Hulunbuir
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Script error: No such module "Settlement short description".Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters".Expression error: Unexpected < operator. Script error: No such module "infobox". Hulunbuir or Hulun BuirTemplate:Efn is a prefecture-level city in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. Its administrative center is located at Hailar District, its largest urban area. Major scenic features are the high steppes of the Hulun Buir grasslands, the Hulun and Buir lakes (the latter partially in Mongolia), and the Khingan range. Hulun Buir borders Russia to the north and west, Mongolia to the south and west, Heilongjiang province to the east and Hinggan League to the direct south. Hulunbuir is a linguistically diverse area: next to Mandarin Chinese, Mongolian dialects such as Khorchin and Buryat, the Mongolic language Daur, and some Tungusic languages, including Oroqen and Solon, are spoken there.
History
During the Qing dynasty (1644–1912), Hulunbuir was part of Heilongjiang province. The 1858 Treaty of Aigun established today's approximate Sino-Russian border, at a great loss to Heilongjiang's territory. In 1901, the Chinese Eastern Railway linked Hulunbuir to the rest of northeast China and to Russian Far East. From 1912 to 1949, during the Republic of China (ROC) period, Hulunbuir was part of Xing'an and Heilongjiang provinces. In winter 1912, the Barga Mongol people of Hulunbuir expelled the Chinese troops and administration and proclaimed the independence of Barga (Hulunbuir); afterwards they declared allegiance to the Bogdo Khan of Mongolia; an agreement between the Russian Empire and the ROC on November 6/October 24, 1915 designated Hulunbuir a "special" region under direct subordination to the Central Government of China, but in practice Russia had partial control over day-to-day administration and economy.[1][2] In 1929, the Soviet Union broke this agreement and invaded Hulunbuir.[3]Template:Rp After the Japanese invasion of China, Hulunbuir became part of the Japanese puppet state Manchukuo, which was not recognized by the Chinese. In the Chinese Civil War, the Chinese Communist Party gained the support of Inner Mongol leaders like Ulanhu by promising the irredentist expansion of Inner Mongolia into areas that had majorities of Han and Manchu peoples.[4]Template:Rp
After the Chinese Communist Revolution, Hulunbuir was annexed into Inner Mongolia, but the region kept economic ties to the rest of the northeast via the Chinese Eastern Railway.[5] During the Cultural Revolution, the parts of historical Manchuria inside Inner Mongolia were briefly restored to their original provinces; Hulunbuir was given back to Heilongjiang from 1969 to 1979.[5] Until October 10, 2001, Hulunbuir was administered as a League. The area is Script error: No such module "convert". and had a population of 2.710 million in 2004, while the gross domestic product was RMB 21.326 billion. The jurisdiction area of the city is larger than all but 8 Chinese province-level divisions (and 42 U.S. states), although the actual urban agglomeration is just a very small part of the region, and the average population density of the area is very low.
Names
The city was once a league (Script error: No such module "Lang".) of Inner Mongolia, until 10 October 2001. During the Qing dynasty, it was known in Mandarin as Hūlúnbùyǔ'ěr (Template:Lang-zh).
Administrative subdivisions
Hulunbuir is divided into 13 different county-level jurisdictions: one district, five county-level cities, four banners and three autonomous banners.
| Map | ||||||
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File:Administrative Division Hulunbuir.png
Note: Jiagedaqi & Songling
are de jure part of Oroqen Banner but de facto subordinate to Daxing'anling Prefecture in Heilongjiang.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||||||
| Name | Mongolian | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2010) |
Area (km2) | Density (/km2) |
| Hailar District | Template:MongolUnicode (Qayilar toɣoriɣ)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Script error: No such module "Lang". | Hǎilā'ěr Qū | 344,947 | 1,440 | 181 |
| Jalainur District | Template:MongolUnicode (Jalainaɣur toɣoriɣ)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Script error: No such module "Lang". | Zhālàinuò'ěr Qū | 97,000 | 272 | 357 |
| Manzhouli City | Template:MongolUnicode (Manjuur qota)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Script error: No such module "Lang". | Mǎnzhōulǐ Shì | 152,473 | 424 | 360 |
| Zalantun City | Template:MongolUnicode (Jalan Ayil qota)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Script error: No such module "Lang". | Zhālántún Shì | 366,326 | 16,800 | 21.8 |
| Yakeshi City | Template:MongolUnicode (Yaɣsi qota)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Script error: No such module "Lang". | Yákèshí Shì | 352,177 | 27,590 | 12.8 |
| Genhe City (Gengol City) |
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Script error: No such module "Lang". | Gēnhé Shì | 110,441 | 19,659 | 5.6 |
| Ergun City | Template:MongolUnicode (Ergün-e qota)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Script error: No such module "Lang". | É'ěrgǔnà Shì | 76,667 | 28,000 | 2.7 |
| Arun Banner | Template:MongolUnicode (Arun qosiɣu)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Script error: No such module "Lang". | Āróng Qí | 278,744 | 12,063 | 23.1 |
| New Barag Right Banner (Xin Barag Barun Banner) |
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Script error: No such module "Lang". | Xīnbā'ěrhǔ Yòu Qí | 36,356 | 25,102 | 1.4 |
| New Barag Left Banner (Xin Barag Jun Banner) |
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Script error: No such module "Lang". | Xīnbā'ěrhǔ Zuǒ Qí | 40,258 | 22,000 | 1.8 |
| Old Barag Banner (Huqin Barag Banner) |
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Script error: No such module "Lang". | Chénbā'ěrhǔ Qí | 58,244 | 21,192 | 2.7 |
| Oroqen Autonomous Banner | Template:MongolUnicode (Orčon-u öbertegen jasaqu qosiɣu)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Script error: No such module "Lang". | Èlúnchūn Zìzhìqí | 223,752 | 59,800 | 3.7 |
| Ewenki Autonomous Banner | Template:MongolUnicode (Eveŋki öbertegen jasaqu qosiɣu)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Script error: No such module "Lang". | Èwēnkèzú Zìzhìqí | 134,981 | 19,111 | 7.1 |
| Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner | Template:MongolUnicode (Morin Dabaɣ-a Daɣur öbertegen jasaqu qosiɣu)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Script error: No such module "Lang". | Mòlìdáwǎ Dáwò'ěrzú Zìzhìqí | 276,912 | 10,500 | 26.4 |
| Part of Oroqin Autonomous Banner is de facto subordinate to Daxing'anling Prefecture in Heilongjiang.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||||||
Geography and climate
Hulunbuir itself (Hailar) has an extreme humid continental climate (Köppen Dwb, Trewartha Dcbd/Dcbc). Winters are long, very dry and severe, due to the semi−permanent Siberian High, while summers are short, though very warm, and rather wet, due to the East Asian monsoon. At Hailar, the monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from Script error: No such module "convert". in January to Script error: No such module "convert". in July, while the annual mean is Script error: No such module "convert"., relatively cold. With at least 58% of possible sunshine in all months and an annual total greater than 2,591.1 hours, sunny weather dominates year-round. Approximately 51% of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August.
Demographics
| Ethnic group | Population in 2000 | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Han | 2,199,645 | 81.85% |
| Mongols | 231,276 | 8.6% |
| Daur | 111,053 | 4.13% |
| Hui | 70,287 | 2.62% |
| Evenks | 30,950 | 1.15% |
| Oroqen | 8,355 | 0.31% |
| Russians | 4,741 | 0.18% |
Transport
Airports include:
- Hulunbuir Hailar Airport - Hailar
- Zhalantun Chengjisihan Airport - Zhalantun
- Xinbarag Youqi Baogede Airport - New Barag Right Banner
See also
Notes
References
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- ↑ Кузьмин С.Л. Баргинский и харачинский вопросы в истории Восточной Азии (первая половина XX века). – Т. 1. [Kuzmin S.L. The Barga and Kharachin Questions in the History of East Asia (First Half of the 20th Century)]. – М.: КМК. – 2021. – Т. 1. – 407 p. – ISBN 978-5-907372-78-8 (volume 1)
- ↑ Кузьмин С.Л. Баргинский и харачинский вопросы в истории Восточной Азии (первая половина XX века). – [Kuzmin S.L. The Barga and Kharachin Questions in the History of East Asia (First Half of the 20th Century)]. – М.: КМК. – 2022. – Т. 2. – 259 p.+илл. – ISBN 978-5-907372-93-1 (volume 2)
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Further reading
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- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"., -4033.
- Bökecilagu. Kölün Boyir-un sonirqal-ud. Qayilar : Ȯbȯr Mongġol-un Soyol-un Keblel-u̇n Qoriy-a, 1988. 2, 8, 217 p. Template:ISBN.
- Möngkedalai. Hulunbeier samanjiao yu lamajiao shilüe = Kölün Boyir-un böge-yin śasin kiged lama-yin śasin-u tobci teüke. Beijing : Minzu chubanshe, 2014. 5, 4, 545 p., ill., biblio., index. Template:ISBN.
External links
- Hulunbuir government website (in Chinese)
- Inner Mongolian postcodes (in English)
Template:Inner Mongolia topics Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China