Buddhist temple in Harbin

Most of Heilongjiang's residents are either non-religious or practice Chinese folk religions, including Taoism. Manchu shamanism is practiced by many Manchu people. Chinese Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism have an important presence in the province.

Culture

Heilongjiang's culture is part of a culture of Northeast China that is relatively homogeneous across this region, known in Mandarin Chinese as "Dongbei" (the northeast).

Media

File:黑龙江日报报业集团2017.jpg
Heilongjiang Daily Press Group

Heilongjiang Television and Harbin Economy Radio serve as broadcasters.

Tourism

File:Harbin Siberian Tiger Park 2.JPG
A Siberian tiger at Harbin Siberian Tiger Park

Harbin, the provincial capital, is a city of contrasts, with Chinese, Russian, and eclectic worldwide influences clearly apparent. Bukui Mosque, a national heritage site, is the largest glazed-tile building in the province.[38] Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Protestant churches as well as synagogues dot the city.[39]

The long, cold winter is the backdrop for its famed ice sculpture exhibitions. In 2007 already the 8th Ice and Snow World opened to visitors in Harbin. More than 2,000 ice sculptures were on display at the annual event.[40]

Wudalianchi Lakes are a series of five lakes formed between 1719 and 1721 when volcanic eruption shaped one section of a tributary of the Amur into five interconnected lakes. The second lake in particular is renowned for its irregular geological sights. Lake Jingbo, in Ning'an County, is a section of the Mudan River that has been narrowed and shaped by volcanic eruption into a series of sights, including the Diaoshuilou Falls.

The province has a zoological park called "Harbin Siberian Tiger Park".[41]

Colleges and universities

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Partial list of universities:

Sports

Heilongjiang is in the forefront of promoting winter sports and winter-featured sports industry in China.[42] For example, it is promoting bandy as an Olympic sport.[43]

Events and leagues

Notable people

See also

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Notes

Template:Notelist

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Sister project

Template:Geographic location

Template:Heilongjiang topics Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China

Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Template:Usurped
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Edmonds (1985), pp. 115–117
  6. ↑ Patrick Fuliang Shan, "Taming China's Wilderness: Immigration, Settlement, and the Shaping of the Heilongjiang Frontier, 1900–1931", Ashgate, 2014, Template:ISBN
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Proposed bridge to boost bilateral trade, China Daily, 19 June 2007.
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ a b c d Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named GDPdata
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ RightSite.asia | Daqing New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
  34. ↑ RightSite.asia | Harbin New & Hi-Tech Industrial Zone
  35. ↑ RightSite.asia | Sino-Russia Dongning-Piurtaphca Trade Zone
  36. ↑ RightSite.asia | Suifenhe Border Economic Cooperation District
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"., 2 volumes
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Heilongjiang Province Promotes Bandy as Olympic Sport!
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