Haplogroup Y
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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template other
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Y is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin
Haplogroup Y is a descendant of haplogroup N9.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Distribution
Haplogroup Y has been found with high frequency in many indigenous populations who live around the Sea of Okhotsk, including approximately 66% of Nivkhs, approximately 43% of Ulchs,[1] approximately 40% of Nanais, approximately 21% of Negidals, and approximately 20% of Ainus.[2][3][4][5][6] It is also fairly common among indigenous peoples of the Kamchatka Peninsula (Koryaks, Itelmens) and among certain Austronesian peoples (especially groups closely related to Native Taiwanese).
The distribution of haplogroup Y in populations of the Malay Archipelago contrasts starkly with the absence or extreme rarity of this clade in populations of continental Southeast Asia in a manner reminiscent of haplogroup E. However, the frequency of haplogroup Y fades more smoothly away from its maximum around the Sea of Okhotsk in Northeast Asia, being found in approximately 2% of Koreans[3] and in South Siberian and Central Asian populations with an average frequency of 1%.[7][8]
The Y2 subclade has been observed in 40% (176/440) of a large pool of samples from Nias people in western Indonesia, ranging from a low of 25% (3/12) among the Zalukhu subpopulation to a high of 52% (11/21) among the Ho subpopulation.[9]
Table of frequencies of mtDNA haplogroup Y
| Population | Frequency | Count | Source | Subtypes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nivkh (northern Sakhalin) | 0.661 | 56 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y1=37 |
| Nivkh (northern Sakhalin) | 0.658 | 38 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y1a=25 |
| Ulchi (Old Bulava, New Bulava, Bogorodskoe, and Nizhniy Gavan villages) | 0.431 | 160 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y1a=69 |
| Hezhen (China) | 0.400 | 10 | HGDP ([1][2] Lippold 2014) | Y1a=4 |
| Indonesian (Nias) | 0.400 | 440 | Script error: No such module "Unsubst". | Y2=176 |
| Ulch (Old and New Bulava) | 0.379 | 87 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y1=33 |
| Negidal | 0.212 | 33 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y1=7 |
| Korean (Jeju Island) | 0.217 | 799 | [10] | Y=173 |
| Ainu | 0.196 | 51 | [4] | Y1=10 |
| Korean (Jeju Island) | 0.168 | 113 | [11] | Y=19 |
| Indonesian (Medan, Sumatra) | 0.167 | 42 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y2=7 |
| Filipino (Palawan) | 0.150 | 20 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y2=3 |
| Even (Berezovka) | 0.133 | 15 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y1a=2 |
| Filipino | 0.129 | 62 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y2=8 |
| Evenk (Taimyr) | 0.125 | 24 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y1a=3 |
| Koryak | 0.097 | 155 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=15 |
| Evenk (Buryatia) | 0.089 | 45 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=4 |
| Udegey (Gvasiugi, Imeni Lazo, Khabarovsk Krai) | 0.087 | 46 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y1=4 |
| Filipino (Mindanao) | 0.071 | 70 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y2=5 |
| Udegey (Gvasyugi, Khabarovsk Krai) | 0.065 | 31 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y1a=2 |
| Filipino | 0.063 | 64 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y2=4 |
| Indonesian (Pekanbaru, Sumatra) | 0.058 | 52 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y2=3 |
| Bukharan Arab (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.050 | 20 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=1 |
| Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.050 | 20 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=1 |
| Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.050 | 20 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=1 |
| Orok (Sakhalin) | 0.049 | 61 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=3 |
| Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky & Momsky) | 0.048 | 105 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y1a=5 |
| Filipino (Luzon) | 0.045 | 177 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y2=8 |
| Itelmen | 0.043 | 47 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=2 |
| Daur (Hulunbuir) | 0.038 | 209 | [12] | Y1a=6, Y2=2 |
| Korean (Seoul) | 0.037 | 134 | [11] | Y=5 |
| Mongolian (Dornod Province) | 0.035 | 370 | [13] | Y1=13 |
| Batak (Palawan) | 0.032 | 31 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y2=1 |
| Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) | 0.032 | 31 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y1=1 |
| Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.030 | 33 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=1 |
| Khamnigan (Buryatia) | 0.030 | 99 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=3 |
| Han Chinese (Heilongjiang) | 0.030 | 437 | [14] | Y1a(xY1a1)=4, Y1b(xY1b1)=5, Y2=3 |
| Korean | 0.029 | 346 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=10 |
| Evenk (Krasnoyarsk) | 0.027 | 73 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=2 |
| Yakut (Vilyuy River basin) | 0.027 | 111 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y1a=3 |
| Even (Kamchatka) | 0.026 | 39 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y1a=1 |
| Mongolian (Khovd Province) | 0.025 | 429 | [13] | Y1=11 |
| Han Chinese (Jilin) | 0.024 | 381 | [14] | Y1a=3, Y1b=2, Y1b1=3, Y2=1 |
| Korean (South Korea) | 0.023 | 850 | [15] | Y1=10, Y1a=2, Y1b1(xY1b1a)=4, Y2b=4 |
| Tajik (Tajikistan) | 0.023 | 44 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=1 |
| Yakut (Central) | 0.023 | 88 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y1a=2 |
| Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner) | 0.022 | 45 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y1=1 |
| Han Chinese (Anhui) | 0.022 | 737 | [14] | Y1=1, Y1a=3, Y1a1=3, Y1b=2, Y1b1=4, Y2=3 |
| Han (Xinjiang) | 0.021 | 47 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y1=1 |
| Mongolian (Ulaanbaatar) | 0.021 | 47 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y1=1 |
| Mongolian (Mongolia) | 0.019 | 2420 | [13] | Y1=39, Y1a=6, Y2=2 |
| Korean (South Korea) | 0.019 | 593 | [16] | Y=2, Y1=9 |
| Kalmyk (Kalmykia) | 0.018 | 110 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=2 |
| Kazakh (Kazakhstan) | 0.018 | 55 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y1=1 |
| Japanese (Tōhoku) | 0.018 | 336 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=6 |
| Korean (Ulsan) | 0.017 | 1094 | [17] | Y=19 |
| Uzbek (Xinjiang) | 0.017 | 58 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y1=1 |
| Indonesian (Sulawesi) | 0.017 | 237 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y2=4 |
| Han Chinese (Shandong) | 0.016 | 1844 | [14] | Y=1, Y1=4, Y1a=3, Y1a1=2, Y1b=6, Y1b1=8, Y2=6 |
| Han Chinese (Jiangsu) | 0.015 | 2471 | [14] | Y=4, Y1=1, Y1a(xY1a1)=4, Y1b=4, Y1b1=17, Y1b1a=1, Y2=5 |
| Mongolian (Khentii Province) | 0.015 | 132 | [13] | Y1=2 |
| Korean (South Korea) | 0.015 | 203 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=3 |
| Taiwan aborigines | 0.014 | 640 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=9 |
| Buryat (Buryatia) | 0.014 | 295 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=4 |
| Taiwanese | 0.013 | 152 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=2 |
| Indonesian (Adonara) | 0.013 | 77 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y2=1 |
| Han Chinese (Beijing) | 0.013 | 898 | [14] | Y=1, Y1=3, Y1a=2, Y1b1=2, Y2=4 |
| Han Chinese (Hebei) | 0.013 | 1099 | [14] | Y1=2, Y1a=1, Y1a1=2, Y1b=1, Y1b1=2, Y2=6 |
| Mongolian (Sükhbaatar Province) | 0.012 | 246 | [13] | Y1=2, Y2=1 |
| Indonesian (Bali) | 0.012 | 82 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y2=1 |
| Han Chinese (Liaoning) | 0.012 | 646 | [14] | Y=2, Y1=1, Y1a1=1, Y1b1=2, Y2=2 |
| Yakut (vicinity of Yakutsk) | 0.012 | 164 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y1a=2 |
| Chinese | 0.011 | 263 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=3 |
| Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan) | 0.011 | 91 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=1 |
| Korean (South Korea) | 0.011 | 185 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y1=1, Y2=1 |
| Kazakh (Kosh-Agachsky, Altai Republic) | 0.010 | 98 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y1=1 |
| Japanese (Miyazaki) | 0.010 | 100 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=1 |
| Hmong (Jishou, Hunan) | 0.010 | 103 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=1 |
| Korean (South Korea) | 0.010 | 103 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=1 |
| Buryat | 0.008 | 126 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y1=1 |
| Tatar (Buinsk, Tatarstan) | 0.008 | 126 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y1b=1 |
| Japanese (northern Kyūshū) | 0.008 | 256 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=2 |
| Barghut (Hulunbuir) | 0.007 | 149 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y1=1 |
| Okinawa | 0.006 | 326 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=2 |
| Japanese | 0.005 | 211 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=1 |
| Japanese (Hokkaidō) | 0.005 | 217 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=1 |
| Bashkir (Beloretsky, Sterlibashevsky, Ilishevsky, & Perm Oblast) | 0.005 | 221 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=1 |
| Japanese (Japan) | 0.005 | 1928 | [18] | Y1=2, Y1a=2, Y1b1a=2, Y2=4 |
| Japanese (Japan) | 0.004 | 672 | [19] | Y1b1a=1, Y2b=1, Y2d=1 |
| Korean (South Korea) | 0.004 | 261 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=1 |
| Han (southern California) | 0.003 | 390 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=1 |
| Han (Taiwan) | 0.001 | 1117 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | Y=1 |
| Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 10 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) | 0.000 | 11 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Chukchi (Anadyr) | 0.000 | 15 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 16 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 16 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma) | 0.000 | 18 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) | 0.000 | 19 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Crimean Tatar (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 20 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 20 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 20 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 20 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou) | 0.000 | 20 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky & Nizhnekolymsky) | 0.000 | 22 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan) | 0.000 | 24 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal) | 0.000 | 24 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Nganasan | 0.000 | 24 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi) | 0.000 | 25 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk Oblast) | 0.000 | 25 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Kubachi (Dagestan) | 0.000 | 25 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Kurd (northwestern Iran) | 0.000 | 25 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Kumyk (Dagestan) | 0.000 | 26 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) | 0.000 | 26 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 27 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Indonesian (Palembang, Sumatra) | 0.000 | 28 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Andhra Pradesh (tribal) | 0.000 | 29 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Batek (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 29 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou) | 0.000 | 29 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Cun (Hainan) | 0.000 | 30 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 30 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan) | 0.000 | 30 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Lingao (Hainan) | 0.000 | 31 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) | 0.000 | 31 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Yi (Luxi, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 31 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Chuvantsi (Markovo, Chukotka) | 0.000 | 32 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Mendriq (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 32 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi) | 0.000 | 32 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) | 0.000 | 32 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Nogai (Dagestan) | 0.000 | 33 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Temuan (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 33 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong) | 0.000 | 35 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 35 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Aleut (Commander Islands) | 0.000 | 36 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 36 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Yakut (Yakutia) | 0.000 | 36 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Sireniki Eskimo | 0.000 | 37 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Ket | 0.000 | 38 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Eskimo (Naukan) | 0.000 | 39 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 39 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Nganasan | 0.000 | 39 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Han (Beijing) | 0.000 | 40 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 40 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Manchurian | 0.000 | 40 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Thai | 0.000 | 40 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Tharu (Morang, Nepal) | 0.000 | 40 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 40 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 40 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi) | 0.000 | 41 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) | 0.000 | 42 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Vietnamese | 0.000 | 42 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Indonesian (Ambon) | 0.000 | 43 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Indonesian (Mataram, Lombok) | 0.000 | 44 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Hui (Xinjiang) | 0.000 | 45 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Indonesian (Alor) | 0.000 | 45 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 45 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Tofalar | 0.000 | 46 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Evenk (New Barag Left Banner) | 0.000 | 47 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash) | 0.000 | 47 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Mongolian (Ulaanbaatar) | 0.000 | 47 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Uyghur (Xinjiang) | 0.000 | 47 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Hindu (New Delhi) | 0.000 | 48 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Korean (Arun Banner) | 0.000 | 48 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Kyrgyz (Talas) | 0.000 | 48 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Mongol (New Barag Left Banner) | 0.000 | 48 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang) | 0.000 | 49 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 50 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Eskimo (Chaplin) | 0.000 | 50 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Indonesian (Waingapu, Sumba) | 0.000 | 50 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Jahai (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 51 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Korean (northern China) | 0.000 | 51 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Senoi (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 52 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Kazakh (Xinjiang) | 0.000 | 53 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Teleut (Kemerovo) | 0.000 | 53 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Chuvash (Morgaushsky, Chuvashia) | 0.000 | 55 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Uyghur (Kazakhstan) | 0.000 | 55 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Tibetan (Qinghai) | 0.000 | 56 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Khakassian (Khakassia) | 0.000 | 57 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Semelai (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 61 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Komi-Zyryan (Sysolsky, Komi Republic) | 0.000 | 62 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Mansi | 0.000 | 63 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Tujia (western Hunan) | 0.000 | 64 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Chukchi | 0.000 | 66 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Bai (Dali, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 68 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Saami (Finland) | 0.000 | 69 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Tatar (Aznakayevo, Tatarstan) | 0.000 | 71 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Telenghit (Altai Republic) | 0.000 | 71 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Tubalar (Turochaksky & Choysky, Altai Republic) | 0.000 | 72 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Komi-Permyak (Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug) | 0.000 | 74 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Siberian Eskimo | 0.000 | 79 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Persian (eastern Iran) | 0.000 | 82 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Shor (Kemerovo) | 0.000 | 82 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka) | 0.000 | 82 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Altai Kizhi | 0.000 | 90 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Tuvan | 0.000 | 95 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Eskimo (Canada) | 0.000 | 96 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Mansi | 0.000 | 98 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Saami (Sweden) | 0.000 | 98 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Udmurt (Malopurginsky, Udmurtia & Tatyshlinsky, Bashkortostan) | 0.000 | 101 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) | 0.000 | 102 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Mordvinian (Staroshaygovsky, Mordovia) | 0.000 | 102 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Tuvinian | 0.000 | 105 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Khanty | 0.000 | 106 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Yakut | 0.000 | 117 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Evenk (Ust-Maysky, Oleneksky, & Zhigansky, Yakutia) | 0.000 | 125 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal) | 0.000 | 133 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Mari (Zvenigovsky, Mari El) | 0.000 | 136 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, & 26 Guizhou) | 0.000 | 137 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Yakut (northern Yakutia) | 0.000 | 148 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Dolgan (Anabarsky, Volochanka, Ust-Avam, and Dudinka) | 0.000 | 154 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning) | 0.000 | 160 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Aleut (Aleutian Islands) | 0.000 | 163 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam) | 0.000 | 168 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Tatar (Almetyevsky and Yelabuzhsky, Tatarstan) | 0.000 | 228 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Saami (Norway) | 0.000 | 278 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Japanese (Tōkai) | 0.000 | 282 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Tibetan (Tibet) | 0.000 | 289 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Li (Hainan) | 0.000 | 346 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
| Eskimo (Greenland) | 0.000 | 385 | Script error: No such module "Footnotes". | - |
Subclades
Haplogroup Y has been divided into two primary subclades, Y1 and Y2. In a study published in 2016, mtDNA haplogroup Y1a was observed in an Ulchi sampled in Nizhniy Gavan, Lower Amur, whereas mtDNA haplogroup Y2a1 was observed in an Igorot from Mountain Province, Luzon Island, Philippines (sampled in Singapore) and in a Hawaiian.[20]
Y1 predominates in the Northeast Asian range of haplogroup Y, which is centered on the Sea of Okhotsk. Y1* has been observed in two Uyghurs, a Minnan Han Chinese in Taiwan, and a Khamnigan. Y1a* has been observed in a Nivkh, in a Buryat in Zabaikal, in Mongolia, in a Daur and a Han Chinese in China, in Korea and in Tibet. Y1a with an additional T16189C mutation is common among the Nivkhs and among several Tungusic peoples (Hezhen in the PRC, Ulchi, Udegey, Even in the basins of the Kolyma and Indigirka rivers). Y1a1 has been observed in at least five Uyghurs, a Kyrgyz, a Buryat in Buryat Republic, a Hezhen in China, an Udegey, three Evenks in Taimyr, and two Yakuts in central Sakha Republic. Y1a2 has been observed in Koryaks and in an Even in Kamchatka. Y1a appears to be a relatively young haplogroup, with an age of 6,000 (95% CI 3,300 <-> 8,800) years estimated from 13 complete genomes (Ulchi x 6, Nivkh x 3, Koryak x 2, Even x 1, Mongolian x 1); however, this estimate may be relevant only for the TMRCA of Y1a2 and most Y1a* and Y1a-T16189C haplotypes, as it is not certain that any of the Y1a mtDNAs that have been analyzed belong to the Y1a1 clade.[1] (However, YFull has estimated the TMRCA of the entire Y1a clade, including all tabulated members of Y1a1 and Y1a* as well as Y1a+T16189C and Y1a2, to be 6,300 [95% CI 3,800 <-> 9,800] ybp,[21] so the addition of members of the Y1a1 subclade apparently does not significantly affect the estimate of the time to most recent common ancestor of the Y1a clade.) Y1b has been observed in a Tatar from Buinsk, Y1b1 has been observed in China, and Y1b1a has been observed in China and in Japan. The age of the entire Y1 clade has been estimated from 17 complete genomes (including the 13 aforementioned members of the Y1a clade plus one Japanese, one Chinese, and one Tatar member of the Y1b clade plus one Khamnigan member of Y1*) to be 12,400 (95% CI 5,900 <-> 19,100) ybp.[1]
Y2a predominates in the Southeast Asian range of haplogroup Y, which is centered on the Philippines and Sumatra. However, Y2b has been observed in Japan and in a Buryat, and Y2* has been observed in Chinese, Japanese, and Khamnigan samples.
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup Y subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[22] and subsequent published research.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
- Y
- Y1 - South Siberia, China,[23] Korea[24]
- Y1a - Nivkh, Ulchi, Hezhen
- Y1a1 - China (Beijing, Liaoning)
- Y1a-T16189C!
- Y1a2
- Y1b - Korea, China (North China, Northeast China)
- Y1b1 - Korea, China
- Y1b1a - Korea
- Y1b1 - Korea, China
- Y1a - Nivkh, Ulchi, Hezhen
- Y2
- Y2a - Philippines, Indonesia
- Y2a1
- Y2a1a
- Y2a1
- Y2b - Korea, Japan
- Y2a - Philippines, Indonesia
- Y1 - South Siberia, China,[23] Korea[24]
See also
|
Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mitochondrial Eve (L) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L0 | L1–6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| M | N | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CZ | D | E | G | Q | O | A | S | R | I | W | X | Y | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C | Z | B | F | R0 | pre-JT | P | U | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HV | JT | K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| H | V | J | T | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References
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- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1". Translated from Genetika, Vol. 41, No. 1, 2005, pp. 78–84.
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- ↑ Noboru Adachi, Ken-ichi Shinoda, Kazuo Umetsu, and Hirofumi Matsumura, "Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Jomon Skeletons From the Funadomari Site, Hokkaido, and Its Implication for the Origins of Native American", American Journal of Physical Anthropology 138:255–265 (2009)
- ↑ Inoue et al. 2016
- ↑ Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Lineages in South Siberia by Derenko1 et al., Annals of Human Genetics Volume 67 Issue 5 Page 391 - September 2003
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Mannis van Oven, Johannes M Hämmerle, Marja van Schoor et al., "Unexpected island effects at an extreme: reduced Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA diversity in Nias", Molecular Biology and Evolution (2010) Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".
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- ↑ Swapan Mallick, Heng Li, Mark Lipson, et al., "The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations." Nature 538, 201–206 (13 October 2016) doi:10.1038/nature18964
- ↑ YFull MTree 1.02.8328 (as of 11 March 2021)
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Works cited
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External links
- General
- Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
- Haplogroup Y
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site: Haplogroup Y
- YFull MTree's Haplogroup Y
- MITOMAP's Haplogroup Y